Penis Medical

Penis Medical
Medically Reviewed by Carol DerSarkissian, MD on June 23, 2021
Penis Conditions Erectile dysfunction : A man's penis does not achieve sufficient hardness for satisfying intercourse. Atherosclerosis (damage to the arteries) is the most common cause of erectile dysfunction. Priapism : An abnormal erection that does not go away after several hours even though stimulation has stopped. Serious problems can result from this painful condition. Hypospadias : A birth defect in which the opening for urine is on the front (or underside), rather than the tip of the penis. Surgery can correct this condition. Phimosis (paraphimosis): The foreskin cannot be retracted or if retracted cannot be returned to its normal position over the penis head. In adult men, this can occur after penis infections. Balanitis : Inflammation of the glans penis, usually due to infection. Pain, tenderness, and redness of the penis head are symptoms. Balanoposthitis : Balanitis that also involves the foreskin (in an uncircumcised man). Chordee : An abnormal curvature of the end of the penis, present from birth. Severe cases may require surgical correction. Peyronie’s Disease : An abnormal curvature of the shaft of the penis may be caused by injury of the adult penis or other medical conditions. Urethritis : Inflammation or infection of the urethra, often causing pain with urination and penis discharge. Gonorrhea and chlamydia are common causes. Gonorrhea : The bacteria N. gonorrhea infects the penis during sex, causing urethritis. Most cases of gonorrhea in men cause symptoms of painful urination or discharge. Chlamydia : A bacteria that can infect the penis through sex, causing urethritis. Up to 40% of chlamydia cases in men cause no symptoms. Syphilis : A bacteria transmitted during sex. The initial symptom of syphilis is usually a painless ulcer (chancre) on the penis. Herpes : The viruses HSV-1 and HSV-2 can cause small blisters and ulcers on the penis that reoccur over time. Micropenis: An abnormally small penis, present from birth. A hormone imbalance is involved in many cases of micropenis. Penis warts : The human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause warts on the penis. HPV warts are highly contagious and spread during sexual contact. Cancer of the penis : Penis cancer is very rare in the U.S. Circumcision decreases the risk of penis cancer. Penis Tests Urethral swab: A swab of the inside of the penis is sent for culture. A urethral swab may diagnose urethritis or other infections. Urinalysis : A test of various chemicals present in urine. A urinalysis may detect infection, bleeding, or kidney problems. Nocturnal penis tumescence testing (erection testing): An elastic device worn on the penis at night can detect erections during sleep. This test can help identify the cause of erectile dysfunction. Urine culture : Culturing the urine in the lab can help diagnose a urinary tract infection that might affect the penis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): A urine test that can detect gonorrhea, chlamydia, or other organisms that affect the penis.
Penis Treatments Phosphodiesterase inhibitors : These medicines (such as sildenafil or Viagra) enhance the flow of blood to the penis, making erections harder. Antibiotics : Gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, and other bacterial infections of the penis can be cured with antibiotics. Antiviral medicines : Taken daily, medicines to suppress HSV can prevent herpes outbreaks on the penis. Penis surgery : Surgery can correct hypospadias, and may be necessary for penis cancer. Testosterone : Low testosterone by itself rarely causes erectile dysfunction. Testosterone supplements may improve erectile dysfunction in some men.
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The penis is the male sex organ, reaching its full size during puberty. In addition to its sexual function, the penis acts as a conduit for urine to leave the body.
The penis is made of several parts: • Glans (head) of the penis: In uncircumcised men, the glans is covered with pink, moist tissue called mucosa. Covering the glans is the foreskin (prepuce). In circumcised men, the foreskin is surgically removed and the mucosa on the glans transforms into dry skin. • Corpus cavernosum: Two columns of tissue running along the sides of the penis. Blood fills this tissue to cause an erection. • Corpus spongiosum: A column of sponge-like tissue running along the front of the penis and ending at the glans penis; it fills with blood during an erection, keeping the urethra -- which runs through it -- open. • The urethra runs through the corpus spongiosum, conducting urine out of the body.
An erection results from changes in blood flow in the penis. When a man becomes sexually aroused, nerves cause penis blood vessels to expand. More blood flows in and less flows out of the penis, hardening the tissue in the corpus cavernosum.
Wein, A. Campbell-Walsh Urology 9th Edition, Saunders Elsevier, 2007.
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The penis is important to overall health partly because of its urinary and reproductive functions. If your penis is not working well, it may be because of other problems like diabetes or heart disease. You should pay attention to how your penis looks and works so you can discuss any problems with your healthcare provider.

American Urological Association. Urology A to Z. (https://www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z) Accessed 2/18/2022.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Urologic Diseases. (https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/urologic-diseases) Accessed 2/18/2022.
Breyer BN, McAninch JW. Disorders of the Penis and Male Urethra. In: McAninch JW, Lue TF. eds. Smith & Tanagho's General Urology, 19e . McGraw Hill. Accessed 2/18/2022.

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Keeping your penis healthy is important to keeping you healthy. A healthy penis removes urine, allows you to enjoy sex and to reproduce.
Your healthcare provider can sometimes get helpful clues about your health from problems you may have with your penis. These can indicate problems somewhere else in your body, including diabetes, high blood pressure and heart disease. A problem called erectile dysfunction (ED) can be from poor blood flow to your penis. If you have ED, your doctor will know to check for these other problems.

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There are many conditions that can affect your penis. Some are:
Each STI has its own set of symptoms and method of treatment. Symptoms of STIs include:
There are some signs and symptoms that might tell you that your penis isn’t healthy.
One way to tell if there’s a problem is to check to see if your penis looks healthy. You shouldn’t have:
Other signs that your penis isn’t healthy or that you might be having other issues include:
Visually inspecting your penis on a regular basis is one way to stay aware of new signs or symptoms that could indicate problems.
If you have a problem with your penis, you can start with your primary care provider. Your provider may refer you to a specialist, such as a urologist. Urologists specialize in conditions that affect the urinary system and the reproductive system. Your penis is part of both of these body systems.
Some problems need medical attention right away. These include priapism, paraphimosis and penis fracture. Don’t panic. Call your healthcare provider or go straight to an emergency room.
Other penis problems happen over time. You’ll notice changes if you do routine checks of your penis. Your primary care provider will be able to help you manage many of these conditions.
Some people who are concerned about their penis health are afraid to ask to ask questions. It's very important to your overall health to have a good relationship with your provider. It’s important to be able to talk about all of your health concerns, including any questions you might have about your penis.
There are some steps you can take to help maintain penis health and prevent issues from happening. You can:
Call your healthcare provider if you notice any of the problems listed above. Call if there’s anything that’s different about how your penis looks, feels or functions. Treatment for many penis problems can be successful if started early.
Your body is made up of many parts and systems that work together. It’s important for all of these parts and systems to stay healthy. You can help yourself by staying aware of how you look and feel when you’re healthy so that you can notice any changes that might indicate problems. When you think you might have a problem, you need to be able to speak plainly with your healthcare provider. This is as true for penis health as it is for any other body part or system.
Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 02/18/2022.

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