Penetration 5
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Data breaches result in significant financial losses for companies. According to IBM , the average damage from data breaches in 2020 amounted to $3.86 million. Half of these incidents were caused by cyber attacks.
Companies can prevent data breaches by performing penetration testing, because it includes attack simulation on top of other techniques. Penetration testing (pentest) lets businesses identify existing vulnerabilities in their IT infrastructure and assess potential damage that could be caused by an attack.
Professional penetration testers follow industry-approved methodologies and standards. The five most popular and well-regarded ones are the OSSTMM, the NIST SP800-115, the OWASP, the ISSAF, and the PTES. While any one of these is technically enough to conduct a pentest, veteran audit companies prefer to use several at once. The exact choice depends on the specifics of the company being audited, such as its business and information security processes.
Let’s take a closer look at each of the 5 methodologies and standards.
The Open Source Security Testing Methodology Manual (OSSTMM) is one of the most popular testing standards. It was developed by the Institute for Security and Open Methodologies (ISECOM).
The OSSTMM offers a detailed testing plan, metrics for assessing the current security level, and recommendations for writing a final report. OSSTMM creators guarantee that any test performed according to the OSSTMM will be detailed and comprehensive, and its results will be measurable and fact-based.
The OSSTMM proposes five main channels, or directions, for testing operational security. Breaking it down into channels makes testing easier and lets testers assess the security level of a company in a more comprehensive manner.
Human security. The security aspect that deals with direct physical or psychological interactions between people.
Physical security. Any material (non-electronic) element of security that is operated physically or electromechanically.
Wireless communications. The security of all wireless communications and devices, from Wi-Fi to infrared sensors.
Telecommunications. Analog and/or digital telecommunications. This channel mostly concerns telephony and the transmission of internal information over telephone lines.
Data networks. The security of internal and external corporate networks, Internet connections, and networking devices.
The OSSTMM is a universal standard, meaning it can provide a basis for performing any penetration test. Testers can rely on OSSTMM guidelines when tailoring the security assessment process to a specific client, so that its business processes as well as technology and industry specifics are taken into account.
NIST Special Publications 800 Series is an information security standard developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The SP 800-115 special publication describes the general penetration testing procedure and the technical aspects of assessing the information security level of a company. It also provides recommendations for analyzing the test results and developing measures to reduce security risks. The latest version of this document focuses specifically on reducing cyber attack risks.
The NIST SP800-115 is a technical guide that can be used for assessing information security in companies in different industries, including finance and IT. Using this pentest methodology is considered mandatory by professional auditing companies.
The NIST SP800-115 includes, among other things:
The Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) is an open online community that offers the most exhaustive methodology for testing applications, websites, and APIs. OWASP documentation is useful to any IT company that wants to develop secure software.
OWASP Top 10. A document that describes the most widespread vulnerabilities in web and mobile applications, IoT appliances, and APIs. The threats are ordered based on their complexity and impact on businesses.
OWASP Testing Guide. A resource that contains various techniques for testing web application security. Also includes real-life examples.
OWASP Developer Guide. A guide that provides recommendations for developing secure and reliable code.
OWASP Code Review. A guide that can be used by web developers and product managers. It offers effective methods for testing existing code security.
One of the major advantages of the OWASP is that it describes testing at each stage of the software development life cycle: requirement definition, design, development, deployment, and maintenance. On top of that, the OWASP methodology covers not only applications, but also technologies, processes, and human resources.
Another major advantage is that the OWASP can be used by both web developers and pentesters.
The OWASP community also created OWASP ZAP — a cross-platform tool for automated testing, somewhat similar to Burp Suite.
The Information System Security Assessment Framework (ISSAF) was created by the Open Information Systems Security Group (OISSG), and covers many aspects of information security. In particular, it provides detailed recommendations for penetration testing: it describes the appropriate tools and how to use them, as well as what results testers can expect under various circumstances.
