Pregnant Body

Pregnant Body
How Your Body Changes During Pregnancy

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Wendy Wisner is a lactation consultant and writer covering maternal/child health, parenting, general health and wellness, and mental health. She has worked with breastfeeding parents for over a decade, and is a mom to two boys.
Leah Ansell, MD, is a board-certified dermatologist and an assistant professor of dermatology at Columbia University.

During pregnancy, our bodies undergo some pretty major changes in order to gestate and grow our babies. You likely know you will be flooded with hormones and your skin and muscles and organs must stretch and grow to accommodate your growing baby.

But you might not be prepared for how almost every one of your bodily systems changes and has a role to play when you become pregnant. Some of these changes may be more pronounced than others—and the intensity (and comfort) can vary considerably from one pregnant person to another.

Still, even when the changes aren't the most pleasant (hello, hemorrhoids and constipation !), it can be gratifying to know that your body knows exactly what to do to help guide your baby safely into the world. Here are all the different ways your body and its systems, senses, processes, and more are learning to support your pregnancy.

The first thing you may notice, before you sense many other physical changes, is what happens to your mood and energy levels. The hormonal rush that happens in early pregnancy can be pretty overwhelming.

You may feel highly emotional, moody —and utterly exhausted. And yes, those pesky hormones are part of what make you sick to your stomach in early pregnancy .

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), human placental lactogen (hPL), estrogen, and progesterone are the main hormones that predominate during pregnancy.

It’s not your imagination—your senses of taste and smell change significantly during pregnancy.

You may become a bloodhound, able to smell pleasant (and not so pleasant) smells from a mile away. Foods that once tasted great to you may taste awful—and you may crave foods you’ve never craved before. Some pregnant people also report a “metallic” taste in their mouth during the first trimester.

Blame this all on the changing hormones of pregnancy. Experts surmise that these changes may have a protective effect, as your senses before more fine-tuned and protect you from ingesting anything that may make you sick or endanger your fetus.

No doubt, you can expect to gain some weight during pregnancy—anywhere from 25–35 pounds is normal. Usually, the majority of weight gain happens in the second and third trimester.

Most of us don’t have much problem putting on the appropriate amount of weight, as our hunger and need for calories increases. Although you shouldn’t diet during pregnancy, experts recommend you focus on nutritious choices as much as possible.

Some of the weight gain—especially during the third trimester—is from water retention . It’s common to have swelling in your hands, feet, and ankles, especially if you are pregnant during the summer. Like everything else, this discomfort will pass, but it can help to put your feet up, rest, and keep yourself cool and hydrated.

Your blood volume will increase significantly to help support your pregnancy and your baby. This means your need for iron rich food will increase to prevent pregnancy anemia . This increased blood volume also means that your kidneys and urinary system will have to work extra hard to process increased waste.

The increased blood volume also can cause your veins to enlarge in size, increasing your propensity to experience varicose veins as well as hemorrhoids.

Changes in your circulatory system and blood pressure can also make you more susceptible to dizziness and fainting during pregnancy. This may also be due to your expanding uterus putting pressure on your blood vessels as well as appetite and metabolism changes.

Make sure to stay off your feet when needed, eat and drink frequently, stay out of the heat when possible, get up slowly from sitting, and wear loose-fitting clothes.

The hormonal changes you experience can cause nausea, vomiting, food aversions, and food cravings. But hormones aren’t the only things that change how your body handles and processes food during pregnancy. Your digestive system experiences major changes as well.

You may notice constipation , in part to the added weight of your growing uterus on your intestines. The hormones of pregnancy also tend to slow down digestion.

You may also notice an uptick in indigestion and heartburn , especially as you enter the third trimester and your growing baby pushes on your stomach. Eating smaller, more frequent meals can help.

You can talk to your doctor about pregnancy safe antacids and other medication that can relieve some of the more unpleasant digestive symptoms.

One of the most obvious (and sometimes welcome) changes that happen during pregnancy involves your breasts . It’s all in the name of preparing your body to breastfeed your little one.

In the first trimester, your breasts will feel sore and even grow a little. Inside your breasts, milk glands and milk ducts are forming and growing. You may notice more prominent veins as well.

By the end of pregnancy, your breasts will have grown about one cup side. You may notice a whitish/yellowish fluid leaking out of your breasts in mid to late pregnancy. This is called colostrum , and will be your baby’s “first milk.” Make sure to wear a supportive bra as your breasts enlarge.

Your uterus and cervix will also change significantly during pregnancy. Your uterus will increase in size and weight, from the size of your fist in early pregnancy, up to the size of a watermelon by the time you are ready to give birth. Don’t worry—your uterus will shrink back to its original size within a few weeks of giving birth.

During pregnancy, your cervix will thicken and form a mucus plug. By the end of pregnancy, your cervix will soften considerably as it gets ready to thin out and dilate for pregnancy.

You may also notice a thick discharge from your cervix—perhaps tinged with blood—as labor and delivery draw closer. This is often referred to as “losing your mucus plug,” or your “bloody show.”

Be prepared for quite a few changes in the hair and nail department—most of which may make you happy. Due to the hormones of pregnancy, you will likely have a much fuller mane of hair than usual.

You may also notice that your nails grow faster than usual. However, be prepared, because a few weeks into your postpartum period, you may notice that your hair falls out in pretty significant amounts. This is normal, though, as your hair growth is just doing the job of evening itself out.

You can also expect some pretty major changes in your skin. First, there’s the “pregnancy glow” that many experience—likely due to hormones and increased blood volume.

