Pianino
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Pianino
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Zagraj
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Użyj klawiatury swojego komputera lub kliknij w klawisze pianina aby zagrać. Górny rząd liter na Twojej klawiaturze odpowiada białym klawiszom pianina, a rząd cyfr - czarnym. Możesz zagrać kilka dźwięków jednocześnie.
Kliknij w przycisk "Ukryj nazwy dźwięków", który znajduje się nad pianinem, aby ukryć nazwy dźwięków. Kliknij "Zaznacz", aby zaznaczyć dźwięki na pianinie klikając w klawisze. Zagraj zaznaczone dźwięki klikając w przycisk "Zagraj" lub wciskając spację.
Możesz zapisać swoje zaznaczenia na pianinie poprzez skopiowanie adresu strony w oknie Twojej przeglądarki. W ten sposób możesz udostępnić swoje zaznaczenia innym. Na przykład, tutaj jest akord f-moll septymowy i gama E-dur .
Spróbuj ćwiczeń na pianino online i ucz się, jak rozpoznawać interwały, akordy i gamy na pianinie. Znajdziesz też różne ćwiczenia z zapisu nutowego i kształcenia słuchu. Zarejestruj się za darmo i uzyskaj całkowity dostęp do wszystkich ćwiczeń.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the musical instrument. For other uses, see Piano (disambiguation) .
"Pianoforte" redirects here. For earliest versions of the instrument only, see Fortepiano . For the 1984 film, see Pianoforte (film) .
A grand piano (left) and an upright piano (right)
Problems playing this file? See media help .
Problems playing these files? See media help .
"Grand piano" redirects here. For other uses, see Grand Piano (disambiguation) .
Further information: Musical keyboard
An 88-key piano, with the octaves numbered and Middle C (cyan) and A440 (yellow) highlighted.
Notations used for the sustain pedal in sheet music
^ Pollens (1995, 238)
^ Scholes, Percy A.; John Owen Ward (1970). The Oxford Companion to Music (10th ed.) . Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. lvi. ISBN 978-0-19-311306-0 .
^ Wraight, Denzil (2006). "Recent Approaches in Understanding Cristofori's Fortepiano". Early Music . 34 (4): 635–644. doi : 10.1093/em/cal050 . ISSN 0306-1078 . JSTOR 4137311 . S2CID 191481821 .
^ Kiehl, John. "Hammer Time" . Wolfram Demonstrations Project . Archived from the original on 2008-04-10 . Retrieved 2008-03-26 .
^ "Imposant: Der Bösendorfer Konzertflügel 290 Imperial" . www.boesendorfer.com . Retrieved 2021-02-04 .
^ David R. Peterson (1994), "Acoustics of the hammered dulcimer, its history, and recent developments", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 95 (5), p. 3002.
^ Pollens (1995, Ch.1)
^ POLLENS, STEWART (2013). "Bartolomeo Cristofori in Florence". The Galpin Society Journal . 66 : 7–245. ISSN 0072-0127 . JSTOR 44083109 .
^ Erlich, Cyril (1990). The Piano: A History . Oxford University Press , USA; Revised edition. ISBN 0-19-816171-9 .
^ Jump up to: a b Powers, Wendy (2003). "The Piano: The Pianofortes of Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655–1731) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art" . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on 2013-10-17 . Retrieved 2014-01-27 .
^ Isacoff (2012, 23)
^ Jump up to: a b Badura-Skoda, Eva (2000). "Did J. S. Bach Compose "Pianoforte Concertos"?". Bach . 31 (1): 1–16. ISSN 0005-3600 . JSTOR 41640462 .
^ Palmieri, Bob & Meg (2003). The Piano: An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-93796-2 . . "Instrument: piano et forte genandt" [was] an expression Bach also used when acting as Silbermann's agent in 1749."
^ "The Viennese Piano" . Archived from the original on 2008-10-11 . Retrieved 2007-10-09 .
^ Petersen, Sonja (2013). "Craftsmen-Turned-Scientists? The Circulation of Explicit and Working Knowledge in Musical-Instrument Making, 1880–1960". Osiris . 28 (1): 212–231. doi : 10.1086/671378 . ISSN 0369-7827 . JSTOR 10.1086/671378 . S2CID 143443333 .
^ Isacoff (2012, 74)
^ Jump up to: a b Dolge (1911, 124)
^ Dolge (1911, 125–126)
^ "Piano à queue" (in French). Médiathèque de la Cité de la musique. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 5 April 2014 .