The ISSAF is considered a complex and thorough methodology that can be adapted for assessing information security in any organization. Each ISSAF testing stage is carefully documented. This resource also contains recommendations for how to use specific tools at each stage.
The ISSAF methodology suggests following a strict sequence of steps when simulating an attack:
The Penetration Testing Execution Standard (PTES) offers recommendations for performing a basic pentest, as well as several more advanced test variants for organizations with high information security requirements. One of the advantages of the PTES is that it gives detailed descriptions of the goals and expected results of the pentest .
The main stages of testing according to the PTES:
The PTES also includes a guide on performing follow-up, or post-exploitation, testing. It helps the company determine whether the found vulnerabilities were properly fixed.
Even when applying only one methodology, experienced testers strive to cover the whole range of potential threats to the client organization. They also take the technical, organizational, and legal risks to the client into account: a tester won’t do anything that might actually have a negative impact on the company. Unlike an attacker, a tester is much more restrained when it comes to the effect of their actions on the client company’s infrastructure.
Finding and fixing vulnerabilities as quickly as possible is a top priority for every business. Among other things, it helps reduce the amount of material damage that can occur if an attacker does actually manage to exploit a vulnerability. This is why simulating a cyber attack by performing a pentest is like a war game: it helps companies always stay on guard.
GitHub - Animal42069/BetterPenetration
5 Penetration Testing Methodologies
[Study] Home Defense Overpenetration: Shotgun... - Pew Pew Tactical
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Ken Whitmore is a husband, father of two, and prior service United States Marine. He lives in Western Pennsylvania where he has enjoyed the outdoors, hunting, and shooting for the past 20 years. Read more...
Over-penetration in a home defense situation can cause more harm than the original threat.
If, God forbid, someone should break into your home, you will have a million thoughts racing through your head, and a stress level some people may never feel in their life.
While you are nice and safe reading this article, this is EXACTLY the time to think about over-penetration and the liability that comes with it.
In this article, I will be discussing over-penetration with 12-gauge shotgun loads, 9mm and .45 ACP handguns, and finally 5.56 NATO/.223, and .300 BLK AR-15s.
This is not a test of the firearms, but rather a test of what the firearms are shooting .
Assuming you are looking at roughly the same barrel lengths, the exact firearm using these cartridges will be approximately the same.
Penetration testing was done these loads through real, current building materials, and I will cover the pros and cons of each caliber/load and how they performed in testing.
This is a long article, but it’s important and worth the full read.
We’re going to dispel some fudd lore and provide real data to help you make the best decision for your family in your home.
To simulate a real home, I made 2’x2’ frames with 2″x4″ studs and then sheeted them with 3/8″ drywall on each side to simulate an interior wall.
I also built a simulated exterior wall by framing a 2’x4′ wall sheeted in 3/8″ drywall and 1/2″ plywood on the exterior side. Inside of the exterior wall, R13 insulation was added for added realism.
A card table was placed with a 12″ long 10% ballistic gel block 12 inches in front of the interior wall panel.
This 12″ of ballistic gel is used to simulate an intruder’s chest cavity. The gel was calibrated per FBI specs for 10% ballistic gel and can be found at Clear Ballistics .
Ten feet behind the interior wall, the exterior wall was placed. All shots were taken 10 feet away from the 12″ ballistic gel “torso”.
If a round made it through the gel and both walls, it failed the test for over-penetration. A “clean miss” was also shot with every load to test over-penetration when the shot did not encounter the ballistic gel block.
Soft tissue does a heck of a great job with slowing down projectiles and destabilizing them for potential fracturing. Every load with exception of the #9 Birdshot, blew through both walls and “exited the house” when there was a clean miss.
I understand that all homes are different, so before people start chiming in what their home is made of, I think my choices show current common materials that are used in the manner they are most often employed.
You may have brick, cinderblock, plaster and lathe, or have open floor plans in your Scrooge McDuck mansion. My setup would be more typical for smaller single-family homes.
It should also be pointed out that ballistic gel does not represent a human well, it has no bone, fat layer, clothing, or muscle.
