Paul von Hindenburg

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The famed zeppelinHindenburg that was destroyed by fire in 1937 was named in his honor, as was the Hindenburgdamm, a causeway joining the island of Sylt to mainland Schleswig-Holstein that was built during his time in office. The previously Upper Silesian town of Zabrze (German: Hindenburg O.S.) was also renamed after him in 1915, as well as the SMS Hindenburg, a battlecruiser commissioned in the Imperial German Navy in 1917 and the last capital ship to enter service in the Imperial Navy. The Hindenburg Range in New Guinea, which includes perhaps one of the world's largest cliffs, the Hindenburg Wall, also bears his name.

Historian Christopher Clark has criticized Hindenburg in his role as head of state for:

withdrawing his solemn constitutional oaths of 1925 and 1932 to make common cause with the sworn enemies of the Republic. And then, having publicly declared that he would never consent to appoint Hitler to any post...levered the Nazi leader into the German Chancellery in January 1933. The Field Marshal had a high opinion of himself, and he doubtless sincerely believed that he personified a Prussian "tradition" of selfless service. But he was not, in truth, a man of tradition...As a military commander and later as Germany's head of state, Hindenburg broke virtually every bond he entered into. He was not the man of dogged, faithful service, but the man of image, manipulation and betrayal.

Awards and decorations[edit]

• Prussia:
  
  • Knight of the Red Eagle, 4th Class, with Swords, 7 April 1866
  • Iron Cross, 2nd Class, 1870; Jubiläumsspange ("Jubilee clip"), 1895; 1st Class, 1914; Grand Cross, 9 December 1916; with Golden Star, 25 March 1918
  • Knight of the Black Eagle, March 1911
  • Pour le Mérite (military), 2 September 1914; with Oak Leaves, 23 February 1915
  • Grand Commander of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, with Star and Swords, 14 August 1917
  • Commander of Honour of the Johanniter Order
• Hohenzollern: Cross of Honour of the Princely House Order of Hohenzollern, 1st Class with Swords
•  Anhalt:
  
  • Grand Cross of Albert the Bear, with Crown and Swords
  • Friedrich Cross, 1st Class
•  Baden: Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1903
•  Bavaria: Grand Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph
• Ernestine duchies:
  
  • Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, with Swords and Collar, 14 December 1914
  • Carl Eduard War Cross (Coburg)
• Mecklenburg:
  
  • Grand Cross of the Wendish Crown, with Golden Crown and Swords
  • Military Merit Cross, 1st Class (Schwerin)
  • Cross for Distinction in War (Strelitz)
•  Oldenburg:
  
  • Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Crown, Swords and Laurels
  • Friedrich August Cross, 1st Class
•  Saxony:
  
  • Knight of the Military Order of St. Henry; Commander 1st Class, 21 December 1914; Grand Cross, 27 December 1916
  • Knight of the Rue Crown, 7 May 1918
•  Württemberg:
  
  • Grand Cross of the Friedrich Order, 1902
  • Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown, with Swords
  • Grand Cross of the Military Merit Order, 21 January 1915

•  Austria-Hungary:
  
  • Grand Cross of St. Stephen, 1914
  • Military Merit Cross, 1st Class, with War Decoration, 22 January 1917; in Diamonds, 5 November 1917
  • Gold Military Merit Medal ("Signum Laudis"), 5 August 1917
  • Grand Cross of the Military Order of Maria Theresa, 26 March 1918
•  Kingdom of Bulgaria: Grand Cross of St. Alexander, with Swords and Collar
•  Finland: Grand Cross of the Cross of Liberty, with Swords, 31 July 1918
•  Kingdom of Italy: Grand Officer of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
•  Ottoman Empire:
  
  • Order of Osmanieh, 1st Class in Diamonds
  • Order of Glory, with Swords
  • Order of the Medjidie, 1st Class with Swords and Diamonds
  • Gold Imtiyaz Medal
  • Gallipolli Star
•  Spain:
  
