Plastic Bag Suffocation Video
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One hundred and ten cases of suicidal suffocation using a plastic bag were identified in the files of the Office of the Chief Coroner of Ontario, Canada, between 1993 and 1997. The records were reviewed to determine the demographic characteristics of this group compared with all cases of suicide in Ontario, the scene information, autopsy findings and toxicology results. Most suicides occurred in people over 60 years of age, with older women making up a considerable proportion of cases as compared with other methods of suicide. In 40% of cases the deceased was suffering from a serious illness. Autopsy findings were usually minimal, with facial, conjunctival and visceral petechiae present in a minority of cases. One or more drugs were detected in the blood in 92.6% of cases where toxicologic testing was performed. Benzodiazepines, diphenhydramine and antidepressants were the most common drugs found, with diphenhydramine the most common drug present at an elevated concentration. Information at the scene from "right to die" societies was uncommon. One quarter of decedents took additional measures, besides the use of drugs or alcohol, to ensure the rapidity, certainty or comfort of their death. This study further elucidates the characteristics of this uncommon method of suicide. It emphasizes additional scene findings, such as the presence of dust masks, physical restraints and modification of the plastic bag that may be of use to death investigators in determining the correct manner of death.
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
... Plastic bag asphyxia may involve solely a plastic bag or may include inhalation of a gas, such as chloroform [69], ether [3,68], helium [16,17,45,56,58], natural gas (high methane-content mixture) [39], nitrogen [38], butane [1], propane [13,15], exogenous carbon dioxide (dry ice) [13] and toluene [46]. Several studies in the literature described the demographic features of suicidal plastic bag asphyxia (Table 29.1) [4,7,19,32,47,67]. The majority of victims are over the age of 50 years with a female gender preference [4,7,19,47]. ...
... Several studies in the literature described the demographic features of suicidal plastic bag asphyxia (Table 29.1) [4,7,19,32,47,67]. The majority of victims are over the age of 50 years with a female gender preference [4,7,19,47]. The mean age of victims is often substantially higher for females than males [7,32]. ...
... In Bullock and Diniz's study, approximately one-third of the victims of plastic bag asphyxia had either attempted suicide or had harmed themselves at least once in their past [4]. Forty per cent of the victims had suffered from a medical illness that decreased their quality of life or was life-threatening. ...
... The decision to act on a desire to die is limited only by the creativity of the individual and the availability of an effective method. Although it is not considered a common suicide method, asphyxiation with a plastic bag is quite effective and is more commonly used by the elderly than by younger individuals (1,2). Several "how-to" publications provide detailed advice to maximize the potential for a fatal outcome in plastic bag suicide (3)(4)(5). ...
... To ensure lethality, plastic bag asphyxiation often includes self-poisoning by sedative medications (1,7). Less common is plastic bag asphyxiation with gases such as propane (8), ethyl ether (9), or nitrous oxide (10). ...
... The existence of "how-to" literature has been shown to influence the choice of suicide method but not the overall suicide rate (1,6). Recent "right-to-die" publications about plastic bag and helium asphyxia are very reader friendly and give detailed step-by-step descriptions to minimize the risk of failed suicide. ...
Suicide by helium inhalation inside a plastic bag has recently been publicized by right-to-die proponents in "how to" print and videotape materials. This article reports a suicide performed according to this new and highly lethal technique, which is also a potentially undetectable cause of death. Toxicology information could not determine helium inhalation, and drug screening did not reveal data of significance. The cause of death could be determined only by the physical evidence at the scene of death. Helium inhalation can easily be concealed when interested parties remove or alter evidence. To ensure that their deaths are not documented as suicide, some individuals considering assisted suicide may choose helium methods and assistance from helpers. Recent challenges to Oregon's physician-assisted suicide law may increase interest in helium instead of barbiturates for assisted suicide.
... 8 Asphyxia with a suicide bag is on general used by people older than 50 years old; younger people usually chose other methods. 18,15 In this study the average age of the suicides was 57 years old. Even though the average age of people who committed suicide by asphyxiation using the exit bag with an inert gas was 10 years younger, the average age of the total group did not change over the second period, which suggest that it is a similar population. ...
... Other previous studies has shown this too; the advice to use sedatives while using the exit bag is to prevent someone to stop the suicide attempt by pulling of the bag because of nausea of the exhaled carbon dioxide in the plastic bag ('hypercapnic alarm response'). 18,19 In 84% of the cases suicide was committed at home. The helium method was executed in a hotel room in three cases. ...