All of these are somewhat different for each person, and exact shot placement will also matter, so real-world results will have a degree of variation to them that we cannot replicate.
The point of the gel is to give a consistent medium that is dense enough yet soft enough to effectively test munitions. The primary goal is standardization , not perfect replication.
Results will also have slight differences depending on the firearm you use. But it shouldn’t be hugely different. The design and overall specs of a cartridge are more important.
Lastly, please actually read to the end of the article before you start writing your dissertation on why you think I’m wrong.
And remember that I actually tested all of this , have you?
EDITOR’S NOTE: Please forgive the parts where Ken reiterates himself, we wanted to make sure that if you the reader only jump to one section to read the results, you would have the critical information needed. As such, we describe in short the set-up and testing multiple times.
With that out of the way, time for the fun stuff!
The shotgun that I had for testing was supplied by Remington Arms. It is their 870 DM Predator with an 18″ barrel in a Highlander Kryptek finish. It has a thumbhole stock and utilizes a 3 round or 6 round detachable magazines.
Cycling has been reliable, and I have really enjoyed the shotgun while hunting, or running defensive drills with it. It also has proven itself to me from multiple hunts with hogs, turkeys, and coyotes.
Not one hiccup, so for me, it has been my choice for home-defense.
Mounted on top is an AT3 Tactical RD50 micro red dot sight. Zero has always stayed locked on, and the mini red dot has performed flawlessly. I tested 4 different loads ranging from the whole spectrum of shotshells.
I wanted to test birdshot first to clear up some possible misconceptions. A lot of people who worry about over-penetration consider low brass, birdshot loads to be a perfect choice for home defense. This is a bit of a gray area in my opinion.
Lethality has been proven to be less than desirable and fluctuate depending on the range to the target.
While I don’t think you will ever meet someone that would want to be hit by birdshot within 20 feet, lethality is an important topic.
If someone is actively trying to take your life, a load needs to have adequate penetration to reach vital organs.
While this load did not over-penetrate after it hit 12″ of ballistic gel, on a real human target with fat, dense muscle tissue, and a rib cage, it may not get the job done due to small shot size and shot deformation.
I give these loads a passing grade, but only as a LAST OPTION.
There are MUCH better loads for lethality.
00 Buck has always been a popular option, but the problem is that most people do not consider over-penetration. While it has devastating terminal ballistics, the dense and fast-flying .33 caliber pellets do not stop after encountering soft tissue.
Testing these loads proved that after encountering 12″ of 10% ballistic gel, the pellets continued through the first interior wall and easily passed through the exterior wall.
Since this test deals specifically with over-penetration, 00 Buck gets a failing grade for home defense .
Terminal ballistics would be devastating, but like a freight train, they weren’t deterred by flimsy drywall or 1/2″ thick plywood panels after exiting.
Loading the Barnes Expander slugs into the 870 DM’s magazine I hoped for the best.
I thought that there could possibly be a chance that due to their design, the slug would have enough rapid expansion that they could slow enough to not punch through both interior and exterior walls.
All hopes were shattered after my first shot. Once again, the slug pile-drive through a fresh 12″ of 10% ballistic gel without a hiccup and sliced through each wall with little effort.
The velocity and the mass of the slugs create a deadly mix of incredibly high muzzle energy, which translates into serious over-penetration through barriers.
I wouldn’t think twice about using this slug in a hunting scenario but for a home defense load, almost any slug will likely leave your home and fail.
After witnessing the last loads fail the test, I didn’t have much hope anymore that a shotgun load in 12 gauge could meet requirements of deadly lethality, and not blow through multiple walls and exit a simulated home.
Hope soon returned to me though after firing Federal Premium’s #4 Buck out of the Remington 870 DM Predator.
This load is loved by many coyote hunters because the pattern and range work well, and the size of the pellets perform well on soft tissue.