^ Dolge, Alfred (1972). Pianos and Their Makers: A Comprehensive History of the Development of the Piano . New York, NY: Dover Publications. pp. 48 . ISBN 0-486-22856-8 .
^ Grafing, Keith (1974). "Alpheus Babcock's Cast-Iron Piano Frames". The Galpin Society Journal . 27 : 118–124. doi : 10.2307/841758 . JSTOR 841758 .
^ Palmieri, Robert, ed. (2003). Encyclopedia of keyboard instruments, Volume 2 . Routledge. p. 437. ISBN 978-0-415-93796-2 .
^ Congress, Library of; Policy, Library of Congress Office for Subject Cataloging (2003). Library of Congress Subject Headings . Library of Congress. {{ cite book }} : |last2= has generic name ( help )
^ "PNOmation II" . QRS Music Technologies. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 6 July 2014 .
^ "History of the Eavestaff Pianette Minipiano" . Piano-tuners.org. Archived from the original on 2014-10-01 . Retrieved 2014-01-27 .
^ Les Cahiers de l'Oronte . 1969. p. 82.
^ "Stéphane Tsapis, le piano oriental" (in French). 13 October 2019.
^ Thomas Burkhalter (2014). Local Music Scenes and Globalization: Transnational Platforms in Beirut . p. 262. ISBN 9781135073695 .
^ Davies, Hugh (2001). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (Second ed.). London: Macmillan.
^ "Disklavier Pianos - Yamaha - United States" . usa.yamaha.com .
^ "161 Facts About Steinway & Sons and the Pianos They Build" . Steinway & Sons. Archived from the original on 16 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2018 .
^ Nave, Carl R. "The Piano" . HyperPhysics. Archived from the original on 24 November 2014 . Retrieved 19 November 2014 .
^ "The Piano Case" . Five Lectures on the Acoustics of the Piano . Royal Swedish Academy of Music . 1990. Archived from the original on 19 July 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 .
^ Navi, Parvis; Sandberg, Dick (2012). Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Wood Processing . CRC Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-4398-6042-7 .
^ p. 65
^ Fine, Larry (2007). 2007–2008 Annual Supplement to The Piano Book . Brookside Press. p. 31 . ISBN 978-1-929145-21-8 .
^ The "resonance case principle" is described by Bösendorfer in terms of manufacturing technique Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine and description of effect Archived 2015-04-11 at the Wayback Machine .
^ "Fazioli, Paolo" , Grove Music Online , 2009. Accessed 12 April 2009.
^ "Model F308" Archived 2015-03-16 at the Wayback Machine , Official Fazioli Website . Accessed 6 March 2015.
^ Fletcher, Neville Horner; Thomas D. Rossing (1998). The Physics of Musical Instruments . Springer. p. 374. Archived from the original on 2015-06-15 . Retrieved 2015-03-22 .
^
King, Rosie (September 14, 2018). "World's first 108-key concert grand piano built by Australia's only piano maker" . ABC . Archived from the original on September 15, 2018 . Retrieved 2018-09-15 .
^
Baron, James (July 15, 2007). "Let's Play Two: Singular Piano" . New York Times . Archived from the original on June 28, 2017 . Retrieved 2015-03-03 .
^ "Fourth pedal" . Fazioli . Archived from the original on 2008-04-16 . Retrieved 2008-04-21 .
^ "Piano with instrumental attachments" . Musica Viva. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 27 August 2010 .
^ "Wing & Son" . Antique Piano Shop. Archived from the original on 1 October 2010 . Retrieved 27 August 2010 .
^ Macaulay, David. The New How Things Work. From Levers to Lasers, Windmills to Web Sites, A Visual guide to the World of Machines . Houghton Mifflin Company, United States. 1998. ISBN 0-395-93847-3 . pp. 26–27.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Physics of the Piano : Piano Tuners Guild, June 5, 2000" . 9 March 2003. Archived from the original on 2003-03-09 . Retrieved 18 April 2021 .
^ Reblitz, Arthur A. Piano Servicing, Tuning, and Rebuilding. For the Professional, the Student, and the Hobbyist . Vestal Press, Lanham Maryland. 1993. ISBN 1-879511-03-7 pp. 203–215.
^ Reblitz, Arthur A. Piano Servicing, Tuning, and Rebuilding. For the Professional, the student, and the Hobbyist . Vestal Press, Lanham Maryland. 1993. ISBN 1-879511-03-7 pp. 203–215.
^ Edwin M. Ripin; et al. "Pianoforte" . Grove Music Online (Oxford University Press) . Retrieved 17 November 2014 .