  • Grand Cross of Military Merit
  • Knight of the Golden Fleece, 1931

Arms[edit]

• 1925 German presidential election
• 1932 German presidential election
• German Reichsmark, coin.
• Hindenburg light
• List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s − 22 March 1926

1. ^
2. ^
3. ^
4. ^
5. ^Hindenburg 1921, pp. 22–64.
6. ^Hindenburg, 1921, p. 46.
7. ^Astore and Showalter, 2005, p. 8.
8. ^Hindenburg 1921, pp. 65–92.
9. ^Wheeler-Bennett 1936, p. 5.
10. ^
11. ^Hindenburg, 1921, p. 86.
12. ^
13. ^
14. ^Stone N. (1975) The Eastern Front 1914–1917, Hodder & Stoughton, London: 348 pp.
15. ^
16. ^MacDonald 1987, p. 134.
17. ^
18. ^
19. ^Hindenburg, 1921, p. 113.
20. ^
21. ^Astore, William & Showalter, Denis, Hindenburg: Icon of German Militarism, Washington: Potomac Books, 2005 p. 20
22. ^
23. ^Astore, William & Showalter, Denis Hindenburg Icon of German Militarism , Washington: Potomac Books, 2005 p. 22.
24. ^
25. ^Strachan, 2001, p. 334.
26. ^Wheeler-Bennett 1936 p. 16.
27. ^Showalter, 1991, pp. 241, 291.
28. ^Wheeller-Bennett, 1936, p. 36.
29. ^Hoffmann, 1999. p. 68.
30. ^
31. ^
32. ^Müller, 1961, p. 57.
33. ^Ludendorff, 1919, 1 pp. 134–38.
34. ^
35. ^
36. ^Hindenburg, 1921, 1 p. 175.
37. ^Lincoln, 1986, p. 150.
38. ^Hindenburg, 1921, 1, p. 182.
39. ^Hindenburg, 1921, 1, p. 184.
40. ^Herwig, 1997, p. 179.
41. ^Hindenburg, 1921, 1, p. 146.
42. ^Lincoln, 1986, pp. 238–60.
43. ^
44. ^Ludendorff, 1, 1919, p. 275.
45. ^Müller, 1961, p. 109.
46. ^Müller, 1961, p. 188.
47. ^Müller, 1961, p. 187.
48. ^Ludendorff 1919, 1, p. 283.
49. ^
50. ^Müller, 1961, p. 223.
51. ^
52. ^Rupprecht, 1919, 3, p. 12.
53. ^Bauer, 1922, p. 107.
54. ^Hindenburg, 1921, 1, p. 242.
55. ^Lincoln, 1986, p. 259.
56. ^
57. ^Hindenburg, 1921, 2, p. 56.
58. ^Hindenburg, 1921, 2, p. 32.
59. ^
60. ^
61. ^
62. ^Hindenburg, 1921, 1, pp. 227–32.
63. ^Hindenburg, 1921, 1, pp. 234–35.
64. ^
65. ^Asprey, 1991, p. 340.
66. ^
67. ^Müller, 1961, p. 260.
68. ^Hindenburg, 1921,2, p. 16.
69. ^
70. ^Kitchen, 1976, p. 58.
71. ^
72. ^Herwig, 1997, p. 252.
73. ^Hindenburg, 2, p. 58.
74. ^
75. ^
76. ^Bauer, 1922, p. 159.
77. ^Kitchen, 1976, p. 144.
78. ^
79. ^Astore and Showalter, 2005, p. 51.
80. ^Astore and Showalter, 2005, pp. 51–52.
81. ^Wheeler-Bennett, 1967, p. 131.
82. ^Wheeler-Bennett, 1967, p. 142.
83. ^Lee, 2005, p. 148.
84. ^Hindenburg, 1921, 2, p. 118
85. ^
86. ^Crown Prince Rupprecht, 1919, 2, p. 347.
87. ^
88. ^
89. ^Hindenburg, 1921, 2, p. 153.
90. ^Wheeller-Bennett, 1936, p. 149.
91. ^
92. ^
93. ^Ludendorff, 1919, pp. 286–92.
94. ^
95. ^
96. ^Ludendorff, 1919 2 p. 326.
97. ^Hindenburg,1921, 2, p. 126.
98. ^Müller, 1961, p. 413.
99. ^Herwig, 1997, p. 434.
100. ^
101. ^Wheeler-Bennett, 1935, pp. 207–08.
102. ^
103. ^Wheeler-Bennett, 1936, p. 210.
104. ^
105. ^Ludwig, 1935, p. 105.
106. ^
107. ^
108. ^Parkinson, 1978, p. 49.
109. ^
110. ^Ludendorff, 1919.
111. ^Wheeler-Bennett, 1936, p. 229.
112. ^
113. ^
114. ^von Kuhl, 1923, p. 188.
115. ^Lee, 2005, p. 96.
116. ^Hindenburg, 1921, 1, p. 104.
117. ^Müller, 1961, p. 89.