With most of the 29 pellets either lodging themselves within the 12” gel block or being stuck within the interior wall, this type of load is in the “goldilocks zone” of terminal ballistics and lacks severe over-penetration like 00-Buck.
Firing into the 12″ ballistic block, it was apparent that not all the .24 caliber pellets passed through the first wall. Upon visual inspection, some of the pellets stayed within the 12″ of gel, while some were planted into the first sheet of drywall.
A few pellets were stuck within the first interior wall. Out of all the loads tested, this load proved to be the leader of the pack .
Based on this testing, only one shotgun load is really good enough to recommend, but shotgun loads are more acceptable as a class than other ammo types – so here is a couple of options for #4 Buck you might want to look at.
As our testing shows, Federal Premium #4 buck is a solid choice that delivers on every front in a shotgun load. We trust it.
Power Shok has been around a long time and is a common load for deer, hog, and more. If it works on 4-legs, it works on 2. It is a bit more velocity than the Federal Premium, so if you have thin walls keep this in mind.
Sellier & Bellot is one of our favorite brands for ammo, in every caliber and cartridge we’ve tried it in we’ve always been pleased with the reliability and stability of their ammo. If you have a semi-auto shotgun that is picky on ammo, give S&B a try.
The 12-gauge shotgun is a proven weapon that has been fielded by the military, law enforcement, and millions of Americans out in the field while hunting.
It is a formidable weapon that has impeccable power within short to moderate range, depending on the load being used.
Multiple loads are one of the biggest advantages to the shotgun since a shooter can have a very diverse choice between birdshot, buckshot, slugs, and honestly even less-than-lethal offerings with bean bag or rubber shot loads.
The shotgun is highly adaptive, and there is no wonder why some people would choose it for self-defense in the home.
It would seem odd to consider power being a detriment to home defense with a firearm, but a 12-gauge shotgun must be wielded responsibly.
A higher level of recoil should be considered as well as over-penetration. #4 Buckshot is really the only load that I would recommend in a home defense situation.
When you also consider magazine capacity, and the substantial recoil of the 12-gauge compared to a carbine or short-barreled AR15, the cons add up quickly.
With any weapon, train with it to minimize any user error issues that are common with the pump shotgun like short-stroking.
With regards to over-penetration though, the more lethal loads must be used responsibly, and you need to know your home. Keep in mind, 10% ballistic gel is still not a human being.
This is the most scientific way to replicate a home intruder shooting, and YMMV.
Depending on the load, the shotgun is an absolute powerhouse when it comes to terminal ballistics, shock, and awe. But keep in mind, you need to use the proper ammunition if over-penetration is a concern with you.
A slug is a game-ender, but when it comes to better loads for home defense the #4 Buck is still a solid performer.
#9 Birdshot, if it is the only thing available, is not a horrible option in terms of over-penetration, but it must be understood that it will not be effective on soft tissue unless the range to target is within a few feet.
Overall, the 12-gauge shotgun has either way too much over-penetration or lacks terminal performance in birdshot loads.
The goldilocks shell is the #4 Buck loads that were tested. If your trusty scattergun is loaded with #4 Buck, there are worse ideas with protecting your home and family.
With training and blood sacrifices to Jerry Miculek, anything is possible. The shotgun can be harnessed with enough time behind it, but it is still much stouter than a typical defensive carbine or handgun.
The shotgun is a powerhouse and at close range, it can be an absolute game-changer, but it must be used with the correct ammunition to avoid over-penetration. Recoil is something to be aware of if follow up shots are needed in quick order. Magazine capacity is limited and reloads must be practiced to be efficient.
Between home defense, and self-defense outside of the home, the handgun can be a great choice to protect yourself.
The set-up is the same for the shotgun, 12” 10% ballistic gel block that is calibrated to the FBI’s specifications.
Behind the ballistic gel, I placed a simulated interior wall built of common construction materials. Ten feet behind the interior wall, I placed a larger exterior wall composed of 2”x4” studs, 3/8” drywall sheeting, R13 insulation, and ½” plywood.
