Pig Latin

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the programming language, see Pig Latin (programming language) .
Not to be confused with Dog Latin .

^ "What exactly is Pig Latin, is it a language? And how is it a mystery? - Everything After Z by Dictionary.com" . Everything After Z by Dictionary.com . 2010-10-05. Archived from the original on 2018-08-27 . Retrieved 2018-08-27 .

^ "Useful phrases in Pig Latin (IgpaAtinlay)" . www.omniglot.com . Archived from the original on 2017-01-04 . Retrieved 2017-01-03 .

^ Barlow, Jessica A. (2001-09-01). "Individual differences in the production of initial consonant sequences in Pig Latin" . Lingua . 111 (9): 667–696. doi : 10.1016/S0024-3841(00)00043-7 . ISSN 0024-3841 .

^ "How to Speak Pig Latin" . Archived from the original on 2017-03-07.

^ I Always Wondered: Where did Pig Latin come from? Archived 2016-01-29 at the Wayback Machine The consensus seems to be that the version of Pig Latin we know today, was born sometime in the 20th century. In 1919 Columbia records released an album with Arthur Fields singing “Pig Latin Love”. The Subtitle “I-Yay Ove-Lay oo-yay earie-day” indicates that this is the modern form of Pig Latin we recognize today. I was able to scrounge up a photograph of the 1919 sheet music on eBay. Below the Pig Latin subtitle is the translation, “(I love you dearie)”, suggesting that perhaps this form of Pig Latin hadn’t taken root among the general public yet.

^ "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on 2016-11-26 . Retrieved 2016-03-28 . CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link )

^ {cite video|title=Trippy Ginger Rogers Pig Latin |quote=YouTube}}

^ Oxford English Dictionary , s.v.

^ Blake, Barry J. (2010). Secret Language: Codes, Tricks, Spies, Thieves, and Symbols . OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191614712 .

^ Miller, D. Gary (2014). English Lexicogenesis . OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199689880 .

^ Hendrickson, Robert (1998). QPB Encyclopedia of Word and Phrase Origins . Facts on File. ISBN 9780965379458 . amscray ixnay pig latin.

^ McGraw-Hill Education 3 MCAT Practice Tests, Third Edition . McGraw Hill Professional. 2017. ISBN 9781259859632 .

^ "LARGONJI : Définition de LARGONJI" . Cnrtl.fr. Archived from the original on 2013-12-30 . Retrieved 2014-03-10 .

^ Françoise Robert l'Argenton (1991). " Larlépem largomuche du louchébem. Parler l'argot du boucher " . Langue Française (in French). Parlures argotiques. 90 n° 1: 113–125. doi : 10.3406/lfr.1991.6200 . Archived from the original on 2014-03-10 . Retrieved 2014-03-10 .

^ Stille, Alexander (2002-08-17). "Backward runs French. Reels the mind. Verlan, a kind of code among immigrants, both confuses and intrigues" . The New York Times .

^ Davis, J.J. (Autumn 2004). "Autumn, 2004, Vol. 29 Issue 3, p7, 2 p". Verbatim . 29 : 7.


This section includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise citations. ( April 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )

Barlow, Jessica. 2001. "Individual differences in the production of initial consonant sequences in Pig Latin." Lingua 111:667-696.
Cowan, Nelson. 1989. "Acquisition of Pig Latin: A Case Study." Journal of Child Language 16.2:365-386.
Day, R. 1973. "On learning 'secret languages.'" Haskins Laboratories Status Report on Speech Research 34:141-150.
Haycock, Arthur. "Pig Latin." American Speech 8:3.81.
McCarthy, John. 1991. "Reduplicative Infixation in Secret Languages" [ L'Infixation reduplicative dans les langages secrets ]. Langages 25.101:11-29.
Vaux, Bert and Andrew Nevins. 2003. "Underdetermination in language games: Survey and analysis of Pig Latin dialects." Linguistic Society of America Annual Meeting, Atlanta.


