Парацетамол — SportWiki энциклопедия

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Парацетамол — SportWiki энциклопедия

Paracetamol , also known as acetaminophen and APAP , is a medication used to treat pain and fever. Paracetamol is generally safe at recommended doses. Paracetamol was first made in Paracetamol is used for reducing fever in people of all ages. Paracetamol is used for the relief of mild to moderate pain. The American College of Rheumatology recommends paracetamol as one of several treatment options for people with arthritis pain of the hip, hand, or knee that does not improve with exercise and weight loss. Paracetamol has relatively little anti-inflammatory activity, \\\\\\\\\\\\[23\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\[24\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\[25\\\\\\\\\\\\] unlike other common analgesics such as the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs aspirin , and ibuprofen , but ibuprofen and paracetamol have similar effects in the treatment of headache. Paracetamol can relieve pain in mild arthritis, but has no effect on the underlying inflammation, redness, and swelling of the joint. Based on a systematic review, paracetamol was recommended by the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society as a first-line treatment for lower back pain. A joint statement of the German, Austrian, and Swiss headache societies and the German Society of Neurology recommends the use of paracetamol in combination with caffeine as one of several first-line therapies for treatment of tension and migraine headaches. NSAIDs such as ibuprofen , naproxen , and diclofenac are more effective than paracetamol for controlling dental pain or pain arising from dental procedures; combinations of NSAIDs and acetaminophen are more effective than either alone. The combination of paracetamol with caffeine is superior to paracetamol alone for the treatment of common pain conditions, including dental pain, post partum pain, and headache. Paracetamol is used to treat patent ductus arteriosus , a condition that affects newborns when a blood vessel used in developing the lungs fails to close as it normally does, but evidence for the safety and efficacy of paracetamol for this purpose is lacking. Acute overdoses of paracetamol can cause potentially fatal liver damage. In , the U. Food and Drug Administration FDA launched a public-education program to help consumers avoid overdose, warning: 'Acetaminophen can cause serious liver damage if more than directed is used. Paracetamol toxicity is the foremost cause of acute liver failure in the Western world , and accounts for most drug overdoses in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. Paracetamol is metabolized by the liver and is hepatotoxic ; side effects are multiplied when combined with alcoholic drinks, and are very likely in chronic alcoholics or people with liver damage. On 1 August , the U. Food and Drug Administration issued a new warning about paracetamol. Prescription-strength products would be required to carry a warning label about skin reactions, and the FDA urged manufacturers to do the same with over-the-counter products. An association exists between paracetamol use and asthma , but whether this association is causal is still debated as of \\\\\\\\\\\\[update\\\\\\\\\\\\]. As of \\\\\\\\\\\\[update\\\\\\\\\\\\] , the American Academy of Pediatrics and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence continue to recommend paracetamol for pain and discomfort in children, \\\\\\\\\\\\[80\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\[81\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\[82\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\[83\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\[84\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\[85\\\\\\\\\\\\] but some experts have recommended that paracetamol use by children with asthma or at risk for asthma should be avoided. In contrast to aspirin, paracetamol does not prevent blood from clotting it is not an antiplatelet , thus it may be used in people who have concerns with blood coagulation. Additionally it does not cause gastric irritation. In general, the recommended maximum daily dose of paracetamol for healthy adults is three or four grams. Untreated paracetamol overdose results in a lengthy, painful illness. Signs and symptoms of paracetamol toxicity may initially be absent or non-specific symptoms. The first symptoms of overdose usually begin several hours after ingestion, with nausea , vomiting , sweating, and pain as acute liver failure starts. Paracetamol hepatotoxicity is by far the most common cause of acute liver failure in both the United States and the United Kingdom. Untreated overdose can lead to liver failure and death within days. While the antidote, acetylcysteine also called N-acetylcysteine or NAC , acts as a precursor for glutathione, helping the body regenerate enough to prevent or at least decrease the possible damage to the liver; a liver transplant is often required if damage to the liver becomes severe. Until , tablets were available in the UK brand-name Paradote that combined paracetamol with an antidote methionine to protect