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Big haul: Comm Khaw and other officers showing the seized drugs during a press conference at the KL police headquarters. Two men and a woman were also detained in the raids conducted at two apartments in Cheras on Tuesday. The apartment unit was registered under the name of the female suspect, who paid RM2, rent a month, he said. Three nabbed in RM9mil cocaine haul. Nation Friday, 19 Jul Related News. Nation 09 Oct Customs seize cocaine going through Johor port. World 07 Sep American Airlines ex-mechanic gets 9 years prison for smuggling cocaine hidden under cockpit. Comm Khaw said the drugs seized could have been supplied to , addicts. Investigations showed that the syndicate has been active since early this year, Comm Khaw said. Asked whether the drugs were meant for the US market, he said it was still under investigation. Already a subscriber? Log in. Subscribe now and receive FREE sooka plan for 1 month. Monthly Plan RM Annual Plan RM Cancel anytime. No ads. Unlimited access to the web and app. Personalised features. Members rewards. Follow us on our official WhatsApp channel for breaking news alerts and key updates! Found a mistake in this article? Report it to us. What is the issue about? Spelling and grammatical error. Factually incorrect. Story is irrelevant. This field is mandatory. Email optional Please enter valid email. Please re-try again. Thank you for your report! Related News. Next In Nation. Wanted: Info or dashcam footage of lorry-bike mishap on Cheras-Kajang Highway. Pakistani man stabbed to death in Penang. Various issues raised by MPs on first day of debate on Supply Bill Zahid: Govt to rope in AI in multi-ministry plan to tackle scams and violence. Malaysia to prioritise Asean connectivity and inclusivity under Aipa presidency, says Johari. OBK expands to safeguard rare earth elements, minerals. Anwar to meet Grand Imam of Al-Azhar again. Parliament proceedings halted again due to lack of quorum with only 19 MPs present. Trending in News. Others Also Read. Load more. We would love to keep you posted on the latest promotion. Kindly fill the form below. Disclaimer: by clicking the Submit button, it is deemed that you consent to the rules and terms set forth in the Privacy Policy as well as Terms and Conditions set forth by this site. Thank you for downloading. We hope you enjoy this feature! Didn't work? Try downloading again.
Police on hunt for drug kingpin, seal assets worth RM366 mln
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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Background: The burden of drug abuse is becoming a public health concern in Nigeria. Preventive measures should include identifying the root causes of the burden for targeted intervention. We, therefore, aim to conduct a scoping review of the literature to summarize the findings of epidemiological studies on drug abuse and provisions of drug laws in Nigeria. The review also provides appropriate recommendations as interventions for prevention. Methods: We conducted a systematic search of the literature on PubMed to identify information on drug abuse and drug laws in Nigeria from the inception of the database to March Additional information was retrieved from Google Scholar, a manual search of included articles, discussion with experts on the subject matter, and gray literature. Information from gray literature was assessed for quality and accuracy using the AACODS checklist authority, accuracy, coverage, objectively, date, significance. Results: The systematic search of the literature generated studies. Nine articles were obtained from other sources. After the selection process, 23 eligible studies were included for review. Commonly abused drugs include cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine, heroin, diazepam, codeine, cough syrup and tramadol. Drug abuse was common among undergraduates and secondary school students, youths, commercial bus drivers, farmers, and sex workers. Reason for use included to increase physical performance, stress and to derive pleasure. Poor socioeconomic factors and low educational background were the common risk factors associated with drug abuse. Conclusion: Findings from epidemiological studies on drug abuse in Nigeria has demonstrated that the burden of drug abuse is still high despite the existing drug laws, policies, and strategies for prevention. Measures to reduce the burden should involve the community, government, and religious bodies. Preventive measures should target the youths, the students, identified