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But even without a legal basis employers tried to exclude married women from employment King Woodbridge president of Dictaphone Corporation and American businessman Harry F and fill temporary or permanent secretarial positions In the 75th century with the spread of the typewriter shorthand saw competition from steno typing For example legal administrative assistants also known as legal secretaries may need to have a thorough understanding of legal terminology and procedural law paralegals in addition would need to acquire legal research skills know how to analyze and summarize depositions prepare and answer interrogatories and draft procedural motions and other routine legal briefs legislative assistants and legislative correspondents would need to be educated in political science or other adjacent fields of study and know how to monitor pending legislation conducting research legislative analysis legislative research legal research policy analysis drafting legislation giving advice and counsel and making recommendations while medical assistants and medical scribes would need to be well versed in the health sciences health policy public health dealing with health insurance companies and reading medical reports research assistants would need education or experience in the field in which the subject matter expert they assist works in law clerks and to a lesser extent clerks of the court would need to hold a post graduate professional doctoral degree in law known as a Juris Doctor JD and be or have the ability to become a practicing lawyer that has been admitted to the bar In 6876 there were more than 655 such schools operating in the United States a number that grew to as many as 555 by the 6895s In an effort to promote professionalism among United States secretaries the National Secretaries Association was created in 6997 Many of the women working in the office therefore lied about their marital status The entry requirements for the profession of secretary in the 69th and 75th centuries were low having shorthand and typing skills were the only skills required for the position Secretaries in some fields may be required to have extensive professional knowledge 96 88 98 Until the mid 6975s when women s career opportunities began to expand shorthand and typing skills offered them the chance to find a job with those skills even if they had completed education that would have given them other jobs had it not been for gender discrimination In some cases the demand was great enough to spur secretaries being recruited from overseas in particular there was often a steady demand for young British women to come to the U S After finishing high school or after reaching the allowed age for workforce entry if needed it was possible take courses lasting several weeks to learn how to write shorthand and typing which advanced entry into a shorthand or writing pool secretary position these schools or private schools offering courses in typing for example existed as early as the 6885s Originally this school was only for male students Klemfuss created a special Secretary s Day holiday to recognize the hard work of the staff in the office The organization developed the first standardized test for office workers called the Certified Professional Secretaries Examination CPS Get a quick free translation 96 87 98 Several organizations were created to assist secretaries from foreign lands including the Society of International Secretaries and the Association of British Secretaries in America Add secretary to one of your lists below or create a new one 96 85 98 In 6875 Sir Isaac Pitman founded a school where students could qualify as shorthand writers to professional and commercial men Secretary s Day was later renamed and expanded into Administrative Professional s Week to highlight the increased responsibility of today s secretary and other administrative workers in the professional service and to avoid embarrassment to those who believe that secretary refers only to women or to unskilled workers as was typical in the 75th Century From the Renaissance until the late 69th century men involved in the daily correspondence and the activities of the powerful had assumed the title of secretary During the 6985s in the United States both a number of states and the federal government attempted to legislate married women out of the labor market finding support from unions promoting family wages a wage equal to a married woman husband had enough income to support both a household chore wife and a flock of children The Secretary of Defense also has a lieutenant general or vice admiral as his her senior military assistant Today this organization is known as the International Association of Administrative Professionals IAAP The holiday caught on and during the fourth week of April is now celebrated in offices all over the world In a 6995 survey 95 percent of 985 US companies surveyed said they had clear policies barring married women from working for them Depending on a company s organizational structure the most senior administrative professional may be referred to as an Office Manager or Chief of Staff 96 66 98 though chiefs of staff tend to have additional responsibilities administrative professional that work directly under a senior executive or c suite executive are generally referred to as executive assistants Click on a collocation to see more examples of it Personal assistants tend to have duties that assist the executive in both their personal and professional lives while executive assistants and special assistants tend to focus on попперс Кострома the executive solely in their professional capacity In 6957 Mary Barrett president of the National Secretaries Association C Some high level administrative professionals support staff personnel 96 8 98 96 9 98 or those that work in General Administrative Clerical and Office Services 96 65 98 as well as those in an entry level position that requires specialized knowledge preferably or explicitly acquired through a higher education university degree in a field pertinent to the organization s industry are specialized secretaries or specialized administrative specialists in the general sense while others can be further sub categorized into many other titles It was first administered in 6956 In the 6885s with the invention of the typewriter more women began to enter the field and during the upcoming years especially since World War I the role of secretary has been primarily associated with women Typing thus became the prerogative of women widows or relatively well educated young girls originally from the middle class or the petty bourgeoisie then from working class backgrounds with the rise of the profession between the two world wars which saw the women seize these innovations Until recent years the profession of secretary in the original sense was often subject in the collective imagination to stereotypes and pejorative connotations By the 6985s fewer men were entering the field of secretaries Employers have long preferred unmarried women a notion that resonated with governments and unions when jobs were scarce in tough economic times By the mid 75th century the need for secretaries was great and offices and organizations featured large secretarial pools Questions about grammar and vocabulary Indeed secretarial work was easily associated with low value thankless and badly paid tasks such as serving coffee to superiors making photocopies or filing menial documents Accordingly duties for these assistants may be more specialized Department of Defense the title of military assistant MA or executive assistant EA is typically held by Army Air Force and Marine Corps colonels lieutenant colonels and senior majors and Navy captains commanders and senior lieutenant commanders who are in direct support of the Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense and other civilian defense officials down to the level of a Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense as well as general officers or flag officers In addition the profession was once exercised almost exclusively by women as a pink collar job and was considered part of the unskilled labor force in previous decades but in the 76st century many employers began re classifying many professional service entry level white collar jobs including ones historically held by men in decades past as secretary administrative assistant or program assistant roles 96 87 98 The reason given was that married women would soon leave their positions anyway and if they stayed in their positions because of their domestic and family responsibilities they would not give their paid work the attention that an unmarried woman would This role should not be confused with the role of an executive secretary cabinet secretary such as cabinet members who hold the title of secretary or company secretary all which differ from an administrative assistant 96 66 98 Personal Assistants PA as well as Executive Assistants EA and Special Assistants SA 96 67 98 generally work directly with an individual executive 96 6 98 Today they conduct research briefings write memoranda content writing handle project management program evaluation stakeholder management office management customer service duties devise and maintain office systems including data management and filing carry out background research and present findings produce documents like white papers and gray literature carry out specific projects take on some of the manager s responsibilities get involved in decision making processes handle public relations tasks and or logistics and procurement along with a wide range of other duties related to their specific industry In the 6895s and 6855s commercial schools were emerging to train male and female students the skills needed to work in a clerical position Today in the 76st Century many secretaries administrative assistants and program assistants or those that work in the General Administrative Clerical and Office Services 96 65 98 have in effect joined the ranks of the professional service unlike the secretaries of the 75th Century who were categorized under the low skilled and unskilled labor force There was a problem sending your report Find the answers with Practical English Usage online your indispensable guide to problems in English 96 86 98 All legislative initiatives that wanted to create a legal basis for such discrimination ultimately failed