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Pig Latin , or "Igpay Atinlay" is a language game or argot in which English words are altered, usually by adding a fabricated suffix or by moving the onset or initial consonant or consonant cluster of a word to the end of the word and adding a vocalic syllable to create such a suffix. For example, "Wikipedia" would become "Ikipediaway" (the "W" is moved from the beginning and has "ay" appended to create a suffix). The objective is to conceal the words from others not familiar with the rules. The reference to Latin is a deliberate misnomer ; Pig Latin is simply a form of argot , cant , or jargon unrelated to Latin, and the name is used for its English connotations as a strange and foreign-sounding language. It is most often used by young children as a fun way to confuse people unfamiliar with Pig Latin. [1]

For words that begin with consonant sounds, all letters before the initial vowel are placed at the end of the word sequence. Then, "ay" is added, as in the following examples: [2] [3]

When words begin with consonant clusters (multiple consonants that form one sound), the whole sound is added to the end when speaking or writing. [4]

For words that begin with vowel sounds, the vowel is left alone, and most commonly 'yay' is added to the end. But in different parts of the world, there are different 'dialects' of sorts. Some people may add 'way' or 'hay' or other endings. Examples are:

An alternative convention for words beginning with vowel sounds, one removes the initial vowel(s) along with the first consonant or consonant cluster. [ citation needed ] This usually only works for words with more than one syllable and offers a variant of the words in keeping with the mysterious, unrecognizable sounds of the converted words. Examples are:

Sentence structure remains the same as it would in English . Pronunciation of some words may be a little difficult for beginners, but people can easily understand Pig Latin with practice.

The modern version of Pig Latin appears in a 1919 Columbia Records album containing what sounds like the modern variation, by a singer named Arthur Fields . The song, called Pig Latin Love , is followed by the subtitle "I-Yay Ove-Lay ou-yay earie-day". [5] The Three Stooges used it on multiple occasions, most notably Tassels in the Air , a 1938 short where Moe Howard attempts to teach Curley Howard how to use it, thereby conveying the rules to the audience. In an earlier (1934) episode, Three Little Pigskins , Larry Fine attempts to impress a woman with his skill in Pig Latin, but it turns out that she knows it, too. No explanation of the rules is given. A few months prior in 1934, in the Our Gang short film Washee Ironee , Spanky tries to speak to an Asian boy by using Pig Latin. [6] Ginger Rogers sang a verse of " We're in the Money " in Pig Latin in an elaborate Busby Berkeley production number in the film Gold Diggers of 1933 . [7] The film, the third highest grossing of that year, was inducted into the National Film Registry and that song included in the all-time top 100 movie songs by the American Film Institute. Merle Travis ends his song "When My Baby Double Talks To Me" with the phrase, "What a aybybay", where the last word is Pig Latin for "baby".

Two Pig Latin words that have entered into mainstream American English are " ixnay " or "icksnay", the Pig Latin version of " nix " (itself a borrowing of German nichts [8] ), which is used as a general negative ; and " amscray ", Pig Latin for " scram ", meaning "go away" or "get out of here". [9] [10] [11] [12]

French has the loucherbem (or louchébem , or largonji [13] ) coded language, which supposedly was originally used by butchers ( boucher in French). [14] In loucherbem , the leading consonant cluster is moved to the end of the word (as in Pig Latin) and replaced by an L , and then a suffix is added at the end of the word (- oche , - em , - oque , etc., depending on the word). Example: combien (how much) = lombienquès . Similar coded languages are verlan and langue de feu (see fr:Javanais (argot) ). A few louchébem words have become usual French words: fou (crazy) = loufoque or louftingue , portefeuille (wallet) = larfeuille , en douce (on the quiet) = en loucedé , à poil (naked) = à loilpé . Also similar is the widely used French argot verlan , in which the syllables of words are transposed. Verlan is a French slang that is quite similar to English pig Latin. It is spoken by separating a word into syllables and reversing the syllables.