118. ^
119. ^
120. ^ William Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (Touchstone Edition) (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990)
121. ^Dorpalen, Andreas Hindenburg and the Weimar Republic, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964 pp. 44–45.
122. ^Hindenburg, 1, 1920, p. 89.
123. ^Hindenburg, 2, 1920, p. 1.
124. ^Papen, 1952, p. 116.
125. ^Mulligan, 2005, p. 96.
126. ^Dorpalen, 1964, pp. 48–53.
127. ^Pyta, Wolfram "Hindenburg and the German Right" pp. 25–47 from The German Right in the Weimar Republic: Studies in the History of German Conservatism, Nationalism, and Antisemitism edited by Larry Eugene Jones, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2014 p. 32.
128. ^
129. ^
130. ^Anna Menge, "The Iron Hindenburg: a popular icon of Weimar Germany". German History 26.3 (2008): 357–82.
131. ^Dorpalen, 1964. pp. 54–55.
132. ^Dorpalen, 1964. p. 55.
133. ^Dorpalen, 1964. p. 62.
134. ^Dorpalen, 1964, p. 63.
135. ^Dorpalen, 1964. p. 71.
136. ^Dorpalen, 1964. p. 76.
137. ^Pyta, 2014, pp. 39–40.
138. ^
139. ^
140. ^
141. ^Dorpalen, 1964. p. 88.
142. ^
143. ^Berman, 1987, p. 88.
144. ^Dorpalen, 1964. p. 94.
145. ^Pyta, 2014, pp. 25–47.
146. ^Pyta, 2014, p. 36.
147. ^
148. ^Dorpalen, 1964. p. 139.
149. ^Berman, 1987, p. 143.
150. ^Turner, Henry Ashby Hitler's Thirty Days to Power, Reading: Addison-Wesley, 1996 p. 113.
151. ^Jäckel, Eberhard Hitler in History Hanover NH: Brandeis University Press, 1984 pp. 3–5.
152. ^
153. ^
154. ^Dorpalen, 1964, pp. 174–75.
155. ^Dorpalen, 1964, p. 177.
156. ^Dorpalen, 1964, p, 181.
157. ^Kolb, 2005, pp. 116–18.
158. ^Jäckel 1984, p. 5.
159. ^Jäckel, 1984, pp. 3–4.
160. ^ Pyta, 2014, p. 42.
161. ^
162. ^Jäckel, 1984, p. 8.
163. ^A ridiculous hundred million Slavs: concerning Adolf Hitler's world-view, Tadeusz Manteuffel, Institute of History, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jerzy Wojciech Borejsza, p. 55, Warsaw 2017
164. ^Park, 1986, p. 80.
165. ^Papen, 1952, p. 328.
166. ^Evans, 1995, p. 279.
167. ^Pyta, 2014, p. 43.
168. ^
169. ^Wheeler-Bennett, 1967, p. 243.
170. ^Dorpalen, 1964, p. 355.
171. ^
172. ^ Pyta, Wolfram "Hindenburg and the German Right" pp. 25–47 from The German Right in the Weimar Republic: Studies in the History of German Conservatism, Nationalism, and Antisemitism edited by Larry Eugene Jones, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2014 p. 42.
173. ^Dorpalen, 1964, p. 466.
174. ^
175. ^
176. ^ Pyta, p. 35.
177. ^
178. ^Gallo, Max The Night of the Long Knives (1972) p. 277
179. ^
180. ^
181. ^
182. ^
183. ^
184. ^
185. ^
186. ^
187. ^
188. ^Hindenburg, 1921, p. 178.
189. ^
190. ^Anna Menge, "The Iron Hindenburg: a popular icon of Weimar Germany". German History 26.3 (2008): 357–82, quoting 358–59.
191. ^
192. ^Christopher Clark, The Iron Kingdom, The Rise and Downfall of Prussia 1600–1947 (2007) p. 654.
193. ^
194. ^Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1910), "Großherzogliche Orden", p. 188
195. ^
196. ^
197. ^
198. ^
199. ^