^ Matthay, Tobias (1947). The Visible and Invisible in Pianoforte Technique : Being a Digest of the Author's Technical Teachings Up to Date . London: Oxford University Press. p. 3.
^ Harrison, Sidney (1953). Piano Technique . London: I. Pitman. p. 57.
^ Fielden, Thomas (1934). The Science of Pianoforte Technique . London: Macmillan. p. 162.
^ Boulanger, Nadia. "Sayings of Great Teachers". The Piano Quarterly . Winter 1958–1959: 26.
Dolge, Alfred (1911). Pianos and Their Makers: A Comprehensive History of the Development of the Piano from the Monochord to the Concert Grand Player Piano . Covina Publishing Company.
Isacoff, Stuart (2012). A Natural History of the Piano: The Instrument, the Music, the Musicians – From Mozart to Modern Jazz and Everything in Between . Knopf Doubleday Publishing.
Fine, Larry; Gilbert, Douglas R (2001). The Piano Book: Buying and Owning a New or Used Piano (4th ed.) . Jamaica Plain, MA: Brookside Press. ISBN 1-929145-01-2 . Gives the basics of how pianos work, and a thorough evaluative survey of current pianos and their manufacturers. It also includes advice on buying and owning pianos.
Good, Edwin M. (2001). Giraffes, black dragons, and other pianos: a technological history from Cristofori to the modern concert grand (2nd ed.) . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-4549-8 . is a standard reference on the history of the piano.
Pollens, Stewart (1995). The Early Pianoforte . Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11155-3 . is an authoritative work covering the ancestry of the piano, its invention by Cristofori, and the early stages of its subsequent evolution.
Sadie, Stanley; John Tyrrell, ed. (2001). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.) . London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 0-19-517067-9 . contains a wealth of information. Main article: Edwin M. Ripin, Stewart Pollens, Philip R. Belt, Maribel Meisel, Alfons Huber, Michael Cole, Gert Hecher, Beryl Kenyon de Pascual, Cynthia Adams Hoover, Cyril Ehrlich, Edwin M. Good, Robert Winter, and J. Bradford Robinson. "Pianoforte".
Banowetz, Joseph; Elder, Dean (1985). The pianist's guide to pedaling . Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34494-8 .
Carhart, Thad (2002) [2001]. The Piano Shop on the Left Bank . New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-75862-3 .
Ehrlich, Cyril (1990). The Piano: A History . Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-816171-4 .
Giordano, Sr., Nicholas J. (2010). Physics of the Piano . Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954602-2 .
Lelie, Christo (1995). Van Piano tot Forte (The History of the Early Piano) (in Dutch). Kampen: Kok-Lyra.
Loesser, Arthur (1991) [1954]. Men, Women, and Pianos: A Social History . New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486265438 .
Parakilas, James (1999). Piano Roles: Three Hundred Years of Life with the Piano . New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press . ISBN 0-300-08055-7 .
Reblitz, Arthur A. (1993). Piano Servicing, Tuning and Rebuilding: For the Professional, the Student, and the Hobbyist . Vestal, NY: Vestal Press. ISBN 1-879511-03-7 .
Schejtman, Rod (2008). Music Fundamentals . The Piano Encyclopedia. ISBN 978-987-25216-2-2 . Archived from the original on 2018-08-31 . Retrieved 2020-05-06 .
White, William H. (1909). Theory and Practice of Pianoforte-Building . New York: E. Lyman Bill.
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Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity
The piano is a stringed keyboard instrument in which the strings are struck by wooden hammers that are coated with a softer material (modern hammers are covered with dense wool felt; some early pianos used leather). It is played using a keyboard , which is a row of keys (small levers) that the performer presses down or strikes with the fingers and thumbs of both hands to cause the hammers to strike the strings. It was invented in Italy by Bartolomeo Cristofori around the year 1700.
