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Recent shifts in the cocaine trans-shipment route in southern and East Africa suggest a need to re-evaluate the impact that cocaine smuggling is having on the region, particularly in regard to local drug use and corruption in law-enforcement agencies. Together with recent seizures, the arrest of Dos Santos suggests that shifts in the geographic dispersion of cocaine, and the structure of the networks involved, may have occurred. Dos Santos is accused of controlling the large-scale shipment of cocaine and weapons from Bolivia and Paraguay to Brazil, as well as running an expansive criminal network in Bolivia which benefits from police protection. Brazil issued an international arrest warrant for Dos Santos in over his connection to the PCC assassinations, 3 although he had been wanted since after escaping prison. The arrest of Dos Santos in Mozambique brought the year manhunt to an end. He was then extradited to Brazil on 19 April, a development which Mozambican authorities announced after he had been removed from the country. According to Mozambican media, Dos Santos had long maintained a presence in Mozambique and South Africa, since both countries were destinations for his shipments of cocaine. Information that he was resident in South Africa 9 was at odds with other reports that he was most likely based in Bolivia until late , while other reports indicated that he had shifted his operations to Paraguay. Dos Santos reportedly facilitated shipments of cocaine to South Africa and Mozambique using container vessels. Our research in Pemba found that the entry of both heroin and cocaine through the port is seemingly linked to one trader, who owns businesses that rely on imported goods in containers that may also conceal drugs, and through corrupt connections is able to ensure that containers are not searched. As with heroin, seizures of cocaine in East Africa are nothing new. In fact, East Africa was identified as a cocaine trans-shipment region in the early s when there were several large seizures including seizures greater than one tonne linked to prominent politicians, as well as reports of Italians linked to drug trafficking who had settled in Malindi in Kenya and on Zanzibar. Another drug-trafficking kingpin — Tanveer Ahmed, alias Galby, a Pakistani national reportedly of Seychellois origin — was arrested in a DEA-led operation in Mozambique in October and extradited to the United States in January Ahmed himself faces charges for heroin trafficking but was arrested while in possession of 34 kilograms of cocaine. Figure 3 Drug-trafficking routes along the East African coast. NOTE: Dotted lines indicate routes that have been suggested by seizures, but which the Global Initiative has not yet been able to verify independently. There have also been notable seizures in South Africa in recent years, although little is known about the networks behind them. On 11 May , around 35 kilograms of cocaine packaged in bricks was seized in Durban port after a tip-off led the authorities to a container from Brazil. Our understanding of the route that cocaine takes around the region and out of it is also fragmentary. Cocaine coming into Zanzibar is smuggled out using drug mules on flights to Europe, North America and Australia, and in air cargo. Nigerian networks play a large role in the regional crack-cocaine trade, and in recruiting and using drug mules to send drugs to Asia. But many networks drawing on other African nationalities are also involved. Figure 3. NOTE: Only incidents involving over 10 kilograms of powder cocaine have been included in the analysis. Incidents where it was not possible to determine the weight of drugs seized have been excluded. Since , much larger quantities of cocaine have been leaving South Africa in cargo shipments, mostly to Australia. Australia received nine times the volume of cocaine via air cargo from South Africa than any other country between and In April , 68 kilograms was found hidden in furniture shipped from South Africa. In the largest seizure, kilograms of cocaine was found in July , hidden in a second-hand Caterpillar excavator. A picture of the cocaine route in East and southern Africa is only beginning to emerge and requires more research. The GI-TOC is currently undertaking fieldwork analysing domestic drug-market characteristics and their related supply-chain flows in 10 countries of East and southern Africa. But while the specific history of how each market and route emerged remains to be told, there are some factors that we can safely assume have played a significant role in their development. It is useful to think about these as external and internal drivers of transnational drug trafficking. Externally, the region is absorbing the impact of increased coca-bush cultivation and cocaine production in South America, both of which reached an all-time high in , the last year for which there are verified records from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC. Globally, cocaine-smuggling networks have also diversified and explored new routes as law-enforcement operations reduce the profits generated by old ones. This helps drive the globalization of drug routes as trafficking organizations adapt to disruption and exploit opportunities as they arise. Then there are the internal factors which make the East and southern Africa region look attractive to smugglers looking for a new way to move their product. In East Africa, high levels of corruption have helped facilitate the entry of new criminal networks into the region — the same conditions that allowed a heroin trans-shipment route to develop across