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Pokhara buying Heroin

Abuse of drugs has posed a threat to Nepali society in connection to the transmission of various diseases and rise of various unsocial and anti-social behaviors. In Nepalese context the approach to dealing with drugs mainly involves a realization of the role played by the interaction between personality and social setting. Based on primary field data, the key objective of this paper is to explore the affects of drug use on drug users, their drug use behaviors and the relationship of drug users with their society. The menace of drug abuse has been compounded by changing social structure, lack of economic growth, mistrust, social and political instability, rising unemployment, cultural-social pressures, confusions, stress etc. This study finding reveals that drugs use has led not only to the loss of individuality, state and society, but has also led to criminal activities, social unrest, isolation, abnormal behaviors, family disruption, wastage of productivity, money, and other mental and physical health problems. As social environment plays a significant role in determining the likelihood that an individual will use drugs or will develop a drug use disorder, proximal social factors factors that are directly present at the time of drug exposure wield strong influence on both drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior. Awareness creation, family empowerment, job creations and strong legal mechanisms are necessary to control drugs abuse. Social interventions may be also used to reduce drug use and the ensuing harm. Keywords: Psychoactive drugs, abuse, relapse, proximal, social interventions. Drug addiction among students has been emerging as a challenge for Nepal. Admission trends at rehab centers indicate that 75 percent of drugs users are between 15 to 30 years of age. At present percent of drug users are girls Arya, However, drug addiction is not only the problem of present time, since the beginning of human civilization drugs have been either used or misused by most groups in societies for pleasure and relaxing effects in order to facilitate communication with the spirits and gods for religious reasons or for merely extending physical exertion in the face of desires or adversaries. Societies in all parts of the world have used substances that suppress pain and sorrow and also provide pleasurable sensation when consumed. People take drugs in different ways from different societies King, Use of drugs as part of the cultural norms did not create major social problems in the past. However, during those days after-effects of drugs were unknown. Nevertheless, the types of drug used have changed since the last few decades from cannabis to synthetic opiates and chemical substances. With the rapidly expanding pharmaceutical industry in recent years, the number of drugs having some property attractive to drugs misuse has increased to a great extent. It is difficult now to demarcate where the use ends and misuse of drugs begins. The problem of drug abuse has caused millions of people to bear immeasurable costs associated with health hazards, loss of life, hindrance to the pace of economic development, disruption of the social order, anti-social behavior, insecurity, violence, crime and numerous other drug related problems. Like other countries, Nepal is experiencing horrific problems of drug addiction and drug offences has affected youths, mainly in the urban areas but also in rural areas. Cannabis and opium use in Nepal goes back several centuries but did not pose much of a problem in the in the past. Drug use began to be seen as a problem only since the mids and early with the influx of a large number of hippies and hippy culture attributed to the tourists and hippies of mid 60s, and it slowly spread among Nepalese youths who came in touch with them www. After the widespread drug abuse among youths in urban areas, people started to perceive it as a horrible social disease and stigma Sharma Marijuana locally known as ganja , Bhang, and chares are found in religious usage in Nepalese society. Grounded in Hinduism and other religious traditions, narcotic drugs such as ganja, charesh, hashish, and bhang have been used in Nepalese society since long. In the early days, such drugs were used by the hermits commonly known as sadhus, santas, jogis, fakirs in Nepali known as the devotees of the Lord Shivaji Ejam, This practice still continues in Hindu Nepali society basically in Shivaratri festival. Hermits jogis use these types of drugs to assist concentration in meditation, as a part of the process of renouncing worldly life, and for other therapeutic reasons Bhandari and Subba The practice of smoking ganja and bhang among these devotees in their seclusion is a common phenomenon even in the present. Smoking ganja and bhang is a common occurrence among ordinary Nepalese people during religious occasions of Maha Shivaratri and Holy-Purnima. Youths gather around campfires in their neighborhood and smoke such drugs during Maha Shivaratri and Holy Purnima. Thus, the use of ganja, bhang etc. However, there was no pervasive abuse of such drugs in traditional practices Bhandari, But nowadays, the rising problem of the abuse of various types of drugs includes consumption of Antihistamine; Lupigesic Buprenorphin , sedatives and codeine based cough syrup with their dubious legal status that poses a grave and persistent threat to the health and well being of the people in the country Recovering Nepal, Current situation of drug abuse poses threats to social, cultural and national security. With Kathmandu being the main centre as well as