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March 23, 2006 -- The most common length of a pregnancy in the U.S. is a week shorter than it was just over a decade ago, dropping from 40 weeks to 39 weeks, according to a new analysis from the March of Dimes.
A dramatic rise in late preterm births, or babies born between 34 and 36 weeks gestation, was also seen between 1992 and 2002. Researchers reported a 12% rise in these late preterm births during the 10-year study period, representing almost three-quarters of all preterm births.
Better fetal monitoring, which has led to an increase in medically assisted births, is largely responsible for the increase. The practice has led to a decline in stillbirths, delivery-related deaths, and serious delivery-related medical problems.
But March of Dimes medical director Nancy Green, MD, tells WebMD there is a concern that at least some of the rise in assisted early births is not medically justified.
She points out that babies born even a few weeks early often need more medical care, and they are at greater risk for respiratory and feeding difficulties, as well as jaundice, reduced brain development, and problems regulating temperature.
"Late preterm infants are a growing concern," she says. "We would like to see more medically uncomplicated births go to term."
Babies are considered preterm if they are born prior to 37 completed weeks of gestation. Carrying two or more babies is a big risk factor for early delivery, but the March of Dimes analysis included only single births.
Researcher Michael J. Davidoff, MPH, tells WebMD that increasing rates of cesarean section deliveries and induced labor do not fully explain the rise in late preterm births. Similar increases in the late preterm birth rate were seen among women who had these medical procedures and those who did not.
Other factors, such as the rise in maternal obesity and age, may contribute to early births, Green and Davidoff said.
"More and more women who give birth are overweight or obese," Green says. "These women have a much higher rate of complications like diabetes and hypertension, which can lead to earlier births."
Of the roughly 4 million deliveries in the U.S. in 2002, 394,996 were considered preterm, according to the analysis. Late preterm deliveries accounted for three-fourths of these early deliveries, between 34 and 36 completed weeks.
The incidence of very early deliveries, prior to week 34, has remained relatively stable over the last several decades, Green says.
Epidemiologist David Savitz, PhD, who has long studied preterm delivery trends, says it makes sense that better fetal monitoring has led to earlier deliveries, especially since the risks involved are not readily evident at the clinical level.
Savitz is a professor of community and preventive medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York.
"When you look at large populations there are small but very real increases in the risk of adverse outcomes for those 34-, 35- and 36-week babies, but it may be something that an individual clinician never sees," he says. "If there is a major problem being prevented then early delivery is absolutely justified. But it is important for both the clinician and patient to be aware that this risk exists."
In the March of Dimes report, published March 23 in a supplemental issue of the journal Seminars in Perinatology, the March of Dimes researchers called for better studies of outcomes among late preterm babies.
"Excess neonatal complications among these infants, even at 35 to 36 weeks gestation, may require a re-assessment of optimal obstetric and neonatal care," they wrote.
WebMD Health News Reviewed by Louise Chang, MD on March 23, 2006
SOURCES: Davidoff, M.J. Seminars in Perinatology, March 23, 2006; supplemental issue: pp 8-15. Michael J. Davidoff, MPH, manager of informatics, research and development, March of Dimes. Nancy S. Green, MD, medical director, March of Dimes. David A. Savitz, PhD, professor of community and preventive medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York.
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In Summary. The best time to get pregnant each menstrual cycle is during the fertile window – the days leading up to and ending on the day of ovulation. In practice, the length of this fertile window is typically just 3 days or less and its timing can vary significantly from woman to woman and from cycle to cycle.
www.myfertilityfocus.com/best-time-to-get-pre…
What is a pregnancy timeline calculator?
What is a pregnancy timeline calculator?
The babyMed pregnancy timeline calculator creates a personalized 9+ months timeline and a timetable of your pregnancy progress. It is a nice addition to your results from our pregnancy due-date calculator. Boy or Girl? Find Out!
www.babymed.com/pregnancy-timeline-cal…
What is the average duration of pregnancy?
What is the average duration of pregnancy?
Pregnancy is typically broken into three periods, or trimesters, each of about three months. Each trimester is defined as 14 weeks, for a total duration of 42 weeks, although the average duration of pregnancy is 40 weeks.
When is the best time to get pregnant?
When is the best time to get pregnant?
You may have heard that ovulation will occur 14 days before your next period is due and that this is the best time to get pregnant. However, this advice relies on the assumption that the second phase of your menstrual cycle (the luteal phase) is 14 days long. But again this is NOT always the case.
www.myfertilityfocus.com/best-time-to-get …
What is the first trimester of pregnancy?
What is the first trimester of pregnancy?
Pregnancy is typically divided into three trimesters. The first trimester is from week one through 12 and includes conception, which is when the sperm fertilizes the egg.
https://www.webmd.com/baby/news/20060323/typical-pregnancy-now-39-weeks-not-40
Перевести · 23.03.2006 · March 23, 2006 -- The most common length of a pregnancy in the U.S. is a week shorter than it was just over a decade ago, dropping from 40 weeks to 39 weeks, …
https://www.myfertilityfocus.com/best-time-to-get-pregnant
Перевести · In Summary. The best time to get pregnant each menstrual cycle is during the fertile window – the days leading up to and ending on the day of ovulation. In practice, the …
Перевести · When’s the best time to have sex to get pregnant? the length of your menstrual cycle how regular your periods are
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PREGNANCY
Causes: Sexual intercourse, assisted …
Symptoms: Missed periods, tender breasts, …
Treatment: Prenatal care, abortion
Deaths: 230,600 (2016)
Initiation
Through an interplay of hormones that includes follicle stimulating hormone that stimulates folliculogenesis and oogenesis creates a mature egg cell, the female gamete. Fertilization is the event where the egg cell fuses with the male gamete, spermatozoon. After the point of fertilization, the fused product of the female and male gamete is referred to as a zygoteor fertilized egg. The fusion of female and male gametes usually occurs follo…
Initiation
Through an interplay of hormones that includes follicle stimulating hormone that stimulates folliculogenesis and oogenesis creates a mature egg cell, the female gamete. Fertilization is the event where the egg cell fuses with the male gamete, spermatozoon. After the point of fertilization, the fused product of the female and male gamete is referred to as a zygote or fertilized egg. The fusion of female and male gametes usually occurs following the act of sexual intercourse. Pregnancy rates for sexual intercourse are highest during the menstrual cycle time from some 5 days before until 1 to 2 days after ovulation. Fertilization can also occur by assisted reproductive technology such as artificial insemination and in vitro fertilisation.

