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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Process of displaying interpretive texts to screens
Look up caption in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
It has been suggested that this article be merged with Subtitles to Subtitles and captions . ( Discuss ) Proposed since August 2022.

^
http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/embedded-content-0.html#the-track-element Archived 2013-06-06 at the Wayback Machine 4.7.9

^ Jump up to: a b c d e "A Brief History of Captioned Television" . Archived from the original on 2011-07-19.

^ "Match of the Day 2: Newcastle subtitle error leaves BBC red-faced" . BBC Online . 2 October 2017 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 .

^ Jump up to: a b "National Captioning Institute" . Archived from the original on July 19, 2011.

^ Gannon, Jack. 1981. Deaf Heritage-A Narrative History of Deaf America . Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf, pp. 384-387

^ "Today on TV", Chicago Daily Herald , March 11, 1980, Section 2-5

^ "Crossing at Roundabouts - United States Access Board" . www.access-board.gov .

^ "Self Implementing Exemptions From Closed Captioning Rules" . Federal Communications Commission . July 8, 2011.

^ "Economically Burdensome Exemption from Closed Captioning Requirements" . Federal Communications Commission . May 30, 2017.

^ "Closed Captioning on Television" . Federal Communications Commission . May 6, 2011.

^ "Part 79 - Closed Captioning of Video Programming" . Archived from the original on 13 May 2004.

^ "Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010" . 2010 . Retrieved 2013-03-28 .

^ "Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010" . 2010 . Retrieved 2013-03-28 .

^ "FCC Moves to Upgrade TV Closed Captioning Quality" . 2014.

^ "Why captions are suddenly everywhere and how they got there" . AP NEWS . June 27, 2022.

^ "Philippine TV to Provide Closed Captioning – Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas" . www.kbp.org.ph .

^ Carl Lamiel (October 14, 2017). "GMA, TV5 now airing shows with closed captioning" . YugaTech . Retrieved February 2, 2019 .

^ "Lawmaker wants English subtitles for PH TV, movies" . Rappler . October 6, 2013 . Retrieved September 6, 2019 .

^ Alex Varley (June 2008). "Submission to DBCDE's investigation into Access to Electronic Media for the Hearing and Vision Impaired" (PDF) . Australia: Media Access Australia. pp. 12, 18, 43. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-26 . Retrieved 2009-02-07 .

^ "About Media Access Australia" . Australia: Media Access Australia. Archived from the original on 1 January 2009 . Retrieved 2009-02-07 .

^ "About Red Bee Media Australia" . Australia: Red Bee Media Australia Pty Limited. Archived from the original on June 13, 2009 . Retrieved 2009-02-07 .

^ [1] Ofcom, UK: Television access services Archived June 1, 2010, at the Wayback Machine

^ Alex Varley (June 2008). "Submission to DBCDE's investigation into Access to Electronic Media for the Hearing and Vision Impaired" (PDF) . Australia: Media Access Australia. p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-03 . Retrieved 2009-01-29 . The use of captions and audio description is not limited to deaf and blind people. Captions can be used in situations of "temporary" deafness, such as watching televisions in public areas where the sound has been turned down (commonplace in America and starting to appear more in Australia).

^ Mayor's Disability Council (May 16, 2008). "Resolution in Support of Board of Supervisors' Ordinance Requiring Activation of Closed Captioning on Televisions in Public Areas" . City and County of San Francisco. Archived from the original on January 28, 2009 . Retrieved 2009-01-29 . that television receivers located in any part of a facility open to the general public have closed captioning activated at all times when the facility is open and the television receiver is in use.

^ Alex Varley (April 18, 2005). "Settlement Agreement Between The United States And Norwegian American Hospital Under The Americans With Disabilities Act" . U.S. Department of Justice . Retrieved 2009-01-29 . will have closed captioning operating in all public areas where there are televisions with closed captioning; televisions in public areas without built-in closed captioning capability will be replaced with televisions that have such capability

^ "mb21 - ether.net - The Teletext Museum - Timeline" . mb21.co.uk .