sources of the drugs, reasons and risk factors associated with drug abuse in Nigeria. Drug abuse is emerging as a global public health issue. Also, it has been projected that 35 million individuals will be experiencing drug use disorders \[ 1 \]. Further, the Global Burden of disease Study estimated that, in , there were , deaths due to drug use, globally \[ 1 \]. The burden of drug abuse usage, abuse, and trafficking has also been related to the four areas of international concern, viz. Therefore, global interventions for preventing drug abuse including its impact on health, governance, and security, requires a widespread understanding of the prevalence, frequently implicated drugs, commonly involved population, sources of the drugs and risk factors associated with the drug abuse. In Nigeria, the burden of drug abuse is on the rise and becoming a public health concern. Nigeria, which is the most populous country in Africa, has developed a reputation as a center for drug trafficking and usage mostly among the youth population \[ 5 , 6 \]. Also, one in five individuals who had used drug in the past year is suffering from drug-related disorders \[ 3 \]. Drug abuse has been a cause of many criminal offences such as theft, burglary, sex work, and shoplifting \[ 3 \]. Nigeria is an enormously diverse country with over ethnicities and many religious groups \[ 9 \]. Drug abuse is therefore viewed within a broader context in Nigeria, due to its multicultural nature. For instance, most societies do not consider the use of some drugs which do not produce overt behavioral changes as drug abuse. However, despite this multicultural nature of the Nigerian population, there is a consistent outcry from both the public, police, preachers, health professionals, teachers, regulatory agencies and parents on the growing burden of drug abuse abuse of drugs which affect behavior in the country. The recent call was that of the President of the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria \[ 4 \]. Efforts to prevent the growing burden of drug abuse in Nigeria involve the identification of evidence-based information on the extent of the problem, from epidemiological studies. To date, most of the information on drug abuse in Nigeria is reported by the media print, electronic and online. However, scientific evidence from epidemiological studies has started emerging in recent years. Although there were attempts in the past to summarize such studies in the form of a narrative review, such reviews were limited with lack of systematic search of the literature. Also, such studies were published in \[ 5 \], \[ 6 \], and \[ 7 \]. There is, therefore, a need for recent summarized data on drug abuse in Nigeria. In this review, we attempt to summarize the results from various studies regarding the prevalence of drug abuse, commonly abused drugs, sources of the drugs, group of people frequently involved, the reason for drug abuse, risk factors, extant policies and laws, and to recommend intervention measures for prevention. In the literature search, we have not restricted our sources of information to any specific period. A systematic search of the literature regarding drug abuse in Nigeria was conducted using PubMed from the inception of the database to March 13, A search strategy using the following terms both as medical sub-heading MeSH and free text as title and abstract tiab was developed. Relevant studies were also identified manually from the reference lists of the included articles and discussion with experts on the subject matter. The search strategies employed in the systematic search of the literature in PubMed and Google Scholar is provided in Appendix 1. Due to limited research on drug abuse in Nigeria, gray literature related to drug abuse in Nigeria were identified in Google search, web pages of drug regulatory agencies in Nigeria, and the UNODC. Studies or reports were excluded from this review if they focused on alcohol abuse only. Disagreements between authors regarding study selection were resolved through discussion until consensus was reached. Figure 1 demonstrates the study selection process. In this review, the definition of drug abuse by Benjamin and Chidi was adopted and modified \[ 10 \]. The initial search PubMed and Google Scholar generated 53 articles and records, respectively. One study was identified following discussion with an expert, two from a manual search of included studies and six articles from Google search. The screening for duplicates excluded twenty-two articles. One hundred and forty-eight