Perception Of Porn Vk

Perception Of Porn Vk
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[Contributed by guest blogger Katherine Broendel] Before I begin writing about what my research has found regarding the framing of sexual violence in the media, I’d like to take a moment to define some of the parameters of my research. I focused my attention on sexual violence committed against women. I recognize that approximately 10% of sexual violence victims and survivors are male, and I do not discount their experiences. However, considering the vast majority of the violence is aimed at women and girls, I chose to focus my study on women. In addition, I’d like to note that I did not include any news articles in my qualitative review that described prison rape, sex crimes against children, or sexual assault committed as a hate crime against GLBT individuals. I hypothesize that the study of male victims/survivors, as well as child and GLBT victims/survivors, would be vastly different regarding the news media frames in use. Given more time and resources, I would like to pursue the studies listed above, and perhaps even a study on the different frames that exist in coverage of sexual violence in developing countries. My feminist & gender theory course briefly discussed this latter topic in class one evening. I will try to remember to post some points from class discussion as well as some resources and further reading. When I first started out in my research, I was interested in exploring the arguments surrounding the effects pornography has on society. There are some feminists, among others, who argue that viewing pornography has negative effects on women, including societal perceptions of women. These effects can contribute to the disconnect that exists between media coverage of sexual violence and the social problem in reality. The studies regarding sexually violent media that I reviewed for my research had mixed findings. Interestingly, the types of effects found and the varying degrees of their severity depended on factors such as the level of violence shown and the amount of education and/or debriefing subjects had prior to or after viewing.
Research in this area by Intons-Peterson in 1989 found that audiences viewing pornographic films tend to feel more aggressive toward women; however, if the audiences are debriefed afterward, their likelihood of aggression toward women decreases. This is an interesting finding because educating people about the emotions this type of media may instill is a tool for individuals or organizations working to stop sexual violence. A later study in 1997 by Krafka, et al. found that viewers of sexually violent material were more likely to become desensitized to violence and even feel ambivalent toward the victims. However, the study conducted by Linz et al. in 1988 found that while audiences remain aware of the sexual violence that exists and is present in the film, they are more likely to be sympathetic and sensitive toward perceived victims. These studies show that one of the things needed to help mitigate sexual violence in society is to educate and provide more context for it. In addition, the numerous effects sex crimes can have on the survivor as well as a citizen reading about it in the newspaper need to be addressed in this larger context. Deeper understanding and awareness of the issue, especially its status as a violent trend in society, may have its effects on public perceptions and policies. The findings of my research do not focus purely on re-framing or counter-framing sexual violence, but on the shift that’s needed in sex crime coverage to provide more information and context to audiences. For a list of further readings — including the full citations for the studies noted here — please leave a comment below. — Katherine Broendel , Guest Blogger

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Porn shapes how boys and men see girls and women, and how girls and women see themselves.
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Pornography has deeply troubling effects on young people, but there are ways we can minimise the harm

Published: January 5, 2020 7.50pm CET

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Associate Professor, Queensland University of Technology

Dr Michael Flood has received funding from the Australia Research Council, Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute Foundation, and Victorian Government. However, no funding was received for the material featured in this article.
Queensland University of Technology provides funding as a member of The Conversation AU.
For many young people, pornography has become the default sex educator. Children and young people are encountering pornography in greater numbers, at younger ages, and with a wider variety of content, influencing young people’s sexual lives.
Research evidence from around the world shows porn has harmful impacts on young people and adults alike. Some impacts are deeply troubling, particularly pornography’s contribution to sexual violence.

Read more:
How male 'porn superfans' really view women

But with sexually explicit material still so easy to access online, there are ways we can minimise its harms among young people, from providing better education at school to developing more ethical porn.
Pornography can shift sexual interests, behaviours and relationships. It shapes “ sexual scripts ”, providing models of behaviour and guiding sexual expectations, with studies finding links between watching pornography and heterosexual anal intercourse , unsafe sex and more .
Watching pornography can lower men’s relationship satisfaction . And for women, male partners’ pornography use can reduce intimacy, feed self-objectification and body shame , or involve coercion into sexual acts .
But these next areas of impact concern me most.
Pornography teaches sexist and sexually objectifying understandings of gender and sexuality. For instance, in a randomised experimental study among young men in Denmark, exposure to (nonviolent) pornography led to less egalitarian attitudes and higher levels of hostile sexism. And in a longitudinal study among US adolescents, increased use of pornography predicted more sexist attitudes for girls two years later.
Pornography also teaches violent attitudes and behaviours to both adolescents and adults .
What’s more, meta-analyses – systematic research that synthesises multiple studies – from 2000 and 2015 have found associations between watching pornography and actual violent behaviours.
Aggression, largely by males and overwhelmingly against females, is common in pornography: an analysis of top-selling and top-renting titles found 88% of scenes showed aggression.
Men who use pornography more often are more likely to practise or desire dominant, degrading practices , such as gagging and choking . And women who use pornography are more likely to practise or desire submissive practices .
In fact, longitudinal studies among adolescents find watching pornography is linked to sexually violent behaviour later in life. In a US study , people who watched violent pornography were more than six times as likely to engage in sexually aggressive behaviour. In another , it predicted more frequent sexual harassment perpetration two years later.
But while pornography use is an important risk factor for sexual violence, its risks are greater for some users than others. Four factors mediate the impacts of porn: the user’s attitudes and personality, their engagement with the material, its content, and the context of watching it.
So what can we do to minimise the harms of pornography on children and youths?
Comprehensive sexuality education in schools is vital for providing alternative, age-appropriate content on sexuality.
Parents may worry that teaching in schools about pornography will encourage students to seek it out for the first time, but there is no sign this actually happens.
Curriculums on pornography can teach young people to respond more critically, helping them assess and respond to pornography’s influence. “ In The Picture ”, for instance, is a great resource for schools to help support young people navigate the seemingly ubiquitous sexually explicit material online.
Such efforts do work. In a Dutch longitudinal study , the more a young person had learned about the use of pornography from their school sex education, the less likely they were to see women as sex objects.
And in a US evaluation of a five-session curriculum, students showed positive changes in their pornography-related knowledge, attitudes and intended behaviours.
Other than education, we need better pornography. Some call this “ ethical pornography ” – ethical in its production, use and distribution, and content.
First, participants should have consented to their involvement and not be harmed. The unethical production of porn is common: 12% of males and 6.2% of females in Australia have taken a nude or sexual image of another person without their consent.
Ethical pornography also involves ethical use and distribution. People consent to its viewing, and cannot be distributed without participants’ consent.
But discussions of “ethical pornography” have largely ignored the issue of content – physical and verbal aggression is routine in pornography.
So we must also hold the pornography industries to account. They must produce better pornography, which eroticises consent, respect, and intimacy rather than sexist hostility.
My son is looking at porn. What kind of porn should he be looking at?
Maybe we need a ratings system – the “Healthy Sex Tick of Approval”?
Even depictions of consensual sex may still perpetuate the sexual objectification of women and reinforce other sexist social norms. And in a sexist culture, even the most ethical images of sex may be understood in ways that affirm that wider culture.
Still, it seems pragmatic to give attention to what might comprise “better”, or at least “less worse”, pornography.

Copyright © 2010–2022, The Conversation Media Group Ltd

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