Verlan was first documented as being used as far back as the 19th century. Back in the 19th century it was spoken as code by criminals in effort to conceal illicit activities within conversations around other people, even the police. Currently, Verlan has been increasingly used in areas just outside major cities mainly populated by migrant workers. This language has served as a language bridge between many of these migrant workers from multiple countries and origins and has been so widely and readily used that it has spread into advertising, film scripts, French rap and hip-hop music, media, in some French dictionaries and in some cases, words that have been Verlanned have actually replaced their original words. The new uses of Verlan and how it has become incorporated into the French culture has all happened within just a few decades. [15]

Here is an example of some French words that have been Verlanned and their English meaning: [16]

Some verlan words have gone though a second round of such transformation. For instance reubeu is verlan for beur , which itself is verlan for Arabe .

In Robert A. Heinlein 's novel The Day After Tomorrow , also known as Sixth Column (1949), some members of an American resistance movement use pig latin as a "secret language" against invading PanAsians.

Besides the uses noted above in American comedy films, Pig Latin can also be heard in the 1998 Hollywood film, Slums of Beverly Hills , accompanied by subtitles.

Pig Latin is also used in the 1993 film Robin Hood: Men in Tights and is referred to as “New Latin”.

Pig Latin is also used in the animated television comedy Teen Titans Go! , Season 3 (2016).

Pig Latin is also briefly heard in the science fiction horror television series Stranger Things , Season 3 (2019).

Pig Latin is also briefly heard in the adult animated television sitcom Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law , Season 2 (2004).

Pig Latin is also referenced in Disney's 1994 film " The Lion King " when majordomo Zazu attempts to disguise his criticism of the hyenas by admonishing Simba, "Ixnay on the upidstay" (Nix on the stupid), but he is understood by Banzai.

Pig Latin is also used by Mr. Krabs in Spongebob Squarepants Series 5 Episode 8 in "Money Talks".

In Richard Linklater epic coming of age film Boyhood (2014 film) , "Samantha places pancakes on their plates while talking to Mason in a cryptic language, reminiscent of pig latin." as written in the script.

Pig Latin is also used in Disney's 2001 animated film " Monsters, Inc. " when Sully tries to tell Mike to look in the bag, saying "Ooklay in the agbay".

Pig Latin can be heard in The Office , the ninth episode of the third season "The Convict", Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) after mistakenly trying to charm his way to Pam (Jenna Fisher), "utway ooday ooyay inkthay ampay?" literally "what do u think Pam?"

The composer Peter Schickele (as P.D.Q. Bach ) used Pig Latin in one movement of his Missa Hilarious : " Yriekay Eleisonlay ".

In the 1988 episode of The Golden Girls titled “Sophia’s Wedding,” Rose tells Dorothy that she studied Latin. Surprised at the new revelation, Dorothy replies “I didn’t know you studied Latin!” To which Rose replies “First in my class…..Orothy-Day.”

chicken (similar to "pig" in English; for police officer)



Last Published: 06/20/2017 19:52:49


Copyright ©
2007-2017 The Apache Software Foundation.

Conventions for the syntax and code examples in the Pig Latin Reference Manual are described here.
Parentheses enclose one or more items.
Parentheses are also used to indicate the tuple data type.
Straight brackets enclose one or more optional items.
Straight brackets are also used to indicate the map data type. In this case <> is used to indicate optional items.
Curly brackets enclose two or more items, one of which is required.
Curly brackets also used to indicate the bag data type. In this case <> is used to indicate required items.
Horizontal ellipsis points indicate that you can repeat a portion of the code.
In general, uppercase type indicates elements the system supplies.
In general, lowercase type indicates elements that you supply.
(These conventions are not strictly adherered to in all examples.)
Pig reserved keywords are listed here.
assert, and, any, all, arrange, as, asc, AVG
bag, BinStorage, by, bytearray, BIGINTEGER, BIGDECIMAL
cache, CASE, cat, cd, chararray, cogroup, CONCAT, copyFromLocal, copyToLocal, COUNT, cp, cross
datetime, %declare, %default, define, dense, desc, describe, DIFF, distinct, double, du, dump
f, F, filter, flatten, float, foreach, full
if, illustrate, import, inner, input, int, into, is
parallel, pig, PigDump, PigStorage, pwd
register, returns, right, rm, rmf, rollup, run
sample, set, ship, SIZE, split, stderr, stdin, stdout, store, stream, SUM
TextLoader, TOKENIZE, through, tuple
The names (aliases) of relations and fields are case sensitive. The names of Pig Latin functions are case sensitive.
The names of parameters (see Parameter Substitution ) and all other Pig Latin keywords (see Reserved Keywords ) are case insensitive.
In the example below, note the following:
The names (aliases) of relations A, B, and C are case sensitive.
The names (aliases) of fields f1, f2, and f3 are case sensitive.
Function names PigStorage and COUNT are case sensitive.
Keywords LOAD, USING, AS, GROUP, BY, FOREACH, GENERATE, and DUMP are case insensitive.
They can also be written as load, using, as, group, by, etc.
In the FOREACH statement, the field in relation B is referred to by positional notation ($0).
Identifiers include the names of relations (aliases), fields, variables, and so on.
In Pig, identifiers start with a letter and can be followed by any number of letters, digits, or underscores.