articles were removed after screening for title and abstracts, and 62 studies did not meet the eligibility criteria and were excluded. A total of 30 studies were included in this review; 23 epidemiological studies \[ 3 , 11 — 21 , 23 — 32 \], one thesis inclusive \[ 22 \], five reports from the websites of drug-related agencies \[ 38 , 41 , 43 , 44 \] and UNODC \[ 2 \], and two articles from newspapers\[ 40 , 45 \]. Figure 1 illustrates the study selection process. Nine of the included epidemiological studies were conducted among secondary school students \[ 12 , 16 , 21 — 24 , 27 , 30 , 31 \], five among drug abusers \[ 15 , 18 , 25 , 29 , 32 \], four among undergraduate students \[ 17 , 20 , 26 , 28 \], three among members of different populations in the community \[ 3 , 11 , 14 \], two among commercial vehicle drivers \[ 13 , 19 \]. Table 1 shows the characteristics of the included studies. Of the 23 epidemiological studies, only seven reported an overall prevalence of drug abuse among the study sample \[ 3 , 11 - 13 , 21 , 22 , 27 \]. Given the heterogenic nature of the studies, determination of the pool prevalence of drug abuse in Nigeria may not be possible. A prevalence of Some drugs were frequently reported by studies published in the early 80s \[ 29 — 32 \]. Proplus caffeine 50 mg was reported by three papers published in \[ 30 — 32 \], and Madrax Methadone and diphenhydramine in studies published between and \[ 27 , 29 — 31 \]. The absence of these drugs in recent studies may be related to the decline in their availability in Nigeria. Cannabis was the most abused drug reported across the different study populations. The prevalence of cannabis abuse among members of the general public was The frequency of abuse among secondary school students was between 0. The frequency of cocaine abuse ranges from 1. The widespread use of cocaine in Nigeria may be related to easy access due to increased trafficking of drugs despite the existing legal control measures \[ 22 , 34 \]. Codeine was the third most frequently reported drug of abuse from the included studies. The prevalence of abuse in the general public all ages was 2. A prevalence of 3—8. Table 1 indicates the frequently abused drugs. The high rates of drug abuse among the younger persons could reflect the easy accessibility of these drugs, peer group influence and possibly lack of effective counseling programs in secondary schools and universities. Identifying the sources where drug abusers obtained drugs is essential in preventing drug abuse in Nigeria. Interventions to block the supply of these drugs from identified sources could reduce the increasing prevalence of drug abuse. Only five studies reported the sources of the drugs being abused. Determination of the reasons why people indulged in drug abuse may guide the development and implementation of targeted interventions for reducing the burden of drug abuse in Nigeria. The eleven studies that reported the reasons for drug abuse gave several reasons. The first experience in drug abuse produces a state of arousal in the form of extreme happiness and pleasure, which in turn motivates users to continue \[ 34 \]. These conditions could predispose people to engage in drug abuse to work harder to earn a living or to ward off the stress and frustration of daily living in hardship. Among the frequently reported factors included being a male gender \[ 3 , 12 , 13 , 15 , 16 , 18 - 20 , 22 , 23 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 32 \], younger age \[ 3 , 15 , 17 , 27 , 29 , 32 \], poor economic status \[ 13 , 14 , 25 , 28 \], unemployment \[ 14 , 18 , 25 \], and parental deprivation broken home \[ 14 , 15 , 28 , 30 , 31 \], Other factors included having a lower education level \[ 13 , 28 , 32 \], and peer-group influence \[ 15 , 22 , 23 , 28 , 30 , 31 \]. The prevalence of drug abuse among this population may be the reason why some of the studies were specifically conducted among this group of people in the general population \[ 11 , 14 \], undergraduate students \[ 17 , 20 , 26 \], and secondary school students \[ 12 , 16 , 21 — 24 , 26 , 27 , 30 , 31 \]. These findings also suggest that the prevalence of drug abuse among secondary school students is high. Young people are the most valuable asset for sustainable social development in any society, but most of this population lacks awareness of substance addiction which would empower them to escape drug abuse. This limitation is demonstrated in a study carried out among secondary school teachers and students in Nigeria \[ 37 \]. This finding could be