Point Spread Betting Wikipedia

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A spread is a type of bet where a team is required to win against a set point-spread. Favored teams must win by a larger margin than the spread, while the underdog must either win outright or lose by a smaller margin than the spread.
Point-spread bets are common in high-scoring sports such as American football and basketball, but are also available in soccer, baseball, hockey, and tennis. Spreads are a useful alternative to moneylines in matches that feature a large difference in skill between competing teams. Rather than forcing bettors to choose between betting on outright victories by the favorite (resulting in a poor return) or the underdog (having low chance of victory) spreads provide the opportunity to back either team with reasonable odds.
The purpose of a point-spread is to give both teams a similar chance of winning. For a given match the weaker team, known as the underdog, will be given a positive point-spread. Those points are added to their score at the end of the game. If their adjusted score exceeds the number of points scored by the opposing team the underdog has won against the spread. In other words the underdog must either win outright or lose by a smaller margin than the spread.
In the example below the Seattle Seahawks are the underdog. Their spread is set at +3.5. In order to win a bet placed on the Seattle Seahawks +3.5 they would need to either win outright or lose by 1-3 points. Do not get the spread (+3.5) confused with the American odds format (-110) which indicates the potential profit relative to the initial risk. The equivalent payout is 1.91 in decimal odds and 10/11 in fractional odds.
The stronger of the two teams, referred to as the favorite, is given an equal-but-negative point spread. Those points are deducted to their score at the end of the game. If the adjusted score still exceeds the number of points scored by the opposing team then the favorite has won against the spread. This means that the team must win by a larger margin than the spread. Using the same example above a wager on the Green Bay Packers -3.5 requires them to win by 4 or more points.
The benefit of spreads becomes more apparent when betting on a match with two teams that have a large skill difference. In the college football match below it would take a $950 risk to profit $100 with a bet on the Notre Dame moneyline. Instead of having to settle for a low payout bettors can take the -17.5 spread requiring only a $110 risk to yield the same profit. The difference now is that Notre Dame needs to win by at least 18 points.
A bet on the Virginia Tech moneyline would turn a $100 risk into $625 profit. However with an implied probability of 13.8% it's not likely to occur. Bettors who want closer to a 50% chance of winning can take Virginia Tech on the +17.5 spread. With a lower payout comes a greater chance of winning; now requiring either an outright victory or loss by 1-17 points.
If the margin of victory by the favored team equals the spread then all bets are graded a push and initial stakes are refunded. In the match below wagers on both the Miami Dolphins +3.0 and Oakland Raiders -3.0 will be refunded if Oakland wins by exactly 3 points.

In organized sports, point shaving is a type of match fixing where the perpetrators try to change the final score of a game without changing who wins. This is typically done by players colluding with gamblers to prevent a team from covering a published point spread, where gamblers bet on the margin of victory. Unlike other forms of sports betting, spread betting invariably motivates point shaving. A point shaving scheme generally involves a sports gambler and one or more players of the team favored to win the game. In exchange for a bribe, the player or players agree to ensure that their team will not "cover the point spread" (the bribed player's team may still win but not by as big a margin as that predicted by bookmakers). The gambler then wagers against the bribed team. Alternatively, players on the team picked to lose may be bribed to lose by more points than the indicated point spread, and gamblers will wager on their opponents, the favorites, to cover the spread. Also, an official (referee) of the game may be bribed, or even bet on his own behalf, so that one or more "close calls" will be called in favor of the "underdog" rather than the team favored to win. The practice of shaving points is illegal in some countries and stiff penalties are imposed for those caught and convicted.
Basketball is a particularly easy medium for shaving points because of the scoring tempo of the game and the ease by which one player can influence key events. By deliberately missing shots or committing turnovers or fouls, a corrupt player can covertly ensure that his team fails to cover the point spread without causing it to lose the game. Although the NCAA has adopted a zero tolerance policy with respect to gambling activity by its players, some critics believe that it unwittingly encourages point shaving due to its strict rules regarding amateurism, combined with the large amount of money wagered on its games. The NCAA has produced posters warning players not to engage in point shaving.
Famous examples of point shaving are the CCNY point-shaving scandal in 1950–51; the Dixie Classic scandal of 1961; the Boston College basketball point shaving scandal of 1978–79, which was perpetrated by gangsters Henry Hill and Jimmy Burke; and the Tulane men's basketball point shaving scandal of 1984–85, which led the university to disband its program for four seasons.
On 15 August 2007, an NBA referee, Tim Donaghy, pleaded guilty to two felonies related to wagering on games that he officiated. To avoid being perceived as biased, he changed calls so that both teams would score more than generally predicted.[citation needed]
In the television series The Sopranos, the character Carmine Lupertazzi Sr., was reputed to have invented the concept of point shaving in 1951.
Points-shaving is an underlying plot thread in the 1974 film The Longest Yard and the 2005 remake. In both films, the character Paul "Wrecking" Crewe, a former professional quarterback, was kicked out of the NFL for point-shaving prior to the events of the films.
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