Pregnant Force
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Pregnant Force
Forced pregnancy is a war crime punishable by the International Criminal Court. The crime has the following elements:
Adoption is No Substitute for Abortion: Forced Pregnancy Impacts Mental Health
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The US Supreme Court case 'Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization' threatens to roll back the abortion protections provided by Roe v. Wade in 1973. In a statement during the proceedings, Supreme Court Justice Amy Coney Barrett equated adoption as an interchangeable solution to abortion. This statement ignores the enormous risks people face during pregnancy, both mentally and physically, as well as the mental impact of carrying an unwanted pregnancy and then putting a baby up for adoption.
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Sarah Fielding is a freelance writer covering a range of topics with a focus on mental health and women's issues.
Karen Cilli is a fact-checker for Verywell Mind. She has an extensive background in research, with 33 years of experience as a reference librarian and educator.
In 1973, the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Roe v. Wade declared abortion a legal and protected option for pregnant people across the country. 1 In the almost five decades since, countless efforts to restrict abortion access have led to everything from only one abortion clinic in states such as Mississippi and North Dakota 2 to the passage of a six-week abortion limit in Texas. These efforts come despite 59% of Americans believing abortion should be legal in all or most cases, according to a 2021 survey from Pew Research. 3
The most recent iteration is courtesy of a case currently in front of the U.S. Supreme Court: Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization. It will determine the constitutionality of a 2018 Mississippi law banning abortions after 15 weeks. 4 Beyond the dangerously restrictive measures being discussed, multiple conservative justices of the U.S. Supreme Court have made statements that undermine the toll of pregnancy and present poor alternatives to abortion.
One shocking statement, in particular, came from the most recently appointed Supreme Court Justice, Amy Coney Barrett . “Insofar as you and many of your amici focus on the ways in which forced parenting, forced motherhood, would hinder women's access to the workplace and to equal opportunities, it's also focused on the consequences of parenting and the obligations of motherhood that flow from pregnancy,” said Barrett. “Why don't the safe-haven laws take care of that problem?”
She continued: "It seems to me that the choice more focused would be between, say, the ability to get an abortion at 23 weeks or the state requiring the woman to go 15, 16 weeks more and then terminate parental rights at the conclusion. Why—why didn't you address the safe haven laws and why don't they matter?" 5
In short, Barrett suggests that the only burden worth addressing is that of parenthood and disregards any physical or mental health issues that could arise during pregnancy.
Barrett’s stance is not only willfully ignorant but dismissive of the immense struggles pregnant people may face . Even in the case of a wanted pregnancy, people contend with tremendous physical and mental health risks and discomforts.
“Pregnancy is associated with an increased risk for blood clots and for hemorrhage with the delivery. It’s a serious condition and needs optimal prenatal care to optimize outcomes,” says Dr. Felice Gersh , an OB/GYN, the founder and director of the Integrative Medical Group of Irvine, and the author of Menopause: 50 Things You Need to Know .
The United States has the highest rates for mortality of pregnant people of any developed country, 6 with a majority occurring post-birth. This number continues to rise, with a rate of 20.1 per 100,000 people in 2019, compared to 17.4 per 100,000 people in 2018. Black people are at an incredibly higher risk, with a mortality rate of 44 per 100,000 people in 2019. 7
Then there’s pregnancy’s effect on mental health: About one in eight people who give birth will experience postpartum depression. However, in some states, the frequency increases to one in five. Postpartum depression symptoms can first present anywhere from a few weeks to a year after giving birth and include excessive crying, struggling to bond with their child, hopelessness, panic attacks, and suicidal thoughts. 8 People can also experience depression during pregnancy. 9
We experience events as traumatic when we are not able to escape them or are not able to exercise choice about what happens to our bodies and when and why.
“Pregnancy is known to be a time of increased risk for mood disorders, particularly in women who have a history of depression or bipolar disorder,” says Dr. Gail Saltz , a psychiatrist, psychoanalyst, and author of The Power of Different: The Link Between Disorder and Genius . “But, it can also happen in those with no history. Hormonal changes and the stress of pregnancy increase this risk.”
People must contend with these issues during and after pregnancy with potentially little time or support. Worldwide the United States is one of only a handful of countries without guaranteed parental leave. 10
In short: “Pregnancy and delivery can be traumatic under the best of circumstances,” says Dr. Elisabeth Netherton , a psychiatrist with Mindpath Health .