Introduction: Annually about 28% of the 5800 death of unnatural cause in the Netherlands are a result of suicide. In 2012 and 2013 a movie and a book were published about a "dignified end of life" which also described the suicide using the exit bag to establish asphyxia using helium. The purpose of this study is to investigate if the suicide methods changed since the publicity in 2013 about suicidal asphyxiation by using helium gas. This study especially focuses on suicide using the 'exit bag' with or without helium gas. Material and methods: In the period 2005 to 2014 all suicides in the region of Amsterdam-Amstelland and Zaanstreek-Waterland were analyzed and from these suicides cases using the exit bag were selected. Results: The study shows a rising trend with the use of the helium (P > 0.01) and a decreasing trend for suicide by asphyxia using an exit bag (P < 0.05). The data does not show a sudden difference, but there seems to be a gradually change. Discussion: The number of suicides using the helium method is rising in Amsterdam-Amstelland and Zaanstreek-Waterland, while suicides by asphyxiation without helium are decreasing. The specific publicity of books about suicides using helium may have influenced this transition.
... There is considerable evidence that plastic bag asphyxiation as described in Final Exit is frequently fatal (Bullock & Diniz, 2000;Haddix, Harruff, Reay, & Haglund, 1996;Marzuk, Tardiff, & Leon, 1994), but there are also harrowing reports of failures using the technique ( Jamison, 1995;Magnusson, 2002;Ogden, 1994). In reaction to these failures, a small international group of right-todie proponents pioneered a program to research methods that are more effective for ''self-deliverance.'' ...
In response to the general prohibition of euthanasia and assisted suicide, some right-to-die activists have developed non-medical methods to covertly hasten death. One such method is a "debreather," a closed system breathing device that laypersons can use to induce hypoxia for persons seeking euthanasia or assisted suicide. This article presents data from nine cases where the debreather was used on humans, resulting in eight deaths. The covert properties of the debreather make it almost impossible for medical examiners and law enforcers to detect its use. Clandestine behavior circumvents legal forms of social control and challenges models for regulated, medicalized euthanasia and assisted suicide. The debreather compromises the ability of forensic investigators to assign an accurate cause and manner of death, and this raises implications for law enforcement, vital statistics, and research into the causes of death. The involvement of lay organizations in euthanasia and assisted suicide means that effective social policy on right-to-die issues must take into account their activities as well as those of other health professionals.
... Suicide by smothering has rarely been reported in literature (1). In the few cases described, mechanical occlusion of the respiratory orifices was generally caused by placing a plastic bag (or a hood of some impervious substance, usually polythene or other plastic), around the head and securing it around the neck with a rope or other tie (2,3). Suicidal smothering by winding strips of adhesive tape around the head to cover the nose and mouth is an even rarer method, and in such cases it may be difficult to establish whether suicide or homicide has occurred (4-7). ...
In suicidal asphyxia smothering is very rare, especially when caused by winding strips of adhesive tape around the head to cover the nose and mouth. The authors report a very unusual case in which the deceased, a 66-year-old man, was found with two strips of tape wound around his head: the first, more superficial tape was wrapped six times and the second was wrapped nine times. Only integration of the crime scene data with those of the autopsy and the patient's psychological profile enabled identification of the event as suicide.
... Among 110 people who died from plastic bag suffocation suicide in Ontario between 1993 and 1997, 68 decedents were screened for alcohol and drugs and 9 were screened for alcohol only. 7 Thirty-five per cent screened positive for alcohol, with 14% above 100 mg%. Of those screened for drugs, 57% were positive for drugs above therapeutic levels. ...
The use of alcohol and other drugs has been identified as a significant factor related to suicide through multiple pathways. This paper highlights current understanding of their contributions to suicide in Canada and identifies opportunities for enhancing monitoring and prevention initiatives. Publications from 1998 to 2018 about suicide in Canada and that referred to alcohol or other drugs were identified using PubMed and Google Scholar. A second literature search restricted to articles including results of toxicology testing was conducted by a librarian. We summarised the literature identified on ecological analyses, attributable fractions and deaths, and research including the results of toxicological analyses. Our literature search yielded 5230 publications, and 164 documents were identified for full-text screening. We summarised the findings from 30 articles. Ecological analyses support the association between alcohol sales, annual per capita alcohol consumption and suicide rates. Based on published estimates, approximately a quarter of suicide deaths in Canada are alcohol-attributable, while the estimated attributable fraction for illegal drugs is more variable. Finally, there is a dearth of literature examining the role of acute alcohol and/or drug consumption prior to suicide based on toxicological findings. The proportion of suicide decedents with drugs or alcohol present at the time of death varies widely. While there is evidence on the role of alcohol and drugs in suicide deaths, there is not a large body of research about the acute use of these substances at the time of death among suicide decedents in Canada. Our understanding of the role of alcohol and other drugs in suicide deaths could be enhanced through systematic documentation, which in turn could provide much needed guidance for clinical practice, prevention strategies and policy initiatives.
... 1) Suicidal smothering is usually found in using plastic bags. 2,3) Other methods are used in suicide, albeit rarely, include pillow without assisted manner in psychiatric patient or multiple loops of adhesive gummed tape such as in a 66-year-old man. 4,5) Homicidal smothering is usually occur in infanticide, but it is possible to smother adult when she or he is old and weak, has a psychiatric disease, or restrained or incapacitated by drinks or drugs. ...
