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Volume 82 , April 2016 , Pages 127-132
2021, Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry
2020, International Journal of Current Research and Review
2019, Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research
Bioresource Technology, Volume 216, 2016, pp. 629-636
Industrial Crops and Products, Volume 82, 2016, pp. 81-87
Industrial Crops and Products, Volume 82, 2016, pp. 133-140
Industrial Crops and Products, Volume 82, 2016, pp. 149-160
Industrial Crops and Products, Volume 82, 2016, pp. 63-73
Industrial Crops and Products, Volume 82, 2016, pp. 88-99
Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
There are many scientifically unrevealed plant species in the Sub-Himalayan region, which have been used by the local tribes for their day-to-day use. Calamus leptospadix Griff. is a non-climbing palm predominantly found in North-East India. The objective of this study is to isolate and identify saponin extracted from tender shoots of C. leptospadix and the determination of its antimicrobial activity. In the present investigation, the total saponin content was found to be 9.5% when the tender shoots were extracted in methanol followed by n -butanol. Saponin isolated from C. leptospadix was further characterized by HPLC, FT-IR, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR which confirm the presence of only one type of ursolic acid (3-beta-3-hydroxy-urs-12-ene-28-oic-acid) which is a triterpenoid saponin with olefinic carbon at C-12 and C-13. Antimicrobial properties of the isolated saponin were tested by disc diffusion method and by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Lowest MIC was found to be 60 μg/ml for Escherichia coli and Candida albicans . The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) for E. coli and C. albicans were recorded at 140 μg/ml and 120 μg/ml respectively. Highest MIC of 160 μg/ml was recorded for Staphylococcus aureus . This study showed that shoots of C. leptospadix contains a significant amount of saponin, which was confirmed as ursolic acid type of triterpenoid saponin with antimicrobial properties.
Calamus leptospadix Griff. (Arecaceae) is commonly found in Sub-Himalayan region hold a significant importance for its varied application in medicinal as well as commercially. C. leptospadix seeds are used in indigestion and stomach disorders (Rongsensashi et al., 2013) and the young shoots are used as vegetable, preparing rope, baskets and other handicraft (Sarmah, 2010). Previous studies have confirmed its anthelmintic properties (Borah et al., 2013) and the antioxidant activity in the tender shoots with saponin as major phyto-constituents (Borah et al., 2014). Saponin are well known for their diverse biological properties like spermicidal, molluscicidal, anticancer, cholesterol lowering properties, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and significantly for foam stabilizing and cleaning capacity (Hostettmann and Marston, 1995, Zhang et al., 1993, Matsuura, 2001, Mroczek, 2015, Selim and Al Jaouni, 2015). C. leptospadix plants are of extensive ethnomedicinal use but no proper scientific investigation and biochemical profiling is a big bottle neck for industries to take up this plant for commercial use. To overcome this impediment, present study was undertaken to isolate and identify saponin from of C. leptospadix and their probable involvement in antimicrobial activity.
The plant was collected from vicinity of CSIR-Northeast Institute of Science & Technology (NEIST) campus, upper Assam region of India, in 2013. The young shoots (2–3 months old) of C. leptospadix were collected. These shoots were shade dried at room temperature until crunchy enough to be fit for grinding. Powdered C. leptospadix shoot samples (20 g) were transferred to soxhlet apparatus with petroleum ether (250 ml) for removal of soluble fat. The material was air dried again and put in the
From 20 g of dried shoots of C. leptospadix , 1.9 g of saponin was extracted by using n -butanol and the yield percentage was found to be 9.5%. Saponin rich n -butanol extract showed positive results for foam test and Liebermann–Burchard test. The qualitative analysis using TLC plays a critical role in the saponin study. Both impure and pure saponins can be analyzed using TLC. The TLC profile depicted only one single spot after spraying it with 30% sulphric acid reagent and HPLC chromatograph (Fig. 1
Saponins are widely distributed in plant species, being reported in nearly 100 families. Many triterpenes are known to have biological activities. Some play very critical role in plant defence mechanism to protect plant from insect and fungal attack (Kambezi and Afolayan, 2008). At the same time they find an application in medicine because of their pharmacological activities (Borah et al., 2014). Due to the various biological activities of saponin it is of primary interest to search new high
In conclusion, we can state that the present study revealed the presence of a significant amount of saponin in C. leptospadix shoots which were confirmed as ursolic acid (3-beta-3-hydroxy-urs-12-ene-28-oic-acid) type of triterpenoid saponin by various characterization studies. This finding is also meaningful for the chemotaxonomy of this species. It also revealed that the saponin extract possesses antimicrobial properties. However, further studies are needed to establish its chemical structure
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Authors are thankful to the Director, CSIR-NEIST for his encouragement and support to undertake this work.