Calibers that were tested included the 9x19mm, and the venerable .45 ACP.
Let’s find out if pistol calibers tear through soft tissue and drywall like a wet tissue.
With this test, I chose 2 common handgun calibers for better experimental accuracy. Striker-fired, semi-automatics were chosen due to their popularity.
For the 9x19mm, a Polymer 80 PF940Cv1 80% frame was used that was sent to me by JSD Supply . They supplied the barrel, frame and all the part kits associated with a Glock 19 build. The PATMOS barrel has proven to be very accurate.
The slide and the Trijicon RMR was furnished by Brownell’s. Aesthetically, I love the look of the Brownell’s slide . I am a fan of keeping it simple, and the slide is stylish and functional.
I can’t speak highly enough on the Trijicon RMR . At this point, if you are building a Glock slide, don’t think twice. Get the RMR cut and plant an RMR on it. It’s a beautiful marriage of looks and functionality.
For the .45 ACP, my personal Glock 36 was used. This model uses a single stack, six-round magazine and is purpose-built to be a small yet powerful conceal carry handgun.
It has been highly reliable and further cement Glock’s reputation in my opinion. It is still a complete factory set up, and nothing has been changed since I bought it years ago.
Ammo supplied for testing came from Remington, Hornady, Federal, Inceptor, and Lehigh Defense.
All ammunition was tested with a “clear miss” shot. Not surprisingly, every round that missed the 12” of 10% ballistic gel passed through both walls and out of the “house”.
Both loads worked great from Federal Premium , which is why I grouped them together.
Both showed great expansion, and after passing through 12” of ballistic gel, the first interior wall was able to stop the expanded slugs.
While the 135-grain Hydra-Shok Deep did penetrate further, the slug was found on the ground right behind the interior wall.
Either of these rounds would be excellent choices for home defense where over-penetration could be a concern, and it shouldn’t be a surprise.
Federal Premium’s pedigree with quality ammunition is well known.
Where the Hydra-Shok Deep penetrated more, it is by design, where barriers may be a concern with carrying for defense.
The Hydra-Shok Tactical may be a better choice for in the home.
The Lehigh Defense Maximum Expansion line is something to truly behold for self-defense. It truly lives up to its name of Maximum Expansion .
I tested this ammunition a few times to make sure that there wasn’t a fluke. Each time, penetration was 10.5” inside of the 12” of ballistic gel and expansion was predictable.
Each copper projectile opened its four petals causing impressive wound channels, and I can’t even imagine what they might do to soft tissue.
If you are in the market for defensive ammo that will not pass through an intruder, this is the top pick.
While exit wounds cause more trauma, and allow more hemorrhaging, all kinetic energy would be dumped into a target using the Maximum Expansion bullet from Lehigh Defense.
After passing through the 12” of gel, the expanded slug impacted the interior wall and passed only through the first sheet of 3/8” drywall.
After removing the sheet of drywall, I found the slug resting on the bottom 2×4 plate of the simulated wall.
The expansion was not quite as large as the Federal Premium, or the Lehigh Defense, but in terms of over-penetration, this round performed great.
If expansion is more important in your opinion, the Federal or Lehigh Defense option would be a better choice.
Just like the 9mm, the bigger brother in .45 ACP performed amazingly. Expansion was even more significant with the larger bullet.
The bullet, after penetrating 12” of gel, was stopped by the first interior wall and was found lying on the ground. Expansion was large, and the wound channel was impressive after cutting open the block later.
I tested this round a few times, and every time there was no surprise. Expansion was the same, and the first wall always was able to stop the projectile from flying downrange.
Federal Premium’s widely known Hydra-Shok bullet is something of a gold standard to judge other bullets. You can not go wrong with them.
The Maximum Expansion in .45 ACP was surprising. After firing, it was obvious that the bullet did not penetrate out of the 12” of ballistic gel.
Cutting open the block revealed that 10.5” of penetration was achieved, but the expansion was what was even more notable. The .45 caliber projectile opened to double its size with four large, sharp, copper petals.