Then you have people who are pregnant unwillingly and, if unable to get an abortion , have a continual stressful trigger that they are being forced to do something potentially dangerous.
A forced pregnancy is incredibly distressing. “We experience events as traumatic when we are not able to escape them or are not able to exercise choice about what happens to our bodies and when and why,” says Netherton. She explains that people who cannot terminate their pregnancy may have a higher chance of postpartum mental health issues.
A long-term 2016 study from the American Journal of Public Health looked at people who completed their pregnancies before abortion became legal. Compared to people with wanted pregnancies, those who had unwanted pregnancies were more likely to have poorer mental health later in life. 11
As Gersh explains, pregnant people experience “a higher state of stress and are more likely to have pregnancy-related complications. Stress can impact virtually every aspect of mental and physical health, and can negatively affect fetal development and the health of the child throughout their life.”
Pregnancy is known to be a time of increased risk for mood disorders, particularly in women who have a history of depression or bipolar disorder
A person’s mental health issues may be exacerbated even further if the pregnancy resulted from rape or if the baby or pregnant person have severe medical problems.
Then there are the emotions many people face around adoption . A person may feel guilt, fear of regretting their decision, or stress about what has become of their child. These feelings may arise soon after giving birth or later on in life, especially if they choose to have another child, says Saltz. While adoption is the right choice for many people carrying unwanted pregnancies, it it not the case for all.
Without access to safe, legal abortions, people face enormous risks and lose control of their lives and body. “Our goal as mental health practitioners is to help our patients plan for their pregnancies with their mental health in mind,” says Netherton. “A necessary component of this process then is a person’s ability to exercise choice around their fertility.”
The right to choose what to do with your body is both fundamental and endangered. If abortions are restricted further or made illegal, they won't stop. Instead, it will cause an increase in dangerous, unregulated procedures.
Ginsberg NA, Shulman LP. Life without Roe v Wade . Contracept Reprod Med . 2021;6(1):5. doi:10.1186/s40834-021-00149-6
Joffe C. The struggle to save abortion care . Contexts . 2018;17(3):22-27. doi:10.1177/1536504218792522
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Health status: Maternal and infant mortality .
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Depression among women .
Herd P, Higgins J, Sicinski K, Merkurieva I. The implications of unintended pregnancies for mental health in later life . Am J Public Health . 2016;106(3):421-429. doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302973
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Forced pregnancy is the practice of forcing a woman to become pregnant, often as part of a forced marriage , or as part of a programme of breeding slaves, or as part of a programme of genocide. Forced pregnancy is a form of reproductive coercion.
Female prisoners of Unit 731 were forced to become pregnant for use in experiments.
The practices of bride kidnapping and forced marriage typically (with the exception of purely symbolic “bride kidnappings” which are actually consensual elopements) involve the rape of the “bride” with the intention of forcing her to become pregnant, putting her in a position where she becomes dependent on the rapist and his family and, because of cultural attitudes toward rape, unable to return to her own family.
During the period of slavery in the United States, many slave owners attempted to influence the reproduction of slaves in order to increase the wealth of slaveholders.
Slave breeding included coerced sexual relations between male and female slaves, promoting pregnancies of slaves, sexual relations between master and slave with the aim of producing slave children, and favoring female slaves who produced a relatively large number of children.
The purpose of slave breeding was to produce new slaves without incurring the cost of purchase, to fill labor shortages caused by the termination of the Atlantic slave trade, and to attempt to improve the health and productivity of slaves. Slave breeding was condoned in the South because slaves were considered to be subhuman chattels, and were not entitled to the same rights accorded to free persons.
Rape, sexual slavery, and related actions including forced pregnancy and sexual slavery, are now recognized under the Geneva Convention as crimes against humanity and war crimes; in particular from 1949, Article 27 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, and later also the 1977 Additional Protocols to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, explicitly prohibit wartime rape and enforced prostitution. The Rome Statute Explanatory Memorandum, which defines the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, recognises rape, sexual slavery, forced prostitution, and forced pregnancy as crimes against humanity if part of a widespread or systematic practice.
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda identified rape as capable of amounting to genocide when used systematically or on a mass scale to destroy a people; later the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia also categorized rape as capable of being a crime against humanity. In 2008 the U.N. Security Council’s resolution 1820 identified such acts as capable of being “war crimes, crimes against humanity or … genocide”. Despite these measures, rape, whether systematic or otherwise, remains widespread in conflict zones.
Adapted from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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