Ursolic acid was reported in leaves of A. catechu (Peng et al., 2015) and in leaves of the medicinal C. tepejilote (Jiménez et al., 2005), in young shoots of medicinal Calamus leptospadix Griff. (Borah et al., 2016), and together with betulin in the epicuticular wax of P. dactylifera (Khelil et al., 2016). Betulin, lupeol acetate, lupenone, betulinic acid, friedelin and taraxerone were reported in roots of M. flexuosa (Koolen et al., 2012); β-amirin and friedelin-3-one in roots and leaf stalks of E. precatoria (Galotta and Boaventura, 2005), arundoin in A. vulgare (Bony et al., 2012a) and in pericarp of A. catechu (Peng et al., 2015), cylindrin in the fruit of E. guineensis (Goh et al., 1988) and in the epicuticular waxes of Attalea cohune Mart.
According to previous ethno-medicinal reviews, Cocos nucifera , Elaeis guineensis and Phoenix dactylifera are among the main palms which are often used on the American and African continents to treat infections, infestations and disorders in the digestive, respiratory, genito-urinary, dermal, endocrine, cardiovascular, muscular-skeletal, mental and neural systems, as well as neoplasms, dental issues and metabolic and nutritional disorders. In addition, one or more species of the wild genera Acrocomia , Areca , Astrocaryum , Attalea , Bactris , Borassus , Calamus , Chamaedorea , Chamaerops , Euterpe , Hyphaene , Mauritia , Oenocarpus and Syagrus have a high number of records of these ethno-medicinal uses. The most used parts of the palm tree are the fruits, followed by roots, seeds, leaves and flower sap.
This review discusses the phytochemical composition and the pharmacological properties of these important ethno-medicinal palms, aiming to provide a contribution to future research prospects.
Significant information was compiled from an electronic search in widely used international scientific databases (Google Scholar, Science Direct, SciFinder, Web of Science, PubMed, Wiley on line Library, Scielo, ACS Publications), and additional information was obtained from dissertations, theses, books and other relevant websites.
Palms, in general, are rich in oils, terpenoids and phenolic compounds. Fruits of many species are notable for their high content of healthy oils and fat-soluble bioactive compounds, mainly terpenoids, such as pigment carotenoids (and provitamin A), phytosterols, triterpene pentacyclics and tocols (and vitamin E), while other species stood out for their phenolic compounds derived from benzoic and cinnamic acids, along with flavan-3-ol, flavone, flavonol, and stilbene compounds or anthocyanin pigments. In addition to fruits, other parts of the plant such as seeds, leaves, palm heart, flowers and roots are also sources of many bioactive compounds. These compounds are linked to the ethno-medicinal use of many palms that improve human health against infections, infestations and disorders of human systems.
Palms have provided bioactive samples that validate their effectiveness in traditional medicine. However, the intensive study of all palm species related to ethno-medicinal use is needed, along with selection of the most appropriate palm accessions, ripe stage of the fruit and /or part of the plant. Furthermore, the complete profiles of all phytochemicals, their effects on animal models and human subjects, and toxicological and clinical trials are suggested, which, added to the incorporation of improved technological processes, should represent a significant advance for the implementation of new opportunities with wide benefits for human health.
A lab-scale pyrolysis reactor was utilized to investigate the effect of pyrolysis temperature (300–700 °C) on the yield, quality, and energy distribution of products issued from the pyrolysis polygeneration of pine nut shells. Afterward, activated carbon was prepared from biochar using the steam activation method. Pyrolysis temperatures ranging from 500 to 600 °C were found to be optimal in inducing products with improved properties, such as higher heating values of non-condensable gas, lower water content and elevated heating values of bio-oil, and substantial fixed carbon content and greater specific surface area of biochar. In addition, it was noticed that the activation conditions had a significant effect on the yield and adsorption performance of the activated carbon. As a result, activated carbon with elevated specific surface area reaching 1057.8 m 2 /g was obtained at the optimal conditions of 850 °C activation temperature, 80 min activation time, and 1.5 steam/biochar ratio.
Barks are today viewed as a potential resource for biorefineries given their chemical richness and diversity. This paper describes for the first time the chemical composition of Eucalyptus sideroxylon bark and the antioxidant properties of its polar extractives. The bark is thick, deeply furrowed and dark colored. Large pockets of kino were observed formed by the breaking down of tissues of the outer phloem. The mean chemical composition of E. sideroxylon bark was: ash 1.3%; total extractives 55.7%, mainly corresponding to polar compounds that were soluble in ethanol and water, lignin 13.1% and suberin 1.9%. The polysaccharides composition showed predominance of glucose and xylose (80.0% and 11.0% of total neutral monosaccharides respectively). The ethanol–water bark extract had a high content of phenolics: total phenolics 440.7 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract, flavonoids 204.4 mg catechin equivalent/g extract and tannins 395.0 mg catechin equivalent/g extract. The antioxidant activity corresponded to 648.8 mg Trolox/g of extract, and FRAP values to 5247 mM Fe 2+ /g of extract. E. sideroxylon bark can therefore be extracted with green solvents to yield polar extractives with a potential valorization based on their chemical functionalities and bioactivity.