a transit point for smugglings drugs to other parts of the globe, the easy availability of drug has pushed the urban community into the blazing ditch of drug abuse and the young generation is heading towards deterioration. Given this, key objective of this article is to explore the affects of drug use on drug users, their drug use behaviors and the relationship of drug users DUs with their society. This paper is based on primary data collected from the field during October 18 to November 3, A total of 90 drug users 83 males and 7 females currently under treatment at various rehabilitation centers of Kathmandu valley were selected for the study. Convenience sampling method was employed comprising 83 male and 7 female drug users. Primary data was collected using face-to-face interview with DUs in the rehabilitation centers. Observation method was employed to observe drug users age, behavior, living condition, and physical condition at the time of interview. The majority of the drug users are the youths between the age group Immature and unripe age is a major vigor that pushed them to drug addiction. There are only few numbers of females in drugs use because of different types of social-cultural restrictions for women in Nepali society restricting their behaviors and movements. Table 2: Distribution of Drug Users by Sex. Majority High number of Chhetri caste DUs is because they had come to rehabilitation centers for their addiction free treatment from different regions of Nepal. Newars are in majority in Kathmandu, some soft drugs enshrined in their rituals and ceremonies. Marriage is a key social institution, which legalize sexual relation between man and woman for sexual satisfaction. This study result depicts that Married DUs used drugs because they could not fulfill demands of spouses, lack of proper support and cooperation from the family members. The majority of unmarried DUs They thought that drugs help them in physical and mental relaxation but later became dependent on drugs. It is a general saying that educated people do not do any immoral work in the society, but this statement goes wrong in the current study because the majority of the drug users were educated. Most of the drug users Table 5: Drug Users Educational Status. The large number of DUs living with parents indicates economic and other types of dependencies of DUs. Some of those drug users who were living separately were because of their job and apathy of their family members. Family is an important basic social institution where people get love, care, affection, and security. The family types of the selected sample of DUs follow. The majority of DUs Joint family is found predominantly in the context of traditional Nepalese society. Those DUs, who lived in a joint family, had few responsibilities for them hence they got opportunities to involve with drug addiction. Their parents were engaged for earning bread and butter for a huge family, hence failed to give adequate care, sufficient time, and proper guidance to their children. Economic status of family determines the economic situation. In low income families In medium economic class Majority of the drug users parents were business person hectic with their schedules. They could not give sufficient time for their children. So their children got trapped into the drugs because they provided money whenever they wanted but did not care wherever they were. Occupation affects the standard life of family and their social relationship, if they earn more, they may have lavishness, and if they are unemployed, they may have frustration. The highest numbers of DUs were student and unemployed. They get and manage money from the home and spend money in buying drugs. Drug use behavior concerns with the drug use patterns such as: Initial age of drug use in the first time, knowledge about drug use in the first time, reasons for drug use in the first time, source and modes of drugs used in the first time. Initial age of drug use is a major aspect to determine the prevalence age period of drug use among youths. It points the age of DUs when they started using drugs for the first time. The majority The number of drug users who started using drugs at the age of 25 to 29 years is meager 5. Majority of DUs using drugs belonging to the age of below 19 years demonstrate that the more vulnerable age of drug abuse is years. Teen age drug users did not know about the hazards of drugs use and are influenced by peer pressures. Some of them started drug use when they were at the age group between 25 to 29 years. They did not get job and were frustrated with their insurmountable lifestyle hence started drugs use to get relief from aggravation. Drug addiction is considered as a major social problem faced by family as well as the community. Every problem has its cause and so as drug addiction. Therefore, this study has tried to find out the causes of drug use in the first time. Majority of DUs Many were introduced to addiction by their self-curiosity. Frustration and tension were also the causes of drug use followed by their peer pressure, quarrels in the family, ignorance about drugs etc. It turns out to be a threat to their parents those who cannot give sufficient time and care to their children. Teenagers, young people prefer spending more time with their friends. There were different modes of drug administration. Drugs were administrated through smoking, drinking, swallowing, sniffing, chewing, chasing, pulling, and injecting. They entered into addiction by smoking. They learnt it from their cigarette smoking parents and other family members and friends. Drug users frequently mingle two or more drugs in an