the liver in case of an overdose. In June , an FDA advisory committee recommended that new restrictions be placed on paracetamol use in the United States to help protect people from the potential toxic effects. Committee members were particularly concerned by the fact that the then-present maximum dosages of paracetamol had been shown to produce alterations in liver function. Experimental studies in animals and cohort studies in humans indicate no detectable increase in congenital malformations associated with paracetamol use during pregnancy. Paracetamol use by the mother during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of childhood asthma. Some studies have found an association between paracetamol and a slight increase in kidney cancer , \\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\] but no effect on bladder cancer risk. Despite its common use, the mechanism of action of paracetamol is not completely understood. Unlike NSAIDs such as aspirin, paracetamol does not appear to inhibit the function of any cyclooxygenase COX enzyme outside the central nervous system , and this appears to be the reason why it is not useful as an anti-inflammatory. AM also appears to be able to directly activate the TRPV1 older name: vanilloid receptor , which also inhibits pain signals in the brain. Paracetamol is metabolized primarily in the liver, into toxic and nontoxic products. Three metabolic pathways are notable: \\\\\\\\\\\\[98\\\\\\\\\\\\]. All three pathways yield final products that are inactive, nontoxic, and eventually excreted by the kidneys. NAPQI is primarily responsible for the toxic effects of paracetamol; this constitutes an example of toxication. Paracetamol consists of a benzene ring core, substituted by one hydroxyl group and the nitrogen atom of an amide group in the para 1,4 pattern. It is an extensively conjugated system , as one lone pair on the hydroxyl oxygen, the benzene pi cloud, the nitrogen lone pair, the p orbital on the carbonyl carbon, and one lone pair on the carbonyl oxygen are all conjugated. The presence of two activating groups also make the benzene ring highly reactive toward electrophilic aromatic substitution. As the substituents are ortho, para -directing and para with respect to each other, all positions on the ring are more or less equally activated. The conjugation also greatly reduces the basicity of the oxygens and the nitrogen, while making the hydroxyl acidic through delocalisation of charge developed on the phenoxide anion. Paracetamol is part of the class of drugs known as ' aniline analgesics'; it is the only such drug still in use today. The nitro group is then reduced to an amine, giving 4-aminophenol. Finally, the amine is acetylated with acetic anhydride. An alternative industrial synthesis developed by Hoechst — Celanese involves direct acylation of phenol with acetic anhydride catalyzed by HF, conversion of the ketone to a ketoxime with hydroxylamine , followed by the acid-catalyzed Beckmann rearrangement to give the amide. More recently a 'one-pot' synthesis from hydroquinone has been described before the Royal Society of Chemistry. Paracetamol was then quickly discarded in favor of phenacetin. The sales of phenacetin established Bayer as a leading pharmaceutical company. Paracetamol is the active metabolite of phenacetin and acetanilide , both once popular as analgesics and antipyretics in their own right. A follow-up paper by Brodie and Axelrod in established that phenacetin was also metabolized to paracetamol. Paracetamol was first marketed in the United States in under the name Triagesic, a combination of paracetamol, aspirin , and caffeine. In , paracetamol was added to the British Pharmacopoeia , and has gained popularity since then as an analgesic agent with few side-effects and little interaction with other pharmaceutical agents. This was accompanied by the commercial demise of phenacetin, blamed as the cause of analgesic nephropathy and hematological toxicity. Available without a prescription since , \\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\] it has since become a common household drug. Both acetaminophen and paracetamol come from a chemical name for the compound: para - acet yl aminophen ol and par a - acet yl am inophen ol. Paracetamol is available in a tablet , capsule , liquid suspension, suppository , intravenous , intramuscular and effervescent forms. In some formulations, paracetamol is combined with the opiate codeine , sometimes referred to as co-codamol BAN and Panadeine in Australia. In the U. Paracetamol is commonly used in multi-ingredient preparations for migraine headache, typically including butalbital and paracetamol with or without caffeine , and sometimes containing codeine. Paracetamol is sometimes combined with phenylephrine hydrochloride. When marketed in combination with diphenhydramine hydrochloride , it is frequently given the label 'PM' and is meant as a sleep aid. Diphenhydramine hydrochloride is known to have hypnotic effects and is non-habit forming. Unfortunately, it has been implicated in the occasional development of restless leg syndrome. This report was followed by two reports by ProPublica alleging that the 'FDA has long been aware of studies