the region 30 years ago. Cutting across these vulnerabilities are the opportunities that new trade deals and infrastructure improvements have offered to illicit actors, as well as licit ones. As mentioned above, cocaine smuggling to the region appears to be piggybacking off the increase in licit trade between Brazil and Tanzania, Mozambique and South Africa. Dos Santos is one of the most high-profile criminal figures to have been arrested in the region on cocaine-trafficking charges, and his arrest suggests that southern Africa is playing a larger role in the global cocaine trade than expected. Emerging — or increasing — transit drug routes deserve our attention as they typically not only take advantage of corruption, but also increase it. Transit routes also tend to generate increased local consumption of drugs, and the unaddressed public-health impacts of criminalized substances can be severe. Indeed, we are detecting increasing rates of cocaine use across the region, with crack cocaine being particularly popular in Malawi and Tanzania, and cocaine powder popular among the middle class and wealthy in Zimbabwe, Zambia and South Africa. The arrest also raises questions about the inaction of law-enforcement authorities in the region, given suggestions that Dos Santos had a presence in the region for some years. Mozambican commentators have suggested that the speedy extradition of Dos Santos may hamper any investigation into his local networks, and any Mozambican figures who were complicit in his activities and the laundering of drug-trafficking proceeds. This claim has been made journalists following the case and ostensibly stems from the Brazilian investigation. The prosecution and subsequent acquittal of an Iranian crew accused of trafficking heroin by dhow in the Seychelles highlights trends in drug trafficking in the Indian Ocean basin. Risk Bulletins. Tap or select text, and then tap the bookmark icon to save a bookmark. Bookmarks are saved in your browser cache. Clearing your cache will remove them. Your last visit. The last time you visited, you stopped reading here. Home Summary highlights About this issue 1 Civil-society action is reshaping the illicit charcoal trade in northern Uganda Charcoal in Uganda Government response in northern Uganda The illicit charcoal market adjusts to new conditions A more volatile landscape? Cocaine trafficking to southern and East Africa: An increasingly used route? Shift towards South Africa? How did East and southern Africa become a trans-shipment route? About Risk Bulletins.
consumption is declining as users switch to cocaine. The profits to the Mozambicans involved in the drugs trade must be in the tens of millions of dollars a.
Pemba buy cocaine
Recent shifts in the cocaine trans-shipment route in southern and East Africa suggest a need to re-evaluate the impact that cocaine smuggling is having on the region, particularly in regard to local drug use and corruption in law-enforcement agencies. Together with recent seizures, the arrest of Dos Santos suggests that shifts in the geographic dispersion of cocaine, and the structure of the networks involved, may have occurred. Dos Santos is accused of controlling the large-scale shipment of cocaine and weapons from Bolivia and Paraguay to Brazil, as well as running an expansive criminal network in Bolivia which benefits from police protection. Brazil issued an international arrest warrant for Dos Santos in over his connection to the PCC assassinations, 3 although he had been wanted since after escaping prison. The arrest of Dos Santos in Mozambique brought the year manhunt to an end. He was then extradited to Brazil on 19 April, a development which Mozambican authorities announced after he had been removed from the country. According to Mozambican media, Dos Santos had long maintained a presence in Mozambique and South Africa, since both countries were destinations for his shipments of cocaine. Information that he was resident in South Africa 9 was at odds with other reports that he was most likely based in Bolivia until late , while other reports indicated that he had shifted his operations to Paraguay. Dos Santos reportedly facilitated shipments of cocaine to South Africa and Mozambique using container vessels. Our research in Pemba found that the entry of both heroin and cocaine through the port is seemingly linked to one trader, who owns businesses that rely on imported goods in containers that may also conceal drugs, and through corrupt connections is able to ensure that containers are not searched. As with heroin, seizures of cocaine in East Africa are nothing new. In fact, East Africa was identified as a cocaine trans-shipment region in the early s when there were several large seizures including seizures greater than one tonne linked to prominent politicians, as well as reports of Italians linked to drug trafficking who had settled in Malindi in Kenya and on Zanzibar. Another drug-trafficking kingpin — Tanveer Ahmed, alias Galby, a Pakistani national reportedly of Seychellois origin — was arrested in a DEA-led operation in Mozambique in October and extradited to the United States in January Ahmed himself faces charges for heroin trafficking but was arrested while in possession of 34 kilograms of cocaine. Figure 3 Drug-trafficking routes along the East African coast. NOTE: Dotted lines indicate routes that have been suggested by seizures, but which the Global Initiative has not yet been able to verify independently. There have also been notable seizures in South Africa in recent years, although little is known about the networks behind them. On 11 May , around 35 kilograms of cocaine packaged in