attempt to reduce unpleasant symptoms experienced in drug use. Multiple use of drugs is extremely perilous and it is life threatening. For the drug users smoking is the most popular mode of drugs use. The type of multi-drugs used by drug users varies. Drug users use drug through injecting because it is easy to access and comparatively inexpensive to buy. Drug uses results in different types of relationship problems between drug users and their family, friends, relatives and the community as a whole. Drug use is an illicit activity, and people have always negative attitude and behavior towards DUs. The negative feelings and attitudes of people towards DUs create apathy that assists drug users to continue taking drugs. Behaviors of the members of the society may play a vital role in the life of a person leading to right or wrong way. Hence, it is imperative to know that how society behaves to DUs. They confronted prejudiced and hatred behaviours from their own people. Peoples were disgusted with their drug obsession and they suggested them giving up drug use. Despite the social response, the drug users have their diverse perceptions on their relationships with society. It was because of their drug addict behavior. They did not prove themselves as reliable person in the society. They were not trusted to take any responsibility hence the gap of misunderstanding increased and they were rejected as loafers. Behaviors of friends towards DUs signify the relationship of DUs with their friends. The table below shows the behaviors of friends towards DUs. Many of drug addicts were having terrible relation with their parents, siblings, friends, family members, relatives, and neighbors. The following questions were raised to drug users to compute the social relationship of DUs with different persons in the community. Most of the DUs had terrible relation with their parents, siblings, family members, relatives and other social members. Despite this, many DUs family members had given support and care to them but Drug users also faced prejudiced behaviors from their families, parents, relatives, friends and other people of the community-hence making them more quarrelsome. Drug Users involvement in Criminal Activities. Drug addiction has caused several not only the drug selling and drug abuse but also numerous other drugs embedded criminal activities committed by drug users. The drug users have to manage money by any means to buy drugs. Parents or other family members were either asked or forced to provide money. When money was not provided, DUs have either gone for stealing the household goods or pick pocketing etc. Some of the drug users were involved with selling drugs to manage their requirement of drugs. Addict behavior led to do them whatever they wanted and bound them to engross in criminal activities. Drug abuse, selling, trafficking, dealing of drugs, and involvement in drug related illegal activities led to police custody of drug users in many cases. More than three times of police custody illustrate that they had been involved in using drugs along with drug dealing, trafficking, selling, and other drug related activities, hence they were more vulnerable to police cases. Drug users were caught up with drugs repeatedly. There are various reasons. Drug users tried to discontinue drugs many times but they started using drugs. Many of them started drugs use again due to their peer pressure They were labeled as drug addicts 3. Drug users expected support and cooperation from family members and other peoples for their adjustment. Table Causes of Drug Users Relapse. Drug Users Admittance in the Rehabilitation Centers. Therefore, the addicts relapsed and got admitted in the rehabilitation center. Some of the addicts come to rehabilitation center because of self-awareness, raising trust of the people, peer influence, and some of them were encouraged by rehabilitation centers staff. In broad-spectrum, the behavior of addicted person is always inexplicable, annoying, terrifying and depressing. The power of addictive substances is so tough that drug users are besieged by it. Without grasping that drug use is behind the abnormal, inconsistent, abusive or criminal behavior, the mystery may prolong. Almost no one can be successful evenly in all areas of life consequently anxiety will show up somewhere. In Nepal the advent of tourist and hippies in early s prepared the ground for the rise of culture of drugs use but there was no insidious abuse of drugs in the past, but at present it has posed a threat to Nepali society in connection to the transmission of various diseases and rise of various unsocial and anti-social behaviors. Drug users were quite young, educated, from middle class families. Many of the drug users were employed and self-employed. Despite the involvement of most of drug users parents in job and business, majority of drug users did not get money from their parents for buying drugs hence drug users are not only involved in larceny of money and household elegant things but also involved in many drug related crimes for buying drugs and to maintain their lifestyle. Hence, there is a frazzled relation between drug addicts and the society. The high proportion of drug users quarrels with their family and social members is an offshoot of their addict behavior. Most of DUs had a terrible relation with their family and society because they have been mistrusted, ignored, prejudiced, rejected, and ostracized accompanied by their loss of individuality, state and society, leading to more social unrest, isolation, abnormal behaviors, family disruption, and wastage of productivity, money, and other mental and physical health