showing the risks of acetaminophen. A report prepared by an internal FDA working group describes a history of FDA initiatives designed to educate consumers about the risk of paracetamol overdose and notes that one challenge to the Agency has been 'identifying the appropriate message about the relative safety of acetaminophen, especially compared to other OTC pain relievers e. NSAID gastrointestinal risk is substantial, with deaths and hospitalization estimated in one publication as and 32, per year respectively. Possible cardiovascular toxicity with chronic NSAID use has been a major discussion recently', finally noting that 'The goal of the educational efforts is not to decrease appropriate acetaminophen use or encourage substitution of NSAID use, but rather to educate consumers so that they can avoid unnecessary health risks. Paracetamol is extremely toxic to cats, which lack the necessary UGT1A6 enzyme to break it down safely. Initial symptoms include vomiting, salivation, and discoloration of the tongue and gums. Unlike an overdose in humans, liver damage is rarely the cause of death; instead, methemoglobin formation and the production of Heinz bodies in red blood cells inhibit oxygen transport by the blood, causing asphyxiation methemoglobemia and hemolytic anemia. Treatment with N-acetylcysteine , \\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\] methylene blue or both is sometimes effective after the ingestion of small doses of paracetamol. Although paracetamol is believed to have no significant anti-inflammatory activity, it has been reported to be as effective as aspirin in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain in dogs. A paracetamol-codeine product trade name Pardale-V \\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\] licensed for use in dogs is available for purchase under supervision of a vet, pharmacist or other qualified person. The main effect of toxicity in dogs is liver damage, and GI ulceration has been reported. Paracetamol is lethal to snakes, and has been suggested as a chemical control program for the invasive brown tree snake Boiga irregularis in Guam. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Common medication for pain and fever. IUPAC name. Interactive image. Main article: Paracetamol toxicity. You can help by adding to it. August See also: Paracetamol brand names. Tylenol mg capsules. Retrieved 25 February TGA eBusiness Services. Alphapharm Pty Limited. Retrieved 10 May Medscape Reference. Archived from the original on 14 April Archived from the original on 4 March Retrieved 13 January Drug Des. All routes are similar after 50 minutes. In postoperative conditions for acute pain of mild to moderate intensity, the quickest reported time to onset of analgesia with APAP is 8 minutes9 for the iv route and 37 minutes6 for the oral route. Clin Toxicol Phila. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. Archived from the original on 30 June Retrieved 19 March Archived from the original on 5 June Retrieved 16 September Journal of Hepatology. Pain and Therapy. Guideline Control of pain in adults with cancer. Archived PDF from the original on 20 December Cancer and its Management. Archived from the original on 8 September Bulletin of the World Health Organization. National Health Service. Archived from the original on 22 August Retrieved 22 August Retrieved 19 December Lecture Notes Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 9th ed. Hoboken: Wiley. Pharmacological Research. Cancer Research. Pharmacology application in athletic training. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: F. Essentials of emergency medicine. Archived from the original on 17 August World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list Geneva: World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 22 January Retrieved 11 January Archived from the original on 16 February Retrieved 19 February Retrieved 11 April BBC News Online. Archived from the original on 20 September Retrieved 19 September Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Academic Emergency Medicine. BMJ Clinical research ed. April Arthritis Care Res Hoboken. Arthritis Research UK. Archived from the original on 17 October Retrieved 16 October Archived from the original on 14 September Retrieved 14 September Annals of Internal Medicine. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. J Headache Pain. Anesthesia and Analgesia. International Journal of Clinical Practice. American Dental Association. December Archived from the original on 17 November British Dental Journal. Australian Prescriber. Paediatric Drugs. Clinics in Perinatology. Archived from the original on 28 October Retrieved 27 October This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Archived from the original on 1 September Retrieved 23 February Archived from the original on 15 January Archived from the original on 18 January Retrieved 18 February A consensus statement from clinical toxicologists consulting to the Australasian poisons information centres'. Med J Aust. Archived from the original on 23 July Curr Gastroenterol Rep. Drug Saf. Elsevier Health Sciences. Archived from the original on 26 September Retrieved 27 March The Journal of Asthma Review. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. Archives of Disease in Childhood. NICE clinical guidelines. May Archived from the original on 6 March American Academy of Pediatrics. Archived from the original on 27 February NHS Choices. UK National Health Service. Archived from the original on 25 February Archived PDF from the original on 8 November Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine. Archived from the original on 9 May The Cancer Dictionary. Infobase Publishing. Chemistry: Course Companion. Oxford University Press. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics. Archived from the original on 9 July Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. University of Oxford Centre for Suicide Research. Archived from the original on 20 March Retrieved 20 April Other causes of parenchymal liver disease'. Acute Liver Failure Study Group: lowering the risks of hepatic failure'. Archived from the original PDF on 22 February Retrieved 10 February Drug Safety Update. September Archived from the original on 27 October Archived from the original on 21 March The Boston Globe. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2 November Plans New Limits on Prescription Painkillers'. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 June Archived from the original PDF on 28 October Lay summary. Archives of Internal Medicine. Clinical and Experimental Allergy. Canadian Family Physician. International Journal of Cancer. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. In Foye, William O. Principles of Medicinal Chemistry Fourth ed. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. Clinical Chemistry. Archived from the original on 21 November Retrieved 6 February CNS Drug Reviews. Pharmacology for health professionals. Paracetamol: a curriculum resource. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. In Zvi Rappoport ed. The chemistry of Anilines Part 1. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. Green Chem. Archived PDF from the original on 24 September Handbook of Photography. Whittlesey House. Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft in German. Archived from the original on 6 November Stanford University Press. Ther Monatsch. Drug Discovery: A History. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Archived from the original on 18 August Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. Mutat Res. Major metabolites of acetanilid appearing in the blood'. Archived from the original on 2 December Archived PDF from the original on 7 September J Pharmacol Exp Ther. Pharmaceutical Innovation: Revolutionizing Human Health. Chemical Heritage Foundation. Headache Relief. Retrieved 3 March Archived from the original on 8 March Retrieved 8 March Archived from the original on 22 April Retrieved 22 April Front Pharmacol. CRC Press. WHO Chronicle. March July Archived PDF from the original on 11 February Retrieved 10 October Archived PDF from the original on 19 October Pharmacy Times. Retrieved 24 October New England Journal of Medicine. Archived from the original on 26 March Retrieved 25 March Journal of Chromatographic Science. Journal of International Medical Research. NPS MedicineWise. National Prescribing Service Australia. Archived from the original on 12 September Consumer Reports. Archived from the original on 18 December This American Life. Episode Public Radio International. Archived from the original on 27 September Retrieved 24 September Christian Miller 20 September Archived from the original on 24 September Can Vet J. Archived from the original PDF on 1 April Page, Church D Small Animal Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from the original on 22 November Retrieved 20 January Vet Hum Toxicol. Veterinary Medicine : —8. Archived from the original on 10 July Retrieved 28 October Veterinary Medicine : —6. Environ Sci Technol. Bibcode : EnST Archived from the original on 9 September Retrieved 7 September The Scientist. Archived from the original on 15 May Analgesics N02A , N02B. Meloxicam Piroxicam. Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid. Cannabidiol Cannabis Nabilone Nabiximols Tetrahydrocannabinol dronabinol. Carbamazepine Lacosamide Local anesthetics e. Cannabinoid receptor modulators. Agonists: Revosimeline. Prostanoid signaling modulators. Retinoids Selenium selenium tetrachloride , sodium selenite , selenium disulfide. TRP channel modulators. Dehydroligustilide celery Nicotine tobacco Ruthenium red. Triptolide Tripterygium wilfordii. Ruthenium red. Medicine portal. Categories : Acetanilides Analgesics Antipyretics Novartis brands Drugs with unknown mechanisms of action Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitors Hepatotoxins Pesticides Phenols World Health Organization essential medicines. Hidden categories: Template:drugs. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. In other projects Wikimedia Commons. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Tylenol , Panadol , others \\\\\\\\\\\\[2\\\\\\\\\\\\]. By mouth , through the cheek , rectal , intravenous IV. Predominantly in the liver \\\\\\\\\\\\[3\\\\\\\\\\\\]. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paracetamol. Activators Triptolide Tripterygium wilfordii.