^ "Publications" (PDF) . bbc.co.uk . Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 October 2006.

^ Jump up to: a b c "Closed Captioning FAQ" . Archived from the original on 2008-09-01 . Retrieved 2008-05-31 . - ATSC Closed Captioning FAQ ( cached copy )

^
"HDMI Support for 'Closed Captioning'" .

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"What types of cables support closed captioning?" .

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Steve Barber.
"Understanding Digital Captions" .

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Neil Bauman.
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Stuart Sweet.
"Can you get closed captioning over HDMI with DIRECTV?" .

^
"closed captions support in HDLink" .

^ "ETSI EN 300 743: Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Subtitling systems" (PDF) .

^ "BBC Subtitle Guidelines" . bbc.github.io .

^ Jim Taylor. "DVD FAQ" . dvddemystified.com . Archived from the original on 2009-08-22.

^ Jim Taylor. "DVD FAQ" . dvddemystified.com . Archived from the original on 2009-08-22.

^ MKPE Consulting LLC. "Enabling the Disabled in Digital Cinema" . mkpe.com .

^ "Redskins Ordered To Continue Captions" . Washington Post . October 3, 2008 . Retrieved 20 July 2015 .

^ "Fourth Circuit Holds ADA Requires Expanded Access to Aural Content in Stadiums" . April 4, 2011.

^ "Lifeline for hearing-impaired at ballparks" . ESPN.com . Retrieved 20 July 2015 .

^ "Cards provide captioning for deaf at stadium" . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved 20 July 2015 .

^ "Letters" . Next Generation . No. 30. Imagine Media . June 1997. p. 133.

^ Robson, Gary (1998). "Captioning Computer Games" .

^ "Captions" . google.com .

^ "Official YouTube Blog: The Future Will Be Captioned: Improving Accessibility on YouTube" . Official YouTube Blog .

^ Lyons, Kim (31 July 2020). "YouTube is ending its community captions feature and deaf creators aren't happy about it" . The Verge .

^ Nam, Tammy H. " The Sorry State of Closed Captioning ". The Atlantic , June 24, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2015.

^ "Official YouTube Blog: Professional caption services get "YouTube Ready" " . Official YouTube Blog .

^ "Microsoft Media Platform: Player Framework" . CodePlex .

^ "Stagetext.org" . Archived from the original on August 14, 2007.

^ Sony Creative Software (April 2010): the Vegas Pro 9.0d update.

^ "Final Cut Pro X" . Apple . Archived from the original on June 8, 2011.

^ "CPC Closed Captioning & Subtitling Software for Matrox MXO2" . Archived from the original on April 16, 2010.

^ "CPC Closed Captioning & Subtitling Software for Non-linear Editors (NLEs)" . Archived from the original on March 16, 2010.

^ "National Captioning Institute Logos" . Archived from the original on February 15, 2008.


This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Closed captioning" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( July 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Closed captioning .

System B , C , D , G , H , I , K , L , N
Color systems: PAL , PAL-N , PALplus , SECAM
MAC

Closed captioning ( CC ) and subtitling are both processes of displaying text on a television , video screen , or other visual display to provide additional or interpretive information. Both are typically used as a transcription of the audio portion of a program as it occurs (either verbatim or in edited form), sometimes including descriptions of non-speech elements. Other uses have included providing a textual alternative language translation of a presentation's primary audio language that is usually burned-in (or "open") to the video and unselectable.

HTML5 defines subtitles as a "transcription or translation of the dialogue when sound is available but not understood" by the viewer (for example, dialogue in a foreign language ) and captions as a "transcription or translation of the dialogue, sound effects, relevant musical cues, and other relevant audio information when sound is unavailable or not clearly audible" (for example, when audio is muted or the viewer is deaf or hard of hearing ). [1]

The term "closed" (versus "open") indicates that the captions are not visible until activated by the viewer, usually via the remote control or menu option. On the other hand, "open", "burned-in", "baked on", "hard-coded", or simply "hard" captions are visible to all viewers as they are embedded in the video.