The bullet is designed not to expand with harder materials such as bone, wood, and auto glass, but expands rapidly within soft tissue.
Lehigh Defense has a winner with the Maximum Expansion for home defense.
While it is expensive, this is not plinking ammo, and God willing, you will not have to go through more than a few boxes in your life for accuracy and testing of feeding.
The new addition to the Remington line-up in the Black Belt performed well.
Expansion wasn’t as large as the previously mentioned bullets, and the slug came to a rest in the second wall. For this test though, the ammunition proved to be a solid performer with a balanced level of expansion and penetration.
This bullet has been tested in defensive situations including auto glass, wood, and heavy clothing where extra penetration is needed to get the job done by the FBI.
It is purposely designed to be a jack of all trades, and in my testing, it proved a viable option for home defense.
The handgun is an extremely popular firearm.
Many people who carry a handgun day-to-day will naturally gravitate towards this firearm for home defense.
A handgun is a compact, light firearm that is a good choice for home defense, but it does have its weaknesses.
Projectiles for a handgun are large, short, and heavy by nature. With a clean miss, slugs tend to keep barreling through barriers.
But, a properly designed self-defense bullet has shown to be suitable for home defense when the projectile encounters soft tissue in my testing.
In a high-stress situation like a home invasion, acquiring your sights in low light may be problematic. While a red dot mounted on the slide of a handgun is a quick way to get on target, keeping rounds on target can still be a challenge when your heart rate is off the charts.
Not having a stock planted in your shoulder is a major drawback in an accurate volume of fire.
Terminal ballistics are also not comparable to a rifle cartridge either. Law enforcement and self-defense shootings show that multiple rounds are needed to incapacitate someone in a defensive situation.
Shot placement is key with a handgun so regular training behind a handgun is important.
Regardless if you shoot the baby 9mm, or your 1911 won back to back World Wars, kinetic energy is lacking compared to the shotgun and rifle. It will get the job done, but shot placement is key.
Velocity levels are relatively low in most pistol cartridges, so wound channels and temporary wound channels tend to be less than a centerfire rifle. The larger a projectile expands though, the more damage a slug can do.
While it should be widely known that FMJs over-penetrate soft tissue, quality self-defense ammunition slows quickly due to rapid expansion.
A clean miss is going to blow through multiple walls without issue, but if you make the hit count, it is going to stop within the target or stay in the first wall it encounters.
Recoil in most common defensive cartridges is manageable. It does require training, and proper grip though. An AR in a PCC would make recoil much more manageable for home defense.
In the right hands, and with the right load, a handgun can be a viable weapon to defend your home with. I can’t stress enough that training needs to happen in preparation.
Shooting under stress with a handgun can be difficult, and if you need to defend yourself, you need to make the hits count.
Some people are highly skeptical of a rifle, specifically the AR-15, for home defense. Some consider it a bad fit for home defense, due to over-penetration.
To find out, I went about setting up a test just like the shotgun and handgun. It involves shooting a 12” 10% ballistic gel block that is calibrated to FBI specifications.
Behind the ballistic gel, I placed a simulated interior wall used of common construction materials.
Ten feet behind the interior wall, I placed a larger exterior wall composed of 2”x4” studs, 3/8” drywall sheeting, R13 insulation, and ½” plywood. Calibers tested include 5.56 NATO/.223 Remington, and the .300 Blackout.
Is the AR15 the best defensive weapon for your home?
Or are you at risk of shooting your neighbor’s neighbor? Does it over-penetrate like a railgun from Eraser with Arnold Schwarzenegger?
For the 5.56 NATO, the rifle I used in testing was a Bushmaster Minimalist.
With its mil-spec receivers, 16” nitride barrel, proprietary “tear-drop” free-floated handguard, and lightweight Mission First Tactical Minimalist stock, it made a great test rifle to use for home defense.
