Penis V Penis
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Penis V Penis
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Synonyms:
Arteria pudendalis interna
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Author:
Jana Vasković MD
•
Reviewer:
Roberto Grujičić MD
Last reviewed: July 06, 2022
Reading time: 14 minutes
Honored everywhere from ancient statues and Renaissance paintings to modern-day graffiti, the human genitalia may be the most memorable human organs on the planet. However, there’s no piece of phallic art that can describe the penis as scientifically accurate as human anatomy can.
The penis is a copulatory organ of the external genitalia of the males . It consists of three parts ; root (radix), body (shaft) and glans. The core of the penis contains three erectile tissues, namely the two corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum. Furthermore, the penis transmits the penile neurovascular bundle, as well as the terminal part of the urethra , which opens at its tip. Therefore, the penis is a meeting point between the urinary and reproductive systems , and its functions are defined within the spectrum of functions of these two systems;
This article will discuss the anatomy and functions of the penis.
The root of the penis is the most proximal part of the penis. It is located in the urogenital triangle of the perineum , where it is fixed to the pubic symphysis via the two suspensory ligaments of the penis. The root consists of the two muscles (ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles) and proximal expansions of the erectile tissues; the two crura of penis and the bulb of penis.
The crura of penis are the proximal projections of the corpora cavernosa. The crura diverge laterally, with each crus attaching to the ipsilateral ischiopubic ramus.
The bulb of penis is a proximal expansion of the corpus spongiosum. It is located in the interval between the crura of penis, and is proximally continued by the bulbospongiosus muscle . The bulb is pierced by the penile urethra, which after passing through the bulb, continues through the entire length of the corpus spongiosum until reaching the tip of the glans.
The body of penis is the free pendulous part entirely enveloped in skin . Deep to the skin, there are three fasciae that envelop the contents of the penis. From superficial to deep, they are the superficial fascia of penis (dartos fascia of penis), deep fascia of penis (Buck’s fascia) and tunica albuginea.
The shaft of the penis contains three erectile tissues ; the two corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum. These tissues extend through the entire body of penis. The corpora cavernosa lie one next to another in the dorsal compartment of the penis, while the corpus spongiosum lies in the ventral groove between them. In addition, the body of penis transmits the urethra and the penile neurovasculature.
The corpora cavernosa are the two erectile masses found within the dorsal part of the penis. Each begins within the root of penis as the crus of penis, traverses the shaft and terminates within the glans.
The corpora cavernosa are enveloped by the tunica albuginea , which is a layer of dense fibroelastic connective tissue . The tunica albuginea consists of an inner (circular) and an outer (longitudinal) fascial layer. Each corpus cavernosum is wrapped by its own circular layer, while a single longitudinal layer encloses them both. The circular layers form an incomplete fibrous septum between the adjoining sides of the corpora cavernosa. The ventral groove between the corpora cavernosa is occupied by the corpus spongiosum. The dorsal groove is traversed by the neurovascular bundle of penis which consists of the dorsal arteries of penis, dorsal veins of penis and the dorsal nerves of penis.
The corpora cavernosa contain a network of interconnected irregularly shaped sinusoid vascular spaces lined with endothelial cells. These sinusoid spaces are separated by the septae that pass from the tunica albuginea. The septae consist of the fibrous connective tissue rich with numerous smooth muscle cells .
Once filled with arterial blood from the helicine arteries, the cavernous sinuses compress the venous drainage from the penis, which manifests as the penile erection. The fibrous septum between the corpora cavernosa is incomplete proximally, allowing the blood exchange between the cavernous sinuses of the corpora.
The corpus spongiosum is a spongy mass of the erectile tissue found within the ventral compartment of the penis. It has a proximal dilation that projects into the root of penis, i.e. the bulb of penis. The corpus spongiosum features a distal bulbous expansion at the end of the penile shaft as well, which forms the glans penis . The glans shows a rounded base called the corona which demarcates it from the penile shaft. The glans is covered by the foreskin (prepuce), which is a double layer of loose retractable skin that attaches to the ventral surface of glans. The attaching site of the deep layer of the foreskin to the urethral surface lies under the corona and is called the frenulum .
The corpus spongiosum is enveloped by a thin layer of tunica albuginea and contains less erectile tissue than the corpora cavernosa. It is traversed by the penile urethra , which opens at the tip of the glans. The corona of glans contains many small preputial glands that secrete the sebaceous product called the smegma .