another reason for the highest prevalence in younger populations, and a crucial gap that could be targeted for interventions. Determinants of drug abuse also included those related to family background. Individuals from polygamous family backgrounds, dysfunctional families parental deprivation , being single and having parents or relatives who abuse drugs are more likely than those who are not to abuse drugs \[ 14 , 17 , 18 , 28 \]. Since in most cases children from broken families or polygamous families are left alone to feed themselves and their desire to go to school is often not of great concern to family members. Thus, to escape the reality of frustration and family strain, they find themselves entangled in substance abuse habits. The peer-group influence was a predictor of drug abuse which most studies consistently reported. People with friends who abuse drugs are more likely than those with friends who do not abuse drugs to engage in the act \[ 15 , 22 , 23 , 30 , 31 \]. The same author identified religion as a protective determinant of drug abuse in Nigeria in two studies \[ 19 , 20 \]. Makanjuola et al. Further, religious commercial drivers are less probable to engage in drug abuse than those who are not religious \[ 19 \]. Commercial drivers in Nigeria constitute an integral part of socioeconomic growth, on which the majority of the public depend for transport. Preventing drug abuse among commercial vehicle operators in Nigeria will, therefore ensure optimum safety for the people. Three studies were on psychiatric admission due to drug abuse \[ 25 , 29 , 32 \]. The studies were conducted in Kaduna state northwestern region in \[ 29 \], Edo state south southern region in \[ 32 \], and the other was performed at all psychiatric facilities in Nigeria \[ 25 \]. Findings of these studies showed the psychiatric symptoms resulting in admissions included toxic psychosis, anxiety state, schizophrenia, delusion \[ 25 , 32 \]. There was no suicide case recorded in all the studies. In Nigeria, the fight against drug abuse is backed by federal laws as far back as Since then, many laws were enacted, while others were amended leading to the establishment of the National Drug Laws Enforcement Agency NDLEA -an agency with the sole responsibility of tackling drug abuse and related offences \[ 38 \]. Some of the most important laws against the cultivation, trafficking, and abuse of illicit drugs in Nigeria are as follows \[ 38 \]:. The NDLEA has been launching nationwide enforcement activities to seize drugs of abuse and arrest drug abusers in the community; sensitization program, rehabilitation and border patrol to checkmate trafficking of illicit drugs to and from Nigeria \[ 38 \]. The NDLEA report has shown that in the last 10 years of operations, a total of 56, , , kg of drugs were seized, 85, persons with drug-related offences were arrested and 16, cases were secured and convicted \[ 39 \]. Recently, The Federal government of Nigeria, through Pharmacists Council of Nigeria PCN -an agency in charge of regulating the practice of pharmacy in Nigeria, banned the operation of open drug markets in Nigeria \[ 40 \]. This effort was introduced to sanitize the drug distribution system in the country. The PCN also prohibits the handling of drugs by unlicensed personnel, especially prescription and controlled only drugs \[ 41 \]. In , the agency shut down some pharmaceutical companies involved in the manufacturing of codeine-containing syrups in the country \[ 43 \]. The NDCMP is a national blueprint for addressing the complex issues of drug trafficking, production, cultivation, and abuse in Nigeria. The committee was saddled with the responsibility of advising the government on ways to reduce the increasing burden of drug abuse in the country \[ 45 \]. However, the literature suggests that the burden of drug abuse may continue to rise in Nigeria due to the involvement of politics in law enforcement and lack of political goodwill \[ 46 , 47 \]. Only a few studies were performed among the general population to identify other vulnerable groups of people involved in drug abuse. Of the three studies, the most recent was published in Identifying this information could guide the implementation of interventions. Reports from the included studies demonstrate that intervention measures to prevent drug abuse in Nigeria should be all-inclusive. The government, society, religious bodies, Non-Governmental Organisations as well as individuals all have a role to play. The efforts are numerous and not exhaustive. Below are some recommendations