problems. The problem of drug abuse has been compounded by changing social structure, the lack of economic growth, increasing social and political instability, cultural and social pressures and social-cultural confusions that leads ultimately to traumatic behavior— drug addiction. Stress originating from human ambitions, deficiencies and mistrust, if not fulfilled through employment opportunities and trust may increase drug addiction and stressful social relationship. The social environment plays a decisive role in determining the likelihood that an individual will use drugs or will develop a drug use disorder. Proximal social factors exert a powerful influence on both drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior. Hence, awareness creation and family empowerment is indispensable to prevent drug abuse. Special program are needed for youths to engage them in creative works. Law enforcement agencies need to pay more attention to control the production, store, and dealing, selling, and trafficking of drugs. Social and cultural perceptions on drug users should change from chauvinism to rationality, abhorrence to sympathy and mistrust to trust. Further research is required in Nepal to determine the effects of social contact on drug ingestion for drugs and stimulants, in populations that vary in age and sex, and during different transitional stages of drug use disorders so that to put into practice social interventions in clinical and at-risk populations. Arya, Bishnu Prasad My Republica, February 11, Bhandari, Bishnu Bhandari, Bishnu and Subba, Chaitanya, Introduction: Students and Drugs in Nepal. Drug Abuse Prevention Association Nepal. Ejam, Dilli Ram Unpublished M. Gossop, M. Geneva, World Health Organization. King, Michael B. Lagu padhartha durbyasani Recovering Nepal Sharma, Hari He is trained in Denmark. View all posts by Prakash Upadhyay. Like Like. Prakash Upadhyay Associate Professor in Anthropology Tribhuvan University, Prithvi Narayan Campus, Pokhara Abstract Abuse of drugs has posed a threat to Nepali society in connection to the transmission of various diseases and rise of various unsocial and anti-social behaviors. Keywords: Psychoactive drugs, abuse, relapse, proximal, social interventions Introduction Drug addiction among students has been emerging as a challenge for Nepal. Data and Methods This paper is based on primary data collected from the field during October 18 to November 3, Age Group The majority of the drug users are the youths between the age group Sex Educational Status It is a general saying that educated people do not do any immoral work in the society, but this statement goes wrong in the current study because the majority of the drug users were educated. Economic Status of the Family Economic status of family determines the economic situation. Occupational Status of Drug Users Parents Majority of the drug users parents were business person hectic with their schedules. Drug Use Behaviours of Drug Users Drug use behavior concerns with the drug use patterns such as: Initial age of drug use in the first time, knowledge about drug use in the first time, reasons for drug use in the first time, source and modes of drugs used in the first time. Initial age of Drug Use in the First Time Initial age of drug use is a major aspect to determine the prevalence age period of drug use among youths. Reasons for Drug use in the First Time Drug addiction is considered as a major social problem faced by family as well as the community. Multi-Drugs use Behavior of Drug Users Drug users frequently mingle two or more drugs in an attempt to reduce unpleasant symptoms experienced in drug use. Societal Response towards Drug Addicts Behaviors of the members of the society may play a vital role in the life of a person leading to right or wrong way. Relation of Drug Users with Parents, Family Members, Relatives and Neighbors Many of drug addicts were having terrible relation with their parents, siblings, friends, family members, relatives, and neighbors. Drug Users involvement in Criminal Activities Drug addiction has caused several not only the drug selling and drug abuse but also numerous other drugs embedded criminal activities committed by drug users. Drug Users in Police Custody Drug abuse, selling, trafficking, dealing of drugs, and involvement in drug related illegal activities led to police custody of drug users in many cases. Causes of Drug Users Relapse Drug users were caught up with drugs repeatedly. Conclusion Almost no one can be successful evenly in all areas of life consequently anxiety will show up somewhere. References Arya, Bishnu Prasad Like Loading Published by Prakash Upadhyay. Leave a comment Cancel reply. Comment Reblog Subscribe Subscribed. Sign me up. Already have a WordPress. Log in now. 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Pokhara buying Heroin