The penis is supplied by the internal pudendal artery , a branch of the internal iliac artery . This artery enters the penis via Alcock’s canal after which it divides into the perineal and common penile arteries. The former supplies the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles, while the common penile artery divides into three branches to supply the deep structures of the penis. These branches are the:
The venous drainage of the penis happens via one of the three systems;
The sensory innervation to the penis comes from a terminal branch of the pudendal nerve ; the dorsal nerve of penis . This nerve traverses the dorsal groove between the corpora cavernosa together with the same-named artery and vein. Along its course, it gives off many sensory branches that supply the skin of the penile shaft, as well as the prepuce of glans. The glans receives most of the sensory nerve endings, which is why it is the most sensitive area of the penis. The root of the penis receives the sensory innervation from the branches of the ilioinguinal nerve .
The autonomic innervation for the penis, both sympathetic and parasympathetic , comes from the pelvic plexus via the cavernous (deep/cavernosal) nerve .
Erection and ejaculaton are regulated by the autonomic innervation of the penis. The parasympathetic stimulation is excitatory for the penis, as it causes the erection . The parasympathetic stimuli relax the smooth musculature of the corpora cavernosa and produce vasodilation in the helicine arteries. The helicine arteries then fill the corpora cavernosa, compressing the venous outflow from the penis. This process is called the veno-occlusive mechanism and it results with penile erection.
On the other hand, the inhibitory sympathetic stimuli cause the ejaculation when the critical level of sexual excitement has been reached. The ejaculation process can be divided into two phases. In the first phase, the sympathetic stimuli cause the vasoconstriction of helicine arteries, contraction of the smooth muscle cells within the septa of corpus spongiosum and contraction seminal vesicles and prostate . This results in accumulation of seminal fluid into the proximal part of the urethra. During the second phase, the bulbospongiosus muscle contracts and expels the seminal fluid through the urethra ( ejaculation ). When the ejaculation is finished the penis returns into the flaccid state. An individual normally produces 3-5 ml of semen per one ejaculation which contains about 300 million sperm cells.
Learn more about the anatomy and function of the male reproductive system with our articles, video tutorials, quizzes and labeled diagrams.
Phimosis is a condition in which a person has difficulties to retract the prepuce (foreskin). It is recognized as a ring of foreskin around the tip of the glans. Phimosis is classified as physiological and pathological.
The treatment of pathological phimosis depends on its severity and conjoined complications. Usually there are three therapeutic approaches; smooth and gentle manual daily retraction, application of topical corticosteroids, or surgical circumcision.
Paraphimosis is a condition in which the retracted prepuce cannot be put back in its normal position. This often causes the swelling of the foreskin that can lead to the blockage of the blood flow in the glans. If not urgently treated this condition can lead to serious complications.Once surgically resolved, it does not require any further treatment.
Recurring paraphimosis is rare and it is an indication for circumcision.
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A copulatory organ of the external genitalia of males whose function is to enable the reproduction, sexual pleasure and micturition
Corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum, urethra
Bulbourethral artery, dorsal artery of penis, cavernous (deep/cavernosal) artery of penis;
Superficial dorsal, deep dorsal, circumflex, crural, and cavernous (deep/cavernosal) veins of penis
Sensory: Pudendal nerve (via dorsal nerve of penis)
Autonomic: Cavernous (deep/cavernosal) nerve of penis
Medically Reviewed by Carol DerSarkissian, MD on June 23, 2021
Penis Conditions Erectile dysfunction : A man's penis does not achieve sufficient hardness for satisfying intercourse. Atherosclerosis (damage to the arteries) is the most common cause of erectile dysfunction. Priapism : An abnormal erection that does not go away after several hours even though stimulation has stopped. Serious problems can result from this painful condition. Hypospadias : A birth defect in which the opening for urine is on the front (or underside), rather than the tip of the penis. Surgery can correct this condition. Phimosis (paraphimosis): The foreskin cannot be retracted or if retracted cannot be returned to its normal position over the penis head. In adult men, this can occur after penis infections. Balanitis : Inflammation of the glans penis, usually due to infection. Pain, tenderness, and redness of the penis head are symptoms. Balanoposthitis : Balanitis that also involves the foreskin (in an uncircumcised man). Chordee : An abnormal curvature of the end of the penis, present from birth. Severe cases may require surgical correction. Peyronie’s Disease : An abnormal curvature of the shaft of the penis may be caused by injury of the adult penis or other medical conditions. Urethritis : Inflammation or infection of the urethra, often causing pain with urination and penis discharge. Gonorrhea and chlamydia are common causes. Gonorrhea : The bacteria N. gonorrhea infects the penis during sex, causing urethritis. Most cases of gonorrhea in men cause symptoms of painful urination or discharge. Chlamydia : A bacteria that can infect the penis through sex, causing urethritis. Up to 40% of chlamydia cases in men cause no symptoms. Syphilis : A bacteria transmitted during sex. The initial symptom of syphilis is usually a painless ulcer (chancre) on the penis. Herpes : The viruses HSV-1 and HSV-2 can cause small blisters and ulcers on the penis that reoccur over time. Micropenis: An abnormally small penis, present from birth. A hormone imbalance is involved in many cases of micropenis. Penis warts : The human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause warts on the penis. HPV warts are highly contagious and spread during sexual contact. Cancer of the penis : Penis cancer is very rare in the U.S. Circumcision decreases the risk of penis cancer. Penis Tests Urethral swab: A swab of the inside of the penis is sent for culture. A urethral swab may diagnose urethritis or other infections. Urinalysis : A test of various chemicals present in urine. A urinalysis may detect infection, bleeding, or kidney problems. Nocturnal penis tumescence testing (erection testing): An elastic device worn on the penis at night can detect erections during sleep. This test can help identify the cause of erectile dysfunction. Urine culture : Culturing the urine in the lab can help diagnose a urinary tract infection that might affect the penis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): A urine test that can detect gonorrhea, chlamydia, or other organisms that affect the penis.