I have used this weapon while hunting, and while testing different loads for accuracy, and I have yet to encounter a stoppage. The optic used was an ACME Machine 1-8x FFP MOA optic with an Aero Precision 34mm SPR mount.
It has yet to lose zero on the range, or while bouncing around a truck while hog hunting in Texas. Turret adjustments have always been accurate as well.
The .300 Blackout is my personal AR15 pistol that I built. It uses an 8.2” Rosco Manufacturing nitride barrel, a BCM MCMR 8” handguard, Toolcraft BCG, and an SBA3 pistol brace sent to me by SB Tactical.
This has been my favorite brace they have came out with, and I have used most of the models on the market.
We also have a hands-on review of the Best AR and AK Braces .
The optic that was used is an EOTech XPS3-0 holographic weapon sight. EOTech has always been a solid performer for me when I first bought a 512 model years ago.
For up-close work, the EOTech 65 MOA reticle performs well and is quick to get on target.
Ammunition was sent to me by multiple companies, including Remington, Barnes, Federal Premium, Inceptor, and Lehigh Defense. The results may surprise you.
Shooting this load proved that Remington accomplished everything it claims.
My first shot had perfect expansion and imbedded into the first sheet of drywall after passing through the 12” of ballistic gel.
I was so impressed that I later fired 5 more shots into a 16” block of 10% ballistic gel.
Every single time, the 62-grain bonded bullet expanded into a 5-leaf clover shape and had 12” of penetration.
The metallurgical bonding of the copper jacketing and lead core makes for a lethal combination in a pointed soft point with great terminal ballistics.
The Federal load also did well. My first shot stayed inside of the first wall, but there was jacket separation.
The copper jacketing embedded into the first sheet of drywall, while the lead core was found inside of the wall with a reasonably sized mushroom.
I tested this round 3 more times, and half of the time there was a complete jacket separation.
This bullet did very well for a standard soft-point, but weight retention did suffer. One test shot barely indented the first sheet of drywall.
This frangible option with Inceptor is a relatively new design of bullet. It is made of a polymer and copper matrix.
It is designed to disintegrate upon striking anything harder than itself. It did not over-penetrate through the simulated walls of the “house” though even though some shots fragmented more than others, probably depending on how it tumbled through the first wall.
After encountering soft tissue, the Inceptor 35-grain bullet tumbled violently.
When firing a “clean miss”, this load was the only cartridge that did not over-penetrate, although it did hit a stud. A copper-colored dust cloud was all that remained on the other side of the interior wall.
Another “clean miss” shot was done and missing a 2×4 stud the bullet passed through both walls.
Wound channels were not as great as the other options, but for the sake of this experiment, this frangible bullet did very well.
This Barnes load is maximized for the .300 Blackout , and it was the top contender for this caliber. Expansion proved to be reliable, and penetration ended in the first wall after passing through the 12” of ballistic gel.
With a whopping 1350 ft. lbs. of kinetic energy at the muzzle, and the amount of expansion, the terminal ballistics on this load are impressive.
I can not recommend this load highly enough, and it exceeded expectations from a rifle cartridge for home defense.
Not only that, but literally ANY .300 BLK barrel has shot this load with insane precision. For hunting, or for home defense, Barnes would be my top choice.
Where the 62-grain .223 load failed, the 115-grain .300 BLK load pulled through. Both bullets expanded and had great terminal ballistics, but the base of the .223 over-penetrated through both walls.
The .300 BLK expanded and then fragmented within the first 6” of gel.
These petals caused secondary wound channels that stayed within the 12” of gel. The base of the projectile passed through the interior wall but ended its travel within the exterior wall.
Even though the petals are unpredictable, they will wreck soft tissue.
Just like the 35-grain .223 Remington load from Inceptor, the .300 BLK did not have amazing terminal ballistics inside of the gel.
This isn’t surprising since it essentially has the profile of an FMJ projectile. The projectile destabilized very well though.
Regarding over-penetration, the Inceptor performed well and shotgunned into multiple fragments after exiting the interior wall.