The word "piano" is a shortened form of pianoforte , the Italian term for the early 1700s versions of the instrument, which in turn derives from clavicembalo col piano e forte (key cimbalom with quiet and loud) [1] and fortepiano . The Italian musical terms piano and forte indicate "soft" and "loud" respectively, [2] in this context referring to the variations in volume (i.e., loudness) produced in response to a pianist's touch or pressure on the keys: the greater the velocity of a key press, the greater the force of the hammer hitting the strings, and the louder the sound of the note produced and the stronger the attack. The first fortepianos in the 1700s allowed for a quieter sound and greater dynamic range than the harpsichord . [3]
A piano usually has a protective wooden case surrounding the soundboard and metal strings , which are strung under great tension on a heavy metal frame. Pressing one or more keys on the piano's keyboard causes a wooden or plastic hammer (typically padded with firm felt) to strike the strings. The hammer rebounds from the strings, and the strings continue to vibrate at their resonant frequency . [4] These vibrations are transmitted through a bridge to a soundboard that amplifies by more efficiently coupling the acoustic energy to the air. When the key is released, a damper stops the strings' vibration, ending the sound. Notes can be sustained, even when the keys are released by the fingers and thumbs, by the use of pedals at the base of the instrument. The sustain pedal enables pianists to play musical passages that would otherwise be impossible, such as sounding a 10-note chord in the lower register and then, while this chord is being continued with the sustain pedal, shifting both hands to the treble range to play a melody and arpeggios over the top of this sustained chord. Unlike the pipe organ and harpsichord, two major keyboard instruments widely used before the piano, the piano allows gradations of volume and tone according to how forcefully or softly a performer presses or strikes the keys.
Most modern pianos have a row of 88 black and white keys, 52 white keys for the notes of the C major scale (C, D, E, F, G, A and B) and 36 shorter black keys, which are raised above the white keys, and set further back on the keyboard. This means that the piano can play 88 different pitches (or "notes"), spanning a range of a bit over seven octaves. The black keys are for the " accidentals " (F ♯ /G ♭ , G ♯ /A ♭ , A ♯ /B ♭ , C ♯ /D ♭ , and D ♯ /E ♭ ), which are needed to play in all twelve keys. More rarely, some pianos have additional keys (which require additional strings), an example of which is the Bösendorfer Concert Grand 290 Imperial, which has 97 keys. [5] Most notes have three strings, except for the bass, which graduates from one to two. The strings are sounded when keys are pressed or struck, and silenced by dampers when the hands are lifted from the keyboard. Although an acoustic piano has strings, it is usually classified as a percussion instrument rather than as a stringed instrument, because the strings are struck rather than plucked (as with a harpsichord or spinet ); in the Hornbostel–Sachs system of instrument classification, pianos are considered chordophones . There are two main types of piano: the grand piano and the upright piano . The grand piano has a better sound and gives the player a more precise control of the keys, and is therefore the preferred choice for every situation in which the available floor-space and the budget will allow, as well as often being considered a requirement in venues where skilled pianists will frequently give public performances. The upright piano, which necessarily involves some compromise in both tone and key action compared to a grand piano of equivalent quality, is nevertheless much more widely used, because it occupies less space (allowing it to fit comfortably in a room where a grand piano would be too large) and is significantly less expensive.
During the 1800s, influenced by the musical trends of the Romantic music era , innovations such as the cast iron frame (which allowed much greater string tensions) and aliquot stringing gave grand pianos a more powerful sound, with a longer sustain and richer tone. In the nineteenth century, a family's piano played the same role that a radio or phonograph played in the twentieth century; when a nineteenth-century family wanted to hear a newly published musical piece or symphony , they could hear it by having a family member play a simplified version on the piano. During the nineteenth century, music publishers produced many types of musical works (symphonies, opera overtures, waltzes, etc.) in arrangements for piano, so that music lovers could play and hear the popular pieces of the day in their home. The piano is widely employed in classical , jazz , traditional and popular music for solo and ensemble performances, accompaniment, and for composing , songwriting and rehearsals. Although the piano is very heavy and thus not portable and is expensive, its musical versatility, the large number of musicians –both amateurs and professionals– trained in it, and its wide availability in performance venues, schools and rehearsal spaces have made it one of the Western world's most familiar musical instruments.
The piano was founded on earlier technological innovations in keyboard instruments . Pipe organs have been used since antiquity, and as such, the development of pipe organs enabled instrument builders to learn about creating keyboard mechanisms for sounding pitches. The first string instruments with struck strings were the hammered dulcimers , [6] which were used since the Middle Ages in Europe. During the Middle Ages, there were several attempts at creating stringed keyboard instruments with struck strings. [7] By the 17th century, the mechanisms of keyboard instruments such as the clavichord and the harpsichord were well developed. In a clavichord, the strings are struck by tangents, while in a harpsichord, they are mechanically plucked by quills when the performer depresses the key. Centuries of work on the mechanism of the harpsichord in particular had shown instrument builders the most effective ways to construct the case, soundboard, bridge, and mechanical action for a keyboard intended to sound strings.
The invention of the piano is credited to Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655–1731) of Padua , Italy, who was employed by Ferdin
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