Pig Pregnant

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The reproduction of pigs is of great economic importance to man because the consumption of pork is widespread throughout the world. However, many new pig breeders embark on pig production without having the basic knowledge about pig gestation. In this article, an overview of pig gestation and reproduction are discussed.
Reproduction is an essential aspect in animal exploitation, since it is this that allows us the productivity of the species. In the pig herds, the reproductive behavior has a high economic importance, well known, in such a way that the studies that analyze the factors that affect the integral traits of it are essential, in order to increase the productivity of the sow.
The sow is a polyester animal that in favorable conditions manifests its sexual activity throughout the year. Its estrous cycle is approximately 21 days with a range of 15 to 25 days.
The estrus cycle in sheep is in four stages or phases. They are Proestrus, Estrus, Metestrus and Diestrus.
Sows could normally breed indefinitely, but this is not always the case. After several farrowing, they begin to have smaller litters and a higher mortality rate. That is why they can only be used for breeding purposes for a maximum of seven farrowing. After this time, the less prolific sows are generally sent to the slaughterhouse.
For the insemination of the breeding females, they must be in heat before they are inseminated. The duration of estrus is usually 2 to 3 days, depending on whether it is a gilt or adult sow. Only during these few days do sexually mature pigs agree to copulate with the boars, so it is very vital to know when they are on heat (sexually receptive).
Several methods are used to determine if a sow is sexually receptive. The most common is to use a breeding male pig to sniff out the females that are in heat. You can also press the sow’s back and observe if it remains immobile, this is an infallible sign of estrus in these animals. Other signs of heat or estrus in pigs are:
Pigs have an average gestation period of 114 days (3 months, 3 weeks and 3 days). The gestation period for pigs is 113 to 115 days counting from the first day of mating. Some factors like body size, breed and number of fetuses affect the pig gestation period or length.
Once the sow has been inseminated or serviced by a male, it is necessary to wait three weeks to know if she is pregnant or not. If after this time the sow does not return to heat, then we can assume that fertilization has been successful and in less than four months a new litter of piglets will be born. Diagnostic ultrasound can also be performed 25 days after the previous mating.
Throughout the pig’s pregnancy, the weight gain will be progressive, until reaching a considerable size. The size of the litter and the energy reserves that the sow is capable of storing for the lactation process will determine how much weight the pregnant female will gain during this stage.
The improved feeding of a pregnant sow should be started from the period of mating, but with more improvements from the 90th day of pregnancy to maximize fetal growth at this stage. The feed that is supplied must be abundant and rich in nutrients, and the pregnant sow must also have access to clean water for consumption. The quality of feed and feeding given to pigs determines how reproductive they will be.
In a swine production farm, individual cages are usually built for the pregnant female, which will be confined until the moment she gives birth to the litter. However, the most recommended for the welfare of the animal is that it can be in groups of pregnant sows, which also helps it to be more pleasant at the time of farrowing.
Type A Ultrasound : Type A ultrasound-based devices consist of a transducer head attached to an ultrasonic analyzer so that the device detects the different acoustic impedances between the fluid and abdominal tissues. The surface of the apparatus head, previously lubricated with oil or gel, is placed in the right region of the sow’s abdomen above the penultimate breast, 5 cm from the line of telina, directing it towards the uterus. If the sow is pregnant, the ultrasounds are sent to the transducer transforming into sound and light (device without screen) or visual signals (devices with screen). This method is simple, fast, easy to interpret and affordable for any pig farmer. Its main drawback is that some false positive diagnoses are obtained when the head is directed towards the bladder of the urine and in cases of metritis with pyometra and ovarian cysts.
Doppler Effect : Doppler devices consist of an ultrasound transmitter and receiver head connected, through a cable, to headphones. The ultrasounds emitted by the head are reflected by any moving surface, undergoing a change in frequency, transforming into specific sounds that are heard through the headphones or a speaker. The sounds indicative of pregnancy are generated by the movements of the fetuses, the heartbeat of the fetuses and blood flows from the uterine artery and umbilical vessels. The way of operating with the device is similar to that described for type A ultrasound. It is a method that obtains fewer false positives than the previous method, but its correct use requires more experience.
Farrowing is the process of giving birth to piglets in pigs. Pigs follow the common behavior of other mammals such as dogs and cats when it is time to give birth—they seek solitude and tranquility in their environment. Deliveries are generally likely to occur at night as well. It is recommended that a clean farrowing pen be prepared for the pig so that it can comfortably give birth to its young. After farrowing, the sow and the piglets should be taken to a protected place where they can spend the lactation period, which should last approximately 2 to 3 weeks.