Different sized carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) were synthesized from glucose through a one-step hydrothermal process and soy protein isolate (SPI) films modified by the CNPs were prepared. Morphology and size distributions of the prepared CNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The effects of different sized CNPs (CNPA, CNPB, and CNPC) on mechanical properties of films were evaluated. Furthermore, the effects of different contents of CNPC with the smallest size on properties of films were analyzed including structure, morphology, moisture content, total soluble matter, water vapor permeability (WVP), mechanical properties, and thermal stability. The attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared results demonstrated that there were carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on the surface of CNPs. In addition, the CNPs led to a phase change of SPI matrix as shown in X-ray diffraction results. The tensile strength and modulus of SPI/CNPC films with 5.0 g CNPC increased by 82.97% and 79.74% compared to the unmodified one, respectively. In addition, SPI/CNPC films with 5.0 g CNPC exhibited the best water barrier property, which was a 48.36% decrease in WVP compared to SPI film.
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) were isolated by high-pressure homogenization. Xylanase-assisted pretreatment after steam explosion was studied to investigate its effect on various cellulose properties such as bleaching times, reduced chemical use and color in the subsequent bleaching stage. High cellulose contents were successfully extracted from SCB with xylanase-assisted pretreatment; moreover, xylanase-treated fibers exhibited decreased bleaching times, a 44% reduction in the amount of chemicals used and had a satisfactory whiteness index compared to untreated fibers. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed significant increases in crystallinity index for xylanase-assisted pretreatment fibers. Characterization of the fibers by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicated that the fiber diameters decreased with each treatment stage; the final CNFs obtained at 15,000 psi for 30 passes primarily ranged from 5 to 10 nm in diameter. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that CNFs have lower thermal stability than raw cellulose fibers. These results indicate that xylanase-assisted pretreatment with high-pressure homogenization is an environmentally friendly method to isolate CNFs and clearly demonstrates the potential of enzymatic pretreatment for reducing environmental contamination, especially with regard to toxic chlorine compounds that are required for the bleaching process.
Short-rotation woody plantations have been recently established in Costa Rica and Gmelina arborea has gained popularity The present work assesses tree diameter and height, biomass distribution, specific gravity, green density, moisture content, calorific value, ash content, volatile materials, carbon, nitrogen, extractives and production of energy in one-year-old short-rotation energy plantations of G. arborea in three different sites in Costa Rica, planted under three spacings (0.5 × 0.5 m, 1.0 × 1.0 m and 2.0 × 2.0 m). The results showed that the properties evaluated presented little variation due to spacing. The variations by site and spacing in the properties of the biomass and its characteristics could be easily observed by multivariate analysis. According to this analysis, one site excelled with the best energy characteristics, while spacings of 0.5 × 0.5 m and 1.0 × 1.0 m show higher energy and biomass production in the three sites. Regarding the study of the characteristics and distribution of biomass in different parts of the tree, differences were found in initial moisture content, calorific value and volatile materials between the trunk, branches or bark. The highest percentage of biomass is concentrated in the trunk and branches. Finally, it was concluded that the species G. arborea produces similar amounts of biomass compared to other short-rotation energy crops.
The potential of using a two-stage hydrogen and methane fermentation of sugarcane juice was studied. The effects of pure and mixed culture as inocula on hydrogen production were compared. Additionally, the effects of pure culture inocula form, i.e., free cells or immobilized cells of Clostridium butyricum TISTR1032 was compared to different forms of mixed cultures, i.e., granules or suspended cells of heat-treated upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) granules. The hydrogenogenic effluents from all treatments were used as substrates to evaluate the potential of methane production by non-pretreated UASB granules. Results showed that a pure culture gave a higher hydrogen production potential and a shorter lag time in comparison to mixed cultures. Immobilized cells of C. butyricum TISTR1032 gave a hydrogen production potential that was 1.2 times higher than that of free cells. However, there was no significant difference in hydrogen production potential of granules and suspended cells. Moreover, hydrogenogenic effluent from the first stage fermentation showed a high efficiency in methane production by non-pretreated UASB granules. Although fermentation of mixed cultures resulted in lower hydrogen yield, its hydrogenogenic effluent yielded a higher methane production than that of pure culture. Therefore, overall energy yield when using mixed cultures in hydrogen production stage was higher. The two-stage hydrogen and methane production process removed 94–95% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) resulting in energy recovery in the range of 12–13.4 kJ/gCOD added . Results indicated that the COD removal efficiency and the energy recovery from two-stage hydrogen and methane production was improved 6–7 fold when compared to hydrogen production alone.
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Chennai 600113, India.
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A polyacrylate/graphite composite was synthesized by aqueous solution polymerization. Based on the electrical conductivity of graphite and the water absorbency of polyacrylate, a novel conductive hydrogel with a conductivity of 7.3mSm−1 was prepared. The influence of crosslinker, initiator, monomer, neutralization degree, graphite, water absorbency and temperature on the electrical conductivity of the hydrogel was investigated. An appended network structure model of the polyacrylate/graphite conductive hydrogel is proposed.
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