Парацетамол — SportWiki энциклопедия

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Paracetamol , also known as acetaminophen and APAP , is a medication used to treat pain and fever. Paracetamol is generally safe at recommended doses. Paracetamol was first made in Paracetamol is used for reducing fever in people of all ages. Paracetamol is used for the relief of mild to moderate pain. The American College of Rheumatology recommends paracetamol as one of several treatment options for people with arthritis pain of the hip, hand, or knee that does not improve with exercise and weight loss. Paracetamol has relatively little anti-inflammatory activity, \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[23\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[24\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[25\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] unlike other common analgesics such as the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NSAIDs aspirin , and ibuprofen , but ibuprofen and paracetamol have similar effects in the treatment of headache. Paracetamol can relieve pain in mild arthritis, but has no effect on the underlying inflammation, redness, and swelling of the joint. Based on a systematic review, paracetamol was recommended by the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society as a first-line treatment for lower back pain. A joint statement of the German, Austrian, and Swiss headache societies and the German Society of Neurology recommends the use of paracetamol in combination with caffeine as one of several first-line therapies for treatment of tension and migraine headaches. NSAIDs such as ibuprofen , naproxen , and diclofenac are more effective than paracetamol for controlling dental pain or pain arising from dental procedures; combinations of NSAIDs and acetaminophen are more effective than either alone. The combination of paracetamol with caffeine is superior to paracetamol alone for the treatment of common pain conditions, including dental pain, post partum pain, and headache. Paracetamol is used to treat patent ductus arteriosus , a condition that affects newborns when a blood vessel used in developing the lungs fails to close as it normally does, but evidence for the safety and efficacy of paracetamol for this purpose is lacking. Acute overdoses of paracetamol can cause potentially fatal liver damage. In , the U. Food and Drug Administration FDA launched a public-education program to help consumers avoid overdose, warning: 'Acetaminophen can cause serious liver damage if more than directed is used. Paracetamol toxicity is the foremost cause of acute liver failure in the Western world , and accounts for most drug overdoses in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. Paracetamol is metabolized by the liver and is hepatotoxic ; side effects are multiplied when combined with alcoholic drinks, and are very likely in chronic alcoholics or people with liver damage. On 1 August , the U. Food and Drug Administration issued a new warning about paracetamol. Prescription-strength products would be required to carry a warning label about skin reactions, and the FDA urged manufacturers to do the same with over-the-counter products. An association exists between paracetamol use and asthma , but whether this association is causal is still debated as of \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[update\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. As of \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[update\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] , the American Academy of Pediatrics and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence continue to recommend paracetamol for pain and discomfort in children, \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[80\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[81\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[82\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[83\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[84\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[85\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] but some experts have recommended that paracetamol use by children with asthma or at risk for asthma should be avoided. In contrast to aspirin, paracetamol does not prevent blood from clotting it is not an antiplatelet , thus it may be used in people who have concerns with blood coagulation. Additionally it does not cause gastric irritation. In general, the recommended maximum daily dose of paracetamol for healthy adults is three or four grams. Untreated paracetamol overdose results in a lengthy, painful illness. Signs and symptoms of paracetamol toxicity may initially be absent or non-specific symptoms. The first symptoms of overdose usually begin several hours after ingestion, with nausea , vomiting , sweating, and pain as acute liver failure starts. Paracetamol hepatotoxicity is by far the most common cause of acute liver failure in both the United States and the United Kingdom. Untreated overdose can lead to liver failure and death within days. While the antidote, acetylcysteine also called N-acetylcysteine