In the stages prior to farrowing, a series of behavioral and physiological modifications are verified in the sow that can be easily observed. On the other hand, these signs do not necessarily appear all or with the same intensity in all sows, that is to say that there is a lot of variability from one sow to the other. The signs of impending labor are:
After an average of 113 to 115 days of gestation, delivery takes place. This is one of the most critical phases of pig production where losses can occur due to the death of piglets at birth or days later because they were born weak. Knowing how a normal delivery develops is essential to quickly detect if problems are occurring during the course of it and immediately apply the necessary remedy. Labor in pigs is in three stages.
1. Preparatory phase : This includes the dilation of the cervix or cervix. In this stage, the first contractions of the uterine walls are triggered, which move the piglets from the uterine horns to the interior of the pelvis. The sow, at this stage, is restless and seems to have abdominal discomfort, as she lies down and stands up repeatedly.
2. Expulsion phase : At the moment the first piglet reaches the cervix, one can clearly observe the final abdominal expulsion contractions, since the sow exerts a characteristic forward movement of the hind leg that remains at the top, when she is lying laterally. If one observes this movement of effort several times, but with no piglet exit, there is a need to be alert, because it may be presenting a dystocic delivery.
The average interval between piglet and piglet is usually 25 minutes, although it can be extended up to an hour in some cases and, on other occasions, piglets can be expelled with intervals of less than 10 minutes. It is important to control the time when we attend deliveries to detect problems.
3. Afterbirth phase: Without the sow expelling the placenta, the delivery is not complete. The placentas of the fetuses are usually joined so that they form like a tube through which all the piglets pass. But sometimes this union can be broken and a fragment can be expelled before the delivery has finished. The placenta, or its fragments, usually comes out at once, if a fragment remains hanging from the vul.va (especially seen when the sow gets up) it can be a sign of retention of the placenta, which derives, in its majority, to subsequent metritis. Therefore, it is advisable to apply a treatment for metritis as soon as it is discovered that the placenta has not been properly delivered, although the symptoms of fever or hypogalaxy usually appear within a few days if any treatment is not carried out.
A litter of piglets can be between 10 and 12 piglets, although this number will be determined by factors such as the pig breed and the number of young that the mother has had so far. Certainly, the high litter size in each farrowing is one of the characteristics that has made the reproduction of pigs one of the most profitable farming activities.
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If you have pigs on your farm, odds are that you (at some point) will be expecting piglets. If that’s the case, then you will find yourself with a pregnant gilt or sow as well. I’m going to dive in to what you can expect with pig pregnancy.
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It can be a little overwhelming to think about the birthing process and pregnancy of a different species.
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Pig pregnancy is no different. I know, we have pigs! Being a pig momma can be stressful at times, especially if something unexpected happens.
I don’t want it to be stressful for you though. I want to answer all of your pig pregnancy questions upfront (or most of them) before you start stressing yourself out.
This is a really common question that I hear regarding pig pregnancy. It’s also probably one of the simplest to answer.
Pigs are pregnant right around 114 days. An easy way to remember this is with the rule of 3’s: 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days. Pigs will usually give birth with this time frame. Many pigs will give birth exactly 114 days after the onset of pregnancy.
Pig birthing dates are very predictable unlike some of the other livestock species. If you know the date that your pig was bred, you can use a simple calculator like this one or this one to approximate when she will give birth.
If you talk to someone that raises pigs, you may hear the term ‘piggy sow’. I mentioned above that pigs are pregnant for close to four months. However, not much about their appearance changes until they are about three months pregnant.
Once sows are about three months pregnant, they start to show. They will start to look more pot-bellied and round in the middle. Think pot-bellied pig. That’s where the term ‘piggy sow’ came from.  A nonpregnant pig will look more trim and flat down the sides.
This gilt is not far along in her pregnancy. She still has smooth, sleek-looking sides. She doesn’t have the pot-bellied appearance yet.
So, a piggy sow is a sow (or gilt) that is far along enough in her pregnancy that she is starting to show. A piggy sow will actually look pregnant.
This is another really common question that I answer. Scientists love to give weird names to processes, especially animal processes. Livestock are no exception to that rule.
When cows give birth, we say that they are calving, or have calved (past tense). When horses give birth, they are foaling. Goats that are giving birth are kidding (no, that’s really what it’s called). Pretty simple rule to follow when naming the birthing process.
Pigs however don’t follow the same rule. We don’t say that a sow is ‘pigging’. When sows (or gilts) are giving birth, we say that they are farrowing. Fancy name for the messy process.
Many breeds of pigs are notorious for being careless mothers. This is especially true for many breeds that have excellent meat quality. That being said, most of the commercial pigs raised for meat in the U.S. have a chance of being careless mothers.