Penis Treatments Phosphodiesterase inhibitors : These medicines (such as sildenafil or Viagra) enhance the flow of blood to the penis, making erections harder. Antibiotics : Gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, and other bacterial infections of the penis can be cured with antibiotics. Antiviral medicines : Taken daily, medicines to suppress HSV can prevent herpes outbreaks on the penis. Penis surgery : Surgery can correct hypospadias, and may be necessary for penis cancer. Testosterone : Low testosterone by itself rarely causes erectile dysfunction. Testosterone supplements may improve erectile dysfunction in some men.
© 2014 WebMD, LLC. All rights reserved.
The penis is the male sex organ, reaching its full size during puberty. In addition to its sexual function, the penis acts as a conduit for urine to leave the body.
The penis is made of several parts: • Glans (head) of the penis: In uncircumcised men, the glans is covered with pink, moist tissue called mucosa. Covering the glans is the foreskin (prepuce). In circumcised men, the foreskin is surgically removed and the mucosa on the glans transforms into dry skin. • Corpus cavernosum: Two columns of tissue running along the sides of the penis. Blood fills this tissue to cause an erection. • Corpus spongiosum: A column of sponge-like tissue running along the front of the penis and ending at the glans penis; it fills with blood during an erection, keeping the urethra -- which runs through it -- open. • The urethra runs through the corpus spongiosum, conducting urine out of the body.
An erection results from changes in blood flow in the penis. When a man becomes sexually aroused, nerves cause penis blood vessels to expand. More blood flows in and less flows out of the penis, hardening the tissue in the corpus cavernosum.
Wein, A. Campbell-Walsh Urology 9th Edition, Saunders Elsevier, 2007.
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Penile Anatomy | Brief Anatomy of Human Penis
Penile Anatomy | Brief Anatomy of Human Penis
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The penis serves two main functions in the body. It provides the ability to remove waste from the body in the form of urine, and secondly, the penis is the transportation vessel for sperm. This allows the body to cleanse itself and allows for the continuation of a species.
In terms of humans, the penis has a few main parts:
This is the part of the penis that is attached to the body. It consists of the bulb of the penis in the middle, and the crus of the penis, with one on either side of the bulb.
This part of the penis has two surfaces. There is the dorsal and the ventral. The ventral surface has a groove within a lateral direction. When erect, the dorsal is located in the posterosuperior, and when flaccid, the ventral faces downwards and backwards.
This part of the penis is made up of the foreskin, which is the part that covers the glans penis, as well as the mucousa and the shaft skin.
In terms of the structure of the penis, there are three main columns of tissue. Two are called corpora cavernosa and are found on the dorsal side, and the third is called corpus spongiosum, which is on the ventral side.
The urethra is also an important part of the penis, serving as the last part of the urinary tract. This is the passageway, not only for urine from the body, but semen as well. The sperm itself is not produced within in the penis, but in the testicles. The human penis actually differs from that of other mammals, as there is no erectile bone, instead relying on blood to become engorged and erect prior to sexual intercourse with a mate. The penis cannot be withdrawn into the groin as a result. Lastly, in terms of proportion to body mass, the human penis is larger than is found in other mammals.
James J. Elist, MD. © Copyright 1982 – 2022
Less than 3 inches
Less than 3 inches
857 ( 2.08 % )
3 to 4 inches
3 to 4 inches
1598 ( 3.88 % )
4 to 5 inches
4 to 5 inches
4993 ( 12.11 % )
5 to 6 inches
5 to 6 inches
12747 ( 30.91 % )
6 to 7 inches
6 to 7 inches
12278 ( 29.77 % )
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