An unusual case of homicide of a 21-year-old man who was smothered with a hot steam towel by his mother and a pastoress in the name of exorcism. Homicidal smothering in adults is rare, but does occur when the victims are not capable of defending themselves in situations such as chronic illness, old age, drug intoxication or when restrained by other people. In this case, distinct facial scalding was a clue to smothering with a hot steam towel.
... The forensic pathological literature has evaluated many aspects of PBS from different points of view through several studies some of which are more generic and do not add a lot more information to what is already known (3,4); other case studies offer a wide analysis of different methods of asphyctic death, giving a general overview to significant epidemiological correlations (1,(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). ...
Plastic Bag Suffocation is a rare cause of death in developed countries and almost unknown in the rest of the world. This study aims to retrospectively evaluate cases of PBS _asphyxia in Milan's Department of Legal Medicine from 1993 to 2013. Cases were selected from the database of 21,472 autopsies performed in the considered timeframe. One hundred and one cases were considered to be cases of Plastic Bag Suffocation, comprised of 100 suicides, no accidental events and 1 homicide. The most relevant elements pertaining to this type of death were evaluated for both the corpses and the crime scenes. From this study the typical PBS victim is an adult male, aged 52.3 years on average, depressed or afflicted by chronic or terminal diseases, and found at home. In 42.6% of cases, the victims were found with the plastic bag still positioned over their head, fastened by tying. Also common among these cases are drugs, alcohol and chemical abuses. According to the collected data, it is impossible to outline a pathognomonic detrimental background that leads to this cause of death. Crime scene investigation is, therefore, the one and only technical resource for evaluating these cases.
... In a study of 110 cases of suicidal asphyxiation using a plastic bag in Ontario, Canada, between 1993 and 1997, more than one half of the victims (54.5%) were >60 years of age, and 40% had suffered from a medical illness. 21 Thirteen (11.8%) victims had access to material advocated by "right-to-die" groups; a book validating this connection was present at the scene in 11 cases. Eight individuals had evidence of a severe illness that they believed reduced their quality of life. ...
... 2,3 Other less common sources of CO for suicide are from a gas-powered generator, the exhaust fumes of cars, gas geysers, combining formic acid and sulphuric acid within a confined space, etc. [4][5][6][7] Asphyxia by placing a plastic bag over the head and neck region is a less common method of suicide. [8][9][10] A few cases involving the additional use of inert gases like propane and helium inside the plastic bag are reported in the scientific literature. [11][12][13] However, the use of CO by means of a cylinder placed inside a polythene bag to commit suicide is rarely reported. ...
Suicide by inhalation of carbon monoxide is not uncommon and usually involves car exhausts or burning charcoal or defective boilers. We report a case of a 25-year-old man, who committed suicide by inhaling carbon monoxide gas inside a polythene bag in a bathroom. The open carbon monoxide cylinder found inside the polythene bag was purchased online by the deceased a few days earlier. He had stated that the gas would be used for his experiment on the environment. A suicide note recovered from his trouser pocket revealed his intention for a painless death.
... In a study of 110 cases of suicidal asphyxiation using a plastic bag in Ontario, Canada, between 1993 and 1997, more than one half of the victims (54.5%) were >60 years of age, and 40% had suffered from a medical illness. 21 Thirteen (11.8%) victims had access to material advocated by "right-to-die" groups; a book validating this connection was present at the scene in 11 cases. Eight individuals had evidence of a severe illness that they believed reduced their quality of life. ...
Derek Humphry’s Final Exit: The Practicalities of Self-Deliverance and Assisted Suicide for the Dying, third edition, detailed a painless and legal procedure of ending life by plastic bag suffocation in conjunction with helium gas intoxication. This asphyxial method involves the depletion of oxygen with the replacement of helium in an assured and expeditious fashion. We present 2 unique cases of suicidal asphyxiation by plastic bag with helium. In 1 case, the chapter specifying suicide via inert gases in Final Exit was found lying next to the victim, a patient with metastatic colon cancer. The other decedent had suffered from severe depression. In both cases, the victims’ heads were completely covered by a plastic bag, and the adjoined helium gas apparatus remained in close proximity. Determination of cause and manner of death in these rare cases depends primarily on the scene investigation because many of the physical indications of asphyxiation may not be present at autopsy, and routine toxicological analysis does not incorporate helium testing.
... Прыжок с высоты является наиболее частым способом самоубийства в некоторых странах Азии (Сингапур, Гонконг), что связывается с проживанием значительной части населения в зданиях высокой этажности [23]. Хорошо известная особенность женщин выбирать менее «брутальные» по сравнению с мужчинами методы самоубийства проявляет себя в старшей возрастной группе тем, что среди часто используемых ими способов ухода из жизни встречаются самоотравления, преимущественно бензодиазепинами, анальгетиками и антидепрессантами [24], а также самоудушение полиэтиленовым пакетом [25][26][27]. ...
Advanced age is a significant risk factor for a co
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Suffocation Using Plastic Bags: A Retrospective Study of Suicides in...
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