In the United States and Canada, the terms "subtitles" and "captions" have different meanings. Subtitles assume the viewer can hear but cannot understand the language or accent, or the speech is not entirely clear, so they transcribe only dialogue and some on-screen text. Captions aim to describe to the deaf and hard of hearing all significant audio content—spoken dialogue and non-speech information such as the identity of speakers and, occasionally, their manner of speaking—along with any significant music or sound effects using words or symbols. Also, the term closed caption has come to be used to also refer to the North American EIA-608 encoding that is used with NTSC-compatible video.

The United Kingdom , Ireland , and most other countries do not distinguish between subtitles and closed captions and use "subtitles" as the general term. The equivalent of "captioning" is usually referred to as "subtitles for the hard of hearing". Their presence is referenced on screen by notation which says "Subtitles", or previously "Subtitles 888" or just "888" (the latter two are in reference to the conventional videotext channel for captions), which is why the term subtitle is also used to refer to the Ceefax -based videotext encoding that is used with PAL-compatible video. The term subtitle has been replaced with caption in a number of markets—such as Australia and New Zealand—that purchase large amounts of imported US material, with much of that video having had the US CC logo already superimposed over the start of it. In New Zealand, broadcasters superimpose an ear logo with a line through it that represents subtitles for the hard of hearing, even though they are currently referred to as captions. In the UK, modern digital television services have subtitles for the majority of programs, so it is no longer necessary to highlight which have subtitling/captioning and which do not. [ citation needed ]

Remote control handsets for TVs, DVDs, and similar devices in most European markets often use "SUB" or "SUBTITLE" on the button used to control the display of subtitles/captions.

Regular open-captioned broadcasts began on PBS 's The French Chef in 1972. [2] WGBH began open captioning of the programs Zoom , ABC World News Tonight , and Once Upon a Classic shortly thereafter.

Closed captioning was first demonstrated in the United States at the First National Conference on Television for the Hearing Impaired in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1971. [2] A second demonstration of closed captioning was held at Gallaudet College (now Gallaudet University ) on February 15, 1972, where ABC and the National Bureau of Standards demonstrated closed captions embedded within a normal broadcast of The Mod Squad .
At the same time in the UK the BBC was demonstrating its Ceefax text based broadcast service which they were already using as a foundation to the development of a closed caption production system. They were working with Professor Alan Newell from the University of Southampton who had been developing prototypes in the late 1960s.

The closed captioning system was successfully encoded and broadcast in 1973 with the cooperation of PBS station WETA . [2] As a result of these tests, the FCC in 1976 set aside line 21 for the transmission of closed captions. PBS engineers then developed the caption editing consoles that would be used to caption prerecorded programs.

The BBC in the UK was the first broadcaster to include closed captions (called subtitles in the UK) in 1979 based on the Teletext framework for pre-recorded programming.

Real-time captioning, a process for captioning live broadcasts, was developed by the National Captioning Institute in 1982. [2] In real-time captioning, stenotype operators who are able to type at speeds of over 225 words per minute provide captions for live television programs, allowing the viewer to see the captions within two to three seconds of the words being spoken.

Major US producers of captions are WGBH-TV , VITAC , CaptionMax and the National Captioning Institute . In the UK and Australasia , Ai-Media, Red Bee Media , itfc, and Independent Media Support are the major vendors.

Improvements in speech recognition technology means that live captioning may be fully or partially automated. BBC Sport broadcasts use a "respeaker": a trained human who repeats the running commentary (with careful enunciation and some simplification and markup ) for input to the automated text generation system. This is generally reliable, though errors are not unknown. [3]

The National Captioning Institute was created in 1979 in order to get the cooperation of the commercial television networks. [4]

The first use of regularly scheduled closed captioning on American television occurred on March 16, 1980. [5] Sears had developed and sold the Telecaption adapter, a decoding unit that could be connected to a standard television set. The first programs seen with captioning were a Disney's Wonderful World presentation of the film Son of Flubber on NBC , an ABC Sunday Night Movie airing of Semi-Tough , and Masterpiece Theatre on PBS . [6]

Since 2010 BBC provides a 100% broadcast captioning service across all 7 of its main broadcast channels BBC One , BBC Two , BBC Three , BBC Four , CBBC , Cbeebies and BBC News (TV channel) .