bricks was seized in Durban port after a tip-off led the authorities to a container from Brazil. Our understanding of the route that cocaine takes around the region and out of it is also fragmentary. Cocaine coming into Zanzibar is smuggled out using drug mules on flights to Europe, North America and Australia, and in air cargo. Nigerian networks play a large role in the regional crack-cocaine trade, and in recruiting and using drug mules to send drugs to Asia. But many networks drawing on other African nationalities are also involved. Figure 3. NOTE: Only incidents involving over 10 kilograms of powder cocaine have been included in the analysis. Incidents where it was not possible to determine the weight of drugs seized have been excluded. Since , much larger quantities of cocaine have been leaving South Africa in cargo shipments, mostly to Australia. Australia received nine times the volume of cocaine via air cargo from South Africa than any other country between and In April , 68 kilograms was found hidden in furniture shipped from South Africa. In the largest seizure, kilograms of cocaine was found in July , hidden in a second-hand Caterpillar excavator. A picture of the cocaine route in East and southern Africa is only beginning to emerge and requires more research. The GI-TOC is currently undertaking fieldwork analysing domestic drug-market characteristics and their related supply-chain flows in 10 countries of East and southern Africa. But while the specific history of how each market and route emerged remains to be told, there are some factors that we can safely assume have played a significant role in their development. It is useful to think about these as external and internal drivers of transnational drug trafficking. Externally, the region is absorbing the impact of increased coca-bush cultivation and cocaine production in South America, both of which reached an all-time high in , the last year for which there are verified records from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNODC. Globally, cocaine-smuggling networks have also diversified and explored new routes as law-enforcement operations reduce the profits generated by old ones. This helps drive the globalization of drug routes as trafficking organizations adapt to disruption and exploit opportunities as they arise. Then there are the internal factors which make the East and southern Africa region look attractive to smugglers looking for a new way to move their product. In East Africa, high levels of corruption have helped facilitate the entry of new criminal networks into the region — the same conditions that allowed a heroin trans-shipment route to develop across the region 30 years ago. Cutting across these vulnerabilities are the opportunities that new trade deals and infrastructure improvements have offered to illicit actors, as well as licit ones. As mentioned above, cocaine smuggling to the region appears to be piggybacking off the increase in licit trade between Brazil and Tanzania, Mozambique and South Africa. Dos Santos is one of the most high-profile criminal figures to have been arrested in the region on cocaine-trafficking charges, and his arrest suggests that southern Africa is playing a larger role in the global cocaine trade than expected. Emerging — or increasing — transit drug routes deserve our attention as they typically not only take advantage of corruption, but also increase it. Transit routes also tend to generate increased local consumption of drugs, and the unaddressed public-health impacts of criminalized substances can be severe. Indeed, we are detecting increasing rates of cocaine use across the region, with crack cocaine being particularly popular in Malawi and Tanzania, and cocaine powder popular among the middle class and wealthy in Zimbabwe, Zambia and South Africa. The arrest also raises questions about the inaction of law-enforcement authorities in the region, given suggestions that Dos Santos had a presence in the region for some years. Mozambican commentators have suggested that the speedy extradition of Dos Santos may hamper any investigation into his local networks, and any Mozambican figures who were complicit in his activities and the laundering of drug-trafficking proceeds. This claim has been made journalists following the case and ostensibly stems from the Brazilian investigation. The prosecution and subsequent acquittal of an Iranian crew accused of trafficking heroin by dhow in the Seychelles highlights trends in drug trafficking in the Indian Ocean basin. Risk Bulletins. Tap or select text, and then tap the bookmark icon to save a bookmark. Bookmarks are saved in your browser cache. Clearing your cache will remove them. Your last visit. The last time you visited, you stopped reading here. Home Summary highlights About this issue 1 Civil-society action is reshaping the illicit charcoal trade in northern Uganda Charcoal in Uganda Government response in northern Uganda The illicit charcoal market adjusts to new conditions A more volatile landscape? Cocaine trafficking to southern and East Africa: An increasingly used route? Shift towards South Africa? How did East and southern Africa become a trans-shipment route? About Risk Bulletins.
Pemba buy cocaine
drugs such as heroin, cocaine, mandrax and amphetamine as a result of trade liberalisation and globalisation. Since the beginning of s, the.
Pemba buy cocaine
Pemba buy cocaine
More than tons of cocaine, heroin and cannabis were seized in Mozambique in , an increase in the amount seized in The haul.
Pemba buy cocaine
Pemba buy cocaine
Pemba buy cocaine
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Pemba buy cocaine