Consider this. A typical sow may weigh 400 pounds. When she gives birth, the piglets may only weigh a couple of pounds apiece. And she may have 13 or so piglets. Pigs love to be lazy and lay down. When she gets up to eat or drink, the piglets move around her. When she gets ready to lay down, she may lay on top of some of the piglets. A small piglet doesn’t stand a chance under a large sow.
Many sows will crush their piglets on accident by laying on them. The piglets need to stay warm, especially when they are young. This is unfortunately the same time that they are smallest and most vulnerable. To combat this, animal scientists came up with the farrowing crate as an option for keeping piglets safe.
The farrowing crate is a narrow cage that restricts the space that the sow has to move around. On either sides of the crate, there are heating pads and lamps. The heating pads and lamps give the piglets a warm place to lay, without getting to close to the sow. They can still reach her to nurse and can lay next to her if they want to.
The piglets can reach the mother to nurse, but are also given heating pads and lamps. The mother is able to move but is less likely to lay on the piglets.
The sow is given a cooler area to lay in the middle of the crate. This helps her stay cool as pigs can’t sweat and are more likely to overheat than other livestock species. A farrowing crate can help lower the number of piglet deaths tremendously if used properly.
This is a question that is difficult to answer.
There are many variables that go into answering this question. For example, usually pigs will have larger litters as the get older (to a certain point then they start to become less productive). This happens for a couple of different reasons. As the pig’s body becomes used to maintaining pregnancy, the reproductive organs become better adapted to pregnancy. The uterus becomes slightly larger and able to hold more piglets. The sow’s body also releases more eggs for fertilization.
The number of piglets your sow has will depend on several different factors.
A typical litter in U.S. breeds is 8-13 piglets. I would consider 13 piglets to be an excellent-sized litter. Pigs today can have upwards of 22 piglets per litter but many of these piglets are born small and very weak. 13 seems to be the ideal goal to shoot for as many sows can raise 13 piglets without an issue.
Many Chinese breeds of pigs, such as the Meishan, are known for being extremely prolific and have litters consistently over 20 piglets. If you want more information about the Meishan and other breeds of pigs, read my post on the breeds of pigs .
Yes! The nutritional needs of pregnant pigs are going to be different from that of nonpregnant pigs.
A good rule of thumb is to plan on feeding her an extra two pounds of food per day starting at day 100 of her pregnancy. She starts needing extra calories around day 100. The extra feed will not only give her the extra calories she will need to grow all of her babies, but it will also give her some extra fat to put on.
She will need the extra fat once she starts nursing her pigs. The last thing you want her to do is to lose too much weight after she gives birth. This is especially true if you plan on breeding her again soon after she weans her piglets.
If you have a sow that seems underweight during pregnancy, plan on increasing her feed more. You can check out this extension article about feeding pregnant pigs . It goes into more depth about feeding pregnant pigs. Also, if you aren’t sure, you can always contact your local livestock veterinarian to get more advice on feeding your sow.
If you’re looking at a pig that you like, there are a few things that you can look for to get an idea of how she will be as a mother. If you are going to spend the time and money to breed a pig, you want to spend it on one that will be as productive as possible.
The first thing that I check is the pig’s underline. In other words, I look at her abdomen. When I look at her abdomen, I’m doing one thing. I count how many teats she has.
I mentioned above that a good litter will have about 13 piglets. If the pig has 13 babies, but only has 10 teats to nurse, then odds are that she will only raise 10 piglets to weaning age. The more teats she has, the better. More teats can also mean that she will give birth to more piglets.
Make sure that your sow or gilt has plenty of teats. Everyone needs a spot at the milk bar!
I also make sure that the teats are fully developed and look normal.
The next thing that I check is her rear end. You want to check her vulva. The vulva is the external female reproductive organs. A normal pig’s vulva looks like an upside down tear drop. The tip should point straight down to the ground. Occasionally you will see a pig that has a vulva that points out horizontally. Research has actually linked these vulvas to reproductive issues. Avoid pigs with a vulva that points any direction other than straight down.
I mentioned above that pigs will start to look pregnant about 100 days into pregnancy. That’s great and all, but that’s a long time to wait if you are trying to determine if you pig is pregnant. There are a few hints that can help you figure out if she is pregnant or not.
One of the best ways to determine if she is pregnant is to monitor her heat cycle. If you think she is pregnant, then she shouldn’t come back into heat. If she comes back into heat, she either lost the pregnancy or she wasn’t pregnant to begin with. Pigs come into heat about every 21-30 days. You can start watching her three weeks after you think she was bred to see if she comes into heat.
Remember when I said the vulva should point down towards the ground? When a pig is pregnant, the vulva tip may gradually start to rotate and point up more. This isn’t a 100% accurate test and can
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