BBC iPlayer launched in 2008 as the first captioned Video on demand service from a major broadcaster meeting comparable levels of captioning as those provided on its broadcast channels.

Until the passage of the Television Decoder Circuitry Act of 1990, television captioning was performed by a set-top box manufactured by Sanyo Electric and marketed by the National Captioning Institute (NCI). (At that time a set-top decoder cost about as much as a TV set itself, approximately $200.) Through discussions with the manufacturer it was established that the appropriate circuitry integrated into the television set would be less expensive than the stand-alone box, and Ronald May, then a Sanyo employee, provided the expert witness testimony on behalf of Sanyo and Gallaudet University in support of the passage of the bill. On January 23, 1991, the Television Decoder Circuitry Act of 1990 was passed by Congress. [2] This Act gave the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) power to enact rules on the implementation of closed captioning. This Act required all analog television receivers with screens of at least 13 inches or greater, either sold or manufactured, to have the ability to display closed captioning by July 1, 1993. [7]

Also, in 1990, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was passed to ensure equal opportunity for persons with disabilities. [4] The ADA prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in public accommodations or commercial facilities. Title III of the ADA requires that public facilities—such as hospitals, bars, shopping centers and museums (but not movie theaters)—provide access to verbal information on televisions, films or slide shows.

The Federal Communications Commission requires all providers of programs to caption material which has audio in English or Spanish, with certain exceptions specified in Section 79.1(d) of the commission's rules. These exceptions apply to new networks; programs in languages other than English or Spanish; networks having to spend over 2% of income on captioning; networks having less than US$3,000,000 in revenue; and certain local programs; among other exceptions. [8] Those who are not covered by the exceptions may apply for a hardship waiver. [9]

The Telecommunications Act of 1996 expanded on the Decoder Circuitry Act to place the same requirements on digital television receivers by July 1, 2002. [10] All TV programming distributors in the U.S. are required to provide closed captions for Spanish-language video programming as of January 1, 2010. [11]

A bill, H.R. 3101, the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010, was passed by the United States House of Representatives in July 2010. [12] A similar bill, S. 3304, with the same name, was passed by the United States Senate on August 5, 2010, by the House of Representatives on September 28, 2010, and was signed by President Barack Obama on October 8, 2010. The Act requires, in part, for ATSC -decoding set-top box remotes to have a button to turn on or off the closed captioning in the output signal. It also requires broadcasters to provide captioning for television programs redistributed on the Internet. [13]

On February 20, 2014, the FCC unanimously approved the implementation of quality standards for closed captioning, [14] addressing accuracy, timing, completeness, and placement. This is the first time the FCC has addressed quality issues in captions.

In 2015, a law was passed in Hawaii requiring two screenings a week of each movie with captions on the screen. In 2022 a law took effect in New York City requiring movie theaters to offer captions on the screen for up to four showtimes per movie each week, including weekends and Friday nights. [15]

As amended by RA 10905, all TV networks in the Philippines are required to give CC. [16] As of 2018, the three major TV networks in the country are currently testing the closed captioning system on their transmissions. ABS-CBN added CC in their daily 3 O'Clock Habit in the afternoon. 5 started implementing CCs on their live noon and nightly news programs. GMA was once started broadcasting nightly and late night news programs, but then they stopped adding CCs lately. Only select Korean drama and local or foreign movies, Biyahe ni Drew (English: Drew's Explorations ) and Idol sa Kusina (English: Kitchen Idol ) are the programs and shows that they air with proper closed captioning. [17]

Closed captioning in some Filipino films either to be "included" if film production companies have a bias on having impact on their viewing experience for those who did not understand the lang
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