Pig Latin statements work with relations. A relation can be defined as follows:
A relation is a bag (more specifically, an outer bag).
A tuple is an ordered set of fields.
A Pig relation is a bag of tuples. A Pig relation is similar to a table in a relational database, where the tuples in the bag correspond to the rows in a table. Unlike a relational table, however, Pig relations don't require that every tuple contain the same number of fields or that the fields in the same position (column) have the same type.
Also note that relations are unordered which means there is no guarantee that tuples are processed in any particular order. Furthermore, processing may be parallelized in which case tuples are not processed according to any total ordering.
Relations are referred to by name (or alias). Names are assigned by you as part of the Pig Latin statement. In this example the name (alias) of the relation is A.
You an assign an alias to another alias. The new alias can be used in the place of the original alias to refer the original relation.
Fields are referred to by positional notation or by name (alias).
Positional notation is generated by the system. Positional notation is indicated with the dollar sign ($) and begins with zero (0); for example, $0, $1, $2.
Names are assigned by you using schemas (or, in the case of the GROUP operator and some functions, by the system). You can use any name that is not a Pig keyword (see Identifiers for valid name examples).
Given relation A above, the three fields are separated out in this table.
Positional notation (generated by system)
Possible name (assigned by you using a schema)
As shown in this example when you assign names to fields (using the AS schema clause) you can still refer to the fields using positional notation. However, for debugging purposes and ease of comprehension, it is better to use field names.
In this example an error is generated because the requested column ($3) is outside of the declared schema (positional notation begins with $0). Note that the error is caught before the statements are executed.
As noted, the fields in a tuple can be any data type, including the complex data types: bags, tuples, and maps.
Use the schemas for complex data types to name fields that are complex data types.
Use the dereference operators to reference and work with fields that are complex data types.
In this example the data file contains tuples. A schema for complex data types (in this case, tuples) is used to load the data. Then, dereference operators (the dot in t1.t1a and t2.$0) are used to access the fields in the tuples. Note that when you assign names to fields you can still refer to these fields using positional notation.
Data:  10.5F or 10.5f or 10.5e2f or 10.5E2F
Character array (string) in Unicode UTF-8 format
Note the following general observations about data types:
Use schemas to assign types to fields. If you don't assign types, fields default to type bytearray and implicit conversions are applied to the data depending on the context in which that data is used. For example, in relation B, f1 is converted to integer because 5 is integer. In relation C, f1 and f2 are converted to double because we don't know the type of either f1 or f2.
If a schema is defined as part of a load statement, the load function will attempt to enforce the schema. If the data does not conform to the schema, the loader will generate a null value or an error.
If an explicit cast is not supported, an error will occur. For example, you cannot cast a chararray to int.
If Pig cannot resolve incompatible types through implicit casts, an error will occur. For example, you cannot add chararray and float (see the Types Table for addition and subtraction ).
All data types have corresponding schemas .
A tuple is an ordered set of fields.
A tuple is enclosed in parentheses ( ).
A piece of data. A field can be any data type (including tuple and bag).
You can think of a tuple as a row with one or more fields, where each field can be any data type and any field may or may not have data. If a field has no data, then the following happens:
In a load statement, the loader will inject null into the tuple. The actual value that is substituted for null is loader specific
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_Latin
https://pig.apache.org/docs/r0.17.0/basic.html
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