that might be applied to address the growing epidemic:. Allocation of funds to drug-related agencies should be increased to better the fight against the abuse of drugs. Enforcement activities should be more effective through strengthening the activities of taskforce at Federal and State governments levels. Nigerian borders should be well protected with surveillance activities by responsible agencies. Based on the model, other community-based education awareness in the form of mass campaigns through media houses both print and electronic, adverts, flyers, banners, radio jingles, lectures and other programs in religious places and public functions should be created and sustained \[ 48 \]. There is also a need for periodic review of the curriculum in schools to introduce topics centered on dangers of drug abuse. They should monitor the children closely and know the kinds of friends they are keeping \[ 15 , 22 , 23 , 28 , 30 , 31 \]. The present review has the following limitations; first, the systematic search of the literature was limited to two electronic databases. This approach may have excluded some eligible studies in the review. Secondly, we have not assessed the qualities of the included studies in this review. We have attempted to summarize their findings within this limitation and hope that readers, would be aware of such shortcomings, and be cautious in drawing conclusions from them. Findings from the epidemiological studies, reports and drug laws in Nigeria have shown that the burden of drug abuse is growing despite several drug laws, policies and strategic plans to prevent it. The prevalence is higher among the younger population, males, undergraduate and secondary school students, and commercial vehicle drivers. The most abused drugs included cannabis, amphetamine, codeine, cocaine and heroin. Factors such as poor socioeconomic status, peer-group pressure, family problems and poor academic performance were commonly associated with drug abuse in Nigeria. Drug abuse has been a cause of many debilitating conditions such as schizophrenia and psychosis, leading to psychiatric admissions. Therefore, stringent measures and sustainable interventions are urgently needed to curb the increasing burden of drug abuse in Nigeria. All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Public Health Rev. Find articles by Abubakar Ibrahim Jatau. Find articles by Kabiru Abubakar Gulma. Find articles by Zayyanu Shitu. Find articles by Garba Mohammed Khalid. Find articles by Abubakar Isa. Find articles by Abubakar S Wada. Find articles by Mohammed Mustapha. Received Jan 4; Accepted Jan 12; Collection date Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. United nations office on drugs and crime. Cannabis Gobir et al. Erah \[ 12 \]. Cannabis 3. Yunusa et al. Namadi \[ 14 \]. Cocaine 0. Motivation, stress, build up self-esteem, performance, poverty, unemployment, frustration, hedonism, reduce fear, relaxation. Parental deprivation broken home , stress, depression, self-esteem, unemployment, poverty. Dankani \[ 15 \]. Male gender, age 21—30 years, peer-group influence, parental deprivation broken home. Famuwiya et al. Barbiturates Essien \[ 17 \]. Stress Adamson et al. All psychiatric cases in periods — cases and — cases. Unemployment, students, male, last born, having a parent who is drug users. Anabolic steroids Abdulkarim et al. Edafiadhe \[ 22 \]. Friends Cocaine 1. Lawoyin et al. The social relationship of the user close friend and primary caretaker , male gender. Eneh and stanley \[ 24 \]. Ohaeri and odejide \[ 25 \]. A retrospective study of records of all 10, patients admitted in Patent medicine stores, drug hawkers, hawkers of traditional herbal preparations. Keep awake or to have increased energy for work, easy access. Family background of lower socioeconomic status, unemployment, male gender. Adelekan et al. Akpala and Bolaji \[ 27 \]. To relieve worry and anxiety Ihezue \[ 28 \]. Male gender, poor academic performance, peer group influence, a family background of lower socioeconomic status, parental deprivation broken home. Ahmed M. Department of Psychiatry, Ahmadu Bello university teaching hospital, Kaduna state. Nevadomsky J. Cannabis 0. Oviasu \[ 32 \]. To improve intellectual and physical performance, to stay awake. Age under 20 years, male gender, secondary school students, polygamous family background.
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The Burden of Drug Abuse in Nigeria: A Scoping Review of Epidemiological Studies and Drug Laws
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