Whether it's mountaineering or marijuana, trekking to Everest or tripping on LSD, getting as high as you can has always been central to the Nepal tourist experience. But in stopping the smokers, he sparked a Maoist blowback. From the moment Nepal opened its doors to foreign tourists in , popular culture imagined the Himalayan kingdom as a hippie Garden of Eden. Movies , novels , and comic books all dreamed of a far-flung fantasyland of drug trippers, Everest trekkers, levitating lamas, and Himalayan hunts for the ever-elusive abominable snowman. As the last country on earth to forbid the sale, cultivation, and consumption of drugs, Nepal promised an irresistibly mind-bending trip. But in an era when few could afford round-the-world airfare, frugal flower children took a rougher route to the most far-out destination on the planet. The Hippie Trail followed the footsteps of the ancient Silk Road. But instead of trading textiles, its travelers swapped the postwar social conformity of the Western world for dreams of enlightenment in the East. Some fled the Vietnam War draft; others came to find themselves. For whatever the reason, from to , tens of thousands of young people bused or hitchhiked the overland route from Istanbul, Turkey, to Kathmandu, Nepal, annually. And the terminus of the Hippie Trail was a single bustling urban lane called Jhonche, rechristened as Freak Street by its new inhabitants. Over time, the hippies created their own community in Kathmandu. Hippies knew little of the local language and culture. Instead, they lived in a fantasy Nepal that existed in their imaginations: a land where old rules about drugs and dress, music and sex didn't apply, where they could live freely and create themselves anew. A culture that was too shocking for s America—'the land of the free'—found a welcome home in a faraway religious monarchy. Nepal accepted these strange foreigners because there were locals who were strange in the same way. Hindu holy men known as ' sadhus ' shared a similar taste for flamboyant dress, drugs, and a desire to find themselves by leaving the world behind. But paradise is not of this earth. Agnew toured every country along the Hippie Trail before arriving in Nepal. Nixon threatened to withhold economic aid from countries that, in his view, held a permissive attitude toward the drug trade. Months later, Nepal enacted the first anti-drug laws in its ancient history. Surrounded on all sides by India, China, and under mounting pressure from the United States, Nepal needed a strategy to cope with the Cold War. King Mahendra skillfully played the great powers against each other. He maintained cordial relations with all sides while extracting billions in development cash that would modernize the country, prop up the monarchy, and, for a few more generations, stave off revolution. In return, Nepal would play by international rules. And that meant the drugs and hippies had to go. Kathmandu's hashish shops were closed. American narcotics agents roamed Freak Street, surveilling drug takers and draft dodgers for arrest on their arrival back in the United States. And in a move that would have consequences for decades to come, Nepal's marijuana fields were torched. The hippies weren't the only ones angered by prohibition. In western Nepal, far from the capital city of Kathmandu, hashish cultivation was the main source of income. Sellers and growers were arrested. Private property with marijuana growing on it was forfeited to the state. Tens of thousands of farmers were pushed to the brink of starvation. Promised development aid to the region never materialized. Seeing political opportunity in economic collapse, the Communist Party exploited local grievances and persuaded residents that only a violent overthrow of the government would solve their problems. The Maoists vowed to overthrow the monarchy and fly the hammer and sickle atop Mt. Nixon's global war on drugs was fueling the communist ideology it was trying to contain. By the 'just say no' Reagan era, drug prohibition had opened new opportunities for corruption that lead all the way to Nepal's royal family. A blockbuster report by Nepalese journalist Padam Thakurathi implicated top aides to the king's brothers in Nepal's booming heroin trade. Days later, in the middle of the night, a bodyguard of the royal family entered Thakurathi's home and aimed a gun 18 inches from his head. Shot in the face, Thakurathi survived the attack. He lost an eye but lived to expose the royal family's involvement in black market heroin. By , the Maoists controlled 80 percent of the country. The insurgency based in the agricultural heartland had grown into a national political force that paralyzed the nation with a series of national strikes and armed resistance to the king. After a decadelong civil war that claimed 17, lives, Nepal's monarchy was abolished and the communists were elected to power. Today, the civil war is long over, but Nepal's war on drugs continues. It remains a thriving hub for heroin and hashish, with stories of drug busts, addiction, and violence, mainstays of Nepal's television news coverage. Freak Street is looking a little lonely. The erstwhile hippie haven is now a hangout for hipsters. Artisanal coffee shops outnumber head shops. The old Eden Hashish Centre is just an ordinary budget hotel. Kathmandu's hippie past is running high on nostalgia and low on foot traffic. Despite a small political movement to legalize hashish, marijuana is legal one day a year for religious purposes only. The rest of the time, locals and tourists take their chances on the black market. With its wild days behind it, Freak Street has mostly dropped the drug trade and reinvented itself as a destination for mountain trekking. These days, the real action has moved to Thamel. A short walk from Freak Street, Kathmandu's thumping nightlife hotspot offers visitors every kind of indulgence that was available during Freak Street's heyday and many more that the hippies couldn't have imagined on their wildest trip. Subscribe to our YouTube channel. Like us on Facebook. Follow us on Twitter. Subscribe to our podcast at iTunes. Todd Krainin was a producer at Reason. Show Comments Jack Nicastro Jacob Sullum Joe Lancaster Elizabeth Nolan Brown Liz Wolfe Search for:. Login Form. Password Required. Remember Me. Produced by Todd Krainin. End Times Liz Wolfe Go ad-free with Reason Plus. And get unlimited access to everything at reason. Learn More.

Pokhara buying Heroin