Fertilization (conception) is sometimes used as the initiation of pregnancy, with the derived age being termed fertilization age. Fertilization usually occurs about two weeks before the next expected menstrual period.

A third point in time is also considered by some people to be the true beginning of a pregnancy: This is time of implantation, when the future fetus attaches to the lining of the uterus. This is about a week to ten days after fertilization.

Development of embryo and fetus
The sperm and the egg cell, which has been released from one of the female's two ovaries, unite in one of the two Fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg, known as a zygote, then moves toward the uterus, a journey that can take up to a week to complete. Cell division begins approximately 24 to 36 hours after the female and male cells unite. Cell division continues at a rapid rate and the cells then develop into what is known as a blastocyst. The blastocyst arrives at the uterus and attaches to the uterine wall, a process known as implantation.

The development of the mass of cells that will become the infant is called embryogenesis during the first approximately ten weeks of gestation. During this time, cells begin to differentiate into the various body systems. The basic outlines of the organ, body, and nervous systems are established. By the end of the embryonic stage, the beginnings of features such as fingers, eyes, mouth, and ears become visible. Also during this time, there is development of structures important to the support of the embryo, including the placenta and umbilical cord. The placenta connects the developing embryo to the uterine wall to allow nutrient uptake, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply. The umbilical cord is the connecting cord from the embryo or fetus to the placenta.

After about ten weeks of gestational age—which is the same as eight weeks after conception—the embryo becomes known as a fetus. At the beginning of the fetal stage, the risk of miscarriage decreases sharply. At this stage, a fetus is about 30 mm (1.2 inches) in length, the heartbeat is seen via ultrasound, and the fetus makes involuntary motions. During continued fetal development, the early body systems, and structures that were established in the embryonic stage continue to develop. Sex organs begin to appear during the third month of gestation. The fetus continues to grow in both weight and length, although the majority of the physical growth occurs in the last weeks of pregnancy.

Electrical brain activity is first detected between the fifth and sixth week of gestation. It is considered primitive neural activity rather than the beginning of conscious thought. Synapses begin forming at 17 weeks, and begin to multiply quickly at week 28 until 3 to 4 months after birth.

Although the fetus begins to move during the first trimester, it is not until the second trimester that movement, known as quickening, can be felt. This typically happens in the fourth month, more specifically in the 20th to 21st week, or by the 19th week if the woman has been pregnant before. It is common for some women not to feel the fetus move until much later. During the second trimester, most women begin to wear maternity clothes.
• Embryo at 4 weeks after fertilization (gestational age of 6 weeks)
• Fetus at 8 weeks after fertilization (gestational age of 10 weeks)
• Fetus at 18 weeks after fertilization (gestational age of 20 weeks)
• Fetus at 38 weeks after fertilization (gestational age of 40 weeks)
• Relative size in 1st month (simplified illustration)
• Relative size in 3rd month (simplified illustration)
• Relative size in 5th month (simplified illustration)
• Relative size in 9th month (simplified illustration)

Maternal changes
During pregnancy, a woman undergoes many physiological changes, which are entirely normal, including behavioral, cardiovascular, hematologic, metabolic, renal, and respiratory changes. Increases in blood sugar, breathing, and cardiac output are all required. Levels of progesterone and estrogens rise continually throughout pregnancy, suppressing the hypothalamic axis and therefore also the menstrual cycle. A full-term pregnancy at an early age reduces the risk of breast, ovarian and endometrial cancer and the risk declines further with each additional full-term pregnancy.