You may also notice that your nipples become darker as your breasts undergo changes, or they may look more veiny. You may develop a line from your belly button to your pubic hairline, called the linea nigra . This is normal and will fade after delivery.

There are also some less pleasant changes that happen to your skin. You may notice darker patches of skin on your face called melasma.

You may also experience stretch marks , as your abdomen and breasts grow. Stretch marks during pregnancy are usually found on the belly, breasts, thighs, and buttocks. They start out red, pink, or brown. Within a few months, they will fade to a light pink or silver.

Your skin may also feel extra dry and itchy. This can be normal. However, see your doctor if you experience excessive itchiness in late pregnancy, as it may indicate a serious issue called cholestasis of pregnancy, which can be harmful to your fetus.

Due to loosening joints (caused by the hormone relaxin), weight gain, and your expanding uterus, you are likely to experience quite a few aches and pains in pregnancy. Here are the most common ones:

General back aches and pain are very common in pregnancy. Gentle massage can help with this. Getting regular exercise, but keeping it gentle, can also help. Using a maternity support belt can help distribute your abdominal weight more evenly and ease off your back pain.

As your belly and uterus expand, you may experience pain in your ligaments, known as round ligament pain . This pain can come on suddenly and feel like pulsating, shooting pain. It is not harmful but can be very uncomfortable. Talk to your doctor about pregnancy-safe painkillers. Using a maternity belt can help, as can heat treatments.

When your uterus and growing baby put pressure on your sciatic nerve, it can cause a lot of discomfort. Sciatic feels like a shooting pain and tingling down one of your hips and legs. The sensation can be felt all the way to your feet!

Usually sciatica resolves after your baby is born, but you can ask your doctor what comfort measures may be helpful to you. Sometimes massage or even a chiropractic adjustment can help.

Leg cramps during pregnancy are common, but they can come on suddenly, and surprise you. They are often experienced first thing upon waking or at night. They feel like an intense spasm in your leg muscles.

These cramps are thought to be due to the way your body processes calcium during pregnancy, and relief may come with gentle massage, heat, and increasing calcium in your diet.

If that wasn’t enough, there are several other small changes that you may notice as you progress through pregnancy. For example, you may notice:

As completely exhausting and uncomfortable as most of these pregnancy bodily changes are, they are common—and most importantly, they don’t last forever.

However, you should bring up any concerning changes you may be experiencing to your doctor or midwife. Most changes you experience will be minor, normal, and harmless. But sometimes, the changes might indicate a more serious problem or even a medical emergency .

Emergency signs to watch for in pregnancy include:

Besides these emergency indicators, anytime your gut tells you something is wrong or feels “off,” you shouldn’t hesitate to contact your medical providers. That’s what they are there for.

The good news is that these bodily changes, especially the more uncomfortable ones, are “only for now.” Almost all of them disappear within a few days or weeks of giving birth. And as unsightly, nauseating, painful, and downright maddening some of these changes are, keep in mind that they are all happening in the name of helping to gestate your baby and usher them into the world.

See Verywell Family's privacy policy for details on how we protect your data
Body Changes and Discomforts. Office on Women's Health website. Updated January 30, 2019.
First Trimester Pregnancy: What to Expect. Mayo Clinic website. February 26, 2020.
Hormones During Pregnancy. Hopkins Medicine website. Updated June 28, 2020.
Warning Signs During Pregnancy. Stanford Childrens Health website. Updated June 28, 2020.

By Wendy Wisner

Wendy Wisner is a lactation consultant and writer covering maternal/child health, parenting, general health and wellness, and mental health. She has worked with breastfeeding parents for over a decade, and is a mom to two boys.

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At this point in pregnancy, the top of your uterus is about one-third of the distance between the bellybutton and the xiphoid cartilage at the lower end of your breastbone. Constipation is common because your uterus is pressing on your lower colon and hormones slow down your body’s excretion process. Between the growth of your uterus and general weight gain, you may be feeling fatigued. Some women also experience heartburn as your uterus presses against your stomach.
Your breasts are also changing to get ready for breastfeeding. First colostrum and then milk are produced by the grape-like clusters of tiny sacs (alveoli) deep within the breast tissue. Clusters of alveoli form lobules, which come together to form 15 to 20 lobes. Each lobe connects to a lactiferous duct for conveying milk. As the ducts extend toward the nipple and areola (darker area around the nipple), they widen into the lactiferous sinuses. These sinuses (or milk pools) release the milk through 15 to 20 tiny nipple openings in each breast when the baby nurses.
At week 28, the fetus is about 16 inches long and weighs two to three pounds. The skin is wrinkled but will become less so as more fat builds up under the skin in the next few weeks. Fine, downy hair called lanugo, and a waxy white protective substance covering the skin called vernix, are on the fetus’ body. Its eyes are open, and eyebrows and eyelashes were formed in the fourth month. The fetus sucks its thumb and its taste buds have developed. It kicks, stretches and moves frequently in your uterus—you’ll feel it moving around and others might even be able to see these movements!
Fetal organs and systems are quite well developed by the 28th week of pregnancy, but the final two months of gestation are important for further maturation of all body systems and organs.
Before pregnancy, most of the space in your abdomen is taken up by the large and small intestines. There is no real separation between the areas of your pelvis and abdomen.
In the picture here, you can see that the vagina is behind the bladder (sac that collects urine) and urethra (tube for moving urine out of bladder and body). In its normal position, your uterus
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