At 1270 ft. lbs. of energy at the muzzle, this load would cause substantial damage.
Where the handgun comes up short with kinetic energy, and terminal ballistics, the rifle takes the lead. Due to the much faster velocities capable with a rifle cartridge, terminal ballistics are substantially more devastating than a typical handgun cartridge.
Furthermore, stability with a stock or pistol brace under stress is much easier than a handgun.
While the shotgun has impressive terminal ballistics, it takes proper training to stay on target and mitigate recoil. Between a 5.56 NATO or a .300 Blackout, recoil levels aren’t in the same class as the shotgun and require less training to be proficient.
Given the proper ammunition selection, the rifle also has less over-penetration than the 12-gauge shotgun.
There are drawbacks to using a rifle cartridge though. Using a typical AR-15 with a muzzle device will produce eardrum piercing and disorienting concussive blasts in smaller rooms and hallways with no hearing protection.
This can be dropped to safer levels with a suppressor but could be cost-prohibitive to a lot of people.
Also, most carbine length ARs are substantially longer than a handgun and require training to properly navigate around corners and around obstacles.
Kinetic Energy is off the charts with centerfire cartridges compared to the handgun. To get the full advantage of the kinetic energy on target, proper ammunition must be used.
Wound channels, especially temporary wound channels, are also much more devastating compared to the handgun, or even some shotgun defensive loads. The high velocity of centerfire cartridges, especially in 5.56 NATO are the reason for this.
Clean misses still have major over-penetration, but the projectiles destabilize much more quickly and lose energy compared to the handgun and shotgun. Especially with 5.56 NATO, due to its long and thin profile.
Recoil management, whether in 5.56 NATO or .300 BLK is some of the easiest to deal with. Using a stock, or a pistol brace helps stabilize the weapon in the shoulder, and fast follow up shots are a breeze without much training behind a weapon.
The SBR/Pistol or carbine sized AR15 is one of the absolute best defensive weapons to have at your disposal for home defense.
While there are cons to the platform, especially with the muzzle report in smaller rooms, overall for performance the AR15 is hard to beat in comparison with the handgun or shotgun.
A huge amount of time, effort, and testing went into these results and I think we covered all of the important stuff.
What works for you and your home will differ, but now at least you have the tools needed to make the best decision. Maybe you’re already using the best set-up, maybe you need to rethink your home defense plan, either way–you can now do so with confidence and tested results.
What do you think of our testing method? Our results? Does this information change what your HD plan is? Let us know in the comments! For more information on the best home defense ammo, take a look at these articles!
Best Shotgun Ammo [2020]: Home Defense & Target Shooting
Best Home Defense Gun [Shotgun vs Pistol vs Rifle]
Bullets: Sizes, Calibers, and Types [Guide + Videos]
Best Shotgun Mini Shells: Birdshot, Buckshot & Slugs [Hands-On]
9 Best AR-15s: Ultimate Guide [2020 Hands-On]
11 Best Concealed Carry Guns (By Popular Caliber) [2020]
7 Best .22 LR Rifles [2020]: Bigger Isn't Always Better
Best 1911 Pistols For the Money [2020]
Hi, where would using a pistol caliber carbine in either 9mm or 45acp fit in the handgun ammo conversation? Thanks, great article
It would be roughly the same as the handgun testing, though with slightly more penetration due to higher muzzle velocity. PCCs are something we'll be adding to the testing next time we do a project like this!
Why not birdshot or bb's for home defense in shotguns? More wound channels and less penetration than buck or slug.
Birdshot isn't reliable enough on penetration against humans for us to recommend. The smallest shot we like is #4 buck.
Excellent Report......My wife and I are currently owners of 9mm handguns for personal defense. But I am no where near as confident with them over an AR which I used in the military. I have always wanted an AR and now I have good data to help me purchase the right gun. The .300 Blk out seems to be the optimal choice for Home and Truck based on your testing. Thank You very much!
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