The fetus is genetically different from its mother, and can be viewed as an unusually successful allograft. The main reason for this success is increased immune tolerance during pregnancy. Immune tolerance is the concept that the body is able to not mount an immune system response against certain triggers.

During the first trimester, minute ventilation increases by 40%. The womb will grow to the size of a lemon by eight weeks. Many symptoms and discomforts of pregnancy like nausea and tender breasts appear in the first trimester.

During the second trimester, most women feel more energized, and begin to put on weight as the symptoms of morning sickness subside and eventually fade away. The uterus, the muscular organ that holds the developing fetus, can expand up to 20 times its normal size during pregnancy.

Final weight gain takes place during the third trimester, which is the most weight gain throughout the pregnancy. The woman's abdomen will transform in shape as it drops due to the fetus turning in a downward position ready for birth. During the second trimester, the woman's abdomen would have been upright, whereas in the third trimester it will drop down low. The fetus moves regularly, and is felt by the woman. Fetal movement can become strong and be disruptive to the woman. The woman's navel will sometimes become convex, "popping" out, due to the expanding abdomen.

Head engagement, where the fetal head descends into cephalic presentation, relieves pressure on the upper abdomen with renewed ease in breathing. It also severely reduces bladder capacity, and increases pressure on the pelvic floor and the rectum.

It is also during the third trimester that maternal activity and sleep positions may affect fetal development due to restricted blood flow. For instance, the enlarged uterus may impede blood flow by compressing the vena cava when lying flat, which is relieved by lying on the left side.

Childbirth
Childbirth, referred to as labor and delivery in the medical field, is the process whereby an infant is born.

A woman is considered to be in labour when she begins experiencing regular uterine contractions, accompanied by changes of her cervix—primarily effacement and dilation. While childbirth is widely experienced as painful, some women do report painless labours, while others find that concentrating on the birth helps to quicken labour and lessen the sensations. Most births are successful vaginal births, but sometimes complications arise and a woman may undergo a cesarean section.

During the time immediately after birth, both the mother and the baby are hormonally cued to bond, the mother through the release of oxytocin, a hormone also released during breastfeeding. Studies show that skin-to-skin contact between a mother and her newborn immediately after birth is beneficial for both the mother and baby. A review done by the World Health Organization found that skin-to-skin contact between mothers and babies after birth reduces crying, improves mother–infant interaction, and helps mothers to breastfeed successfully. They recommend that neonates be allowed to bond with the mother during their first two hours after birth, the period that they tend to be more alert than in the following hours of early life.

Childbirth maturity stages
In the ideal childbirth labor begins on its own when a woman is "at term". Events before completion of 37 weeks are considered preterm. Preterm birth is associated with a range of complications and should be avoided if possible.

Sometimes if a woman's water breaks or she has contractions before 39 weeks, birth is unavoidable. However, spontaneous birth after 37 weeks is considered term and is not associated with the same risks of a preterm birth. Planned birth before 39 weeks by caesarean section or labor induction, although "at term", results in an increased risk of complications. This is from factors including underdeveloped lungs of newborns, infection due to underdeveloped immune system, feeding problems due to underdeveloped brain, and jaundice from underdeveloped liver.

Babies born between 39 and 41 weeks' gestation have better outcomes than babies born either before or after this range. This special time period is called "full term". Whenever possible, waiting for labor to begin on its own in this time period is best for the health of the mother and baby. The decision to perform an induction must be made after weighing the risks and benefits, but is safer after 39 weeks.

Events after 42 weeks are considered postterm. When a pregnancy exceeds 42 weeks, the risk of complications for both the woman and the fetus increases significantly. Therefore, in an otherwise uncomplicated pregnancy, obstetricians usually prefer to induce labour at some stage between 41 and 42 weeks.

Postnatal period
The postnatal period, also referred to as the puerperium, begins immediately after delivery and extends for about six weeks. During this period, the mother's body begins the return to pre-pregnancy conditions that includes changes in hormone levels and uterus size.
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Перевести · 22.04.2021 · Pregnancy Timeline Calculator. The babyMed pregnancy timeline calculator creates a personalized 9+ months timeline and a timetable of your pregnancy progress. It is a nice addition to your results from our pregnancy …
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Перевести · 13.09.2018 · This is a 40 week pregnancy time lapse showing my pregnant belly …
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=7nw-QA_-ED8
Перевести · 08.08.2017 · Learn about the science and symptoms of a woman’s 9-month pregnancy. …
https://americanpregnancy.org/resources/pregnancy-calculator
Перевести · A missed menstruation cycle is one of the earliest signs of pregnancy. That’s why we usually recommend waiting until you’ve missed your period before taking a pregnancy test. You can purchase low cost, high quality pregnancy …
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