• online free to borrow
• Eyck, Erich. A history of the Weimar Republic: v. 1. From the collapse of the Empire to Hindenburg's election (1962) online
• Falter, Jürgen W. "The Two Hindenburg Elections of 1925 and 1932: A Total Reversal of Voter Coalitions" Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung. Supplement, No. 25, (2013), pp. 217–32 online
• Hindenburg, Gert Von. Hindenburg 1847–1934 Soldier and Statesman (1935) online
• Ludwig, Emil. Hindenburg And The Saga Of The German Revolution (1935) online
• Menge, Anna. "The iron Hindenburg: a popular icon of Weimar Germany". German History 26.3 (2008): 357–82.
• Scully, Richard. "Hindenburg: The Cartoon Titan of the Weimar Republic, 1918–1934". German Studies Review (2012): 541–65. online, caricatures

Historiography and memory[edit]

• Barrett. Michael B. "Review of Hoegen, Jesko von, Der Held von Tannenberg: Genese und Funktion des Hindenburg-Mythos (1914–1934)". (H-German, H-Net Reviews. September 2009) online in English
• Frankel. Richard E. "Review of Pyta, Wolfram, Hindenburg: Herrschaft zwischen Hohenzollern und Hitler". H-German, H-Net Reviews. (March 2009). online in English
• Menge, Anna. "The Iron Hindenburg: a popular icon of Weimar Germany". German History 26.3 (2008): 357–82, about a mythmaking 1929 film
• Von der Goltz, Anna. Hindenburg: Power, Myth, and the Rise of the Nazis (Oxford University Press, 2009)

In German[edit]

• Pyta, Wolfram: Hindenburg. Herrschaft zwischen Hohenzollern und Hitler. Siedler, München, 2007, ISBN 978-3-88680-865-6. online review in English
• Rauscher, Walter: Hindenburg. Feldmarschall und Reichspräsident. Ueberreuter, Wien 1997, ISBN 3-8000-3657-6.
• von Hoegen, Jesko: Der Held von Tannenberg. Genese und Funktion des Hindenburg-Mythos (1914–1934). Böhlau, Köln 2007, ISBN 978-3-412-17006-6.
• Zaun, Harald: Paul von Hindenburg und die deutsche Außenpolitik 1925–1934. Köln/Weimar/Wien 1999, ISBN 3-412-11198-8.

• Works by Paul von Hindenburg at Project Gutenberg
• Works by or about Paul von Hindenburg at Internet Archive
• http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/HindenburgPaul/index.html (German only, some photos)
• Out Of My Life by Paul von Hindenburg at archive.orgalternative version
• Historical film documents on Paul von Hindenburg at www.europeanfilmgateway.eu
• Newspaper clippings about Paul von Hindenburg in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

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