or NAC , acts as a precursor for glutathione, helping the body regenerate enough to prevent or at least decrease the possible damage to the liver; a liver transplant is often required if damage to the liver becomes severe. Until , tablets were available in the UK brand-name Paradote that combined paracetamol with an antidote methionine to protect the liver in case of an overdose. In June , an FDA advisory committee recommended that new restrictions be placed on paracetamol use in the United States to help protect people from the potential toxic effects. Committee members were particularly concerned by the fact that the then-present maximum dosages of paracetamol had been shown to produce alterations in liver function. Experimental studies in animals and cohort studies in humans indicate no detectable increase in congenital malformations associated with paracetamol use during pregnancy. Paracetamol use by the mother during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of childhood asthma. Some studies have found an association between paracetamol and a slight increase in kidney cancer , \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] but no effect on bladder cancer risk. Despite its common use, the mechanism of action of paracetamol is not completely understood. Unlike NSAIDs such as aspirin, paracetamol does not appear to inhibit the function of any cyclooxygenase COX enzyme outside the central nervous system , and this appears to be the reason why it is not useful as an anti-inflammatory. AM also appears to be able to directly activate the TRPV1 older name: vanilloid receptor , which also inhibits pain signals in the brain. Paracetamol is metabolized primarily in the liver, into toxic and nontoxic products. Three metabolic pathways are notable: \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[98\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. All three pathways yield final products that are inactive, nontoxic, and eventually excreted by the kidneys. NAPQI is primarily responsible for the toxic effects of paracetamol; this constitutes an example of toxication. Paracetamol consists of a benzene ring core, substituted by one hydroxyl group and the nitrogen atom of an amide group in the para 1,4 pattern. It is an extensively conjugated system , as one lone pair on the hydroxyl oxygen, the benzene pi cloud, the nitrogen lone pair, the p orbital on the carbonyl carbon, and one lone pair on the carbonyl oxygen are all conjugated. The presence of two activating groups also make the benzene ring highly reactive toward electrophilic aromatic substitution. As the substituents are ortho, para -directing and para with respect to each other, all positions on the ring are more or less equally activated. The conjugation also greatly reduces the basicity of the oxygens and the nitrogen, while making the hydroxyl acidic through delocalisation of charge developed on the phenoxide anion. Paracetamol is part of the class of drugs known as ' aniline analgesics'; it is the only such drug still in use today. The nitro group is then reduced to an amine, giving 4-aminophenol. Finally, the amine is acetylated with acetic anhydride. An alternative industrial synthesis developed by Hoechst — Celanese involves direct acylation of phenol with acetic anhydride catalyzed by HF, conversion of the ketone to a ketoxime with hydroxylamine , followed by the acid-catalyzed Beckmann rearrangement to give the amide. More recently a 'one-pot' synthesis from hydroquinone has been described before the Royal Society of Chemistry. Paracetamol was then quickly discarded in favor of phenacetin. The sales of phenacetin established Bayer as a leading pharmaceutical company. Paracetamol is the active metabolite of phenacetin and acetanilide , both once popular as analgesics and antipyretics in their own right. A follow-up paper by Brodie and Axelrod in established that phenacetin was also metabolized to paracetamol. Paracetamol was first marketed in the United States in under the name Triagesic, a combination of paracetamol, aspirin , and caffeine. In , paracetamol was added to the British Pharmacopoeia , and has gained popularity since then as an analgesic agent with few side-effects and little interaction with other pharmaceutical agents. This was accompanied by the commercial demise of phenacetin, blamed as the cause of analgesic nephropathy and hematological toxicity. Available without a prescription since , \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] it has since become a common household drug. Both acetaminophen and paracetamol come from a chemical name for the compound: para - acet yl aminophen ol and par a - acet yl am inophen ol. Paracetamol is available in a tablet , capsule , liquid suspension, suppository , intravenous , intramuscular and effervescent forms. In some formulations, paracetamol is combined with the opiate codeine , sometimes referred to as co-codamol BAN and Panadeine in Australia. In the U. Paracetamol is commonly used in multi-ingredient preparations for migraine headache, typically including butalbital and paracetamol with or without caffeine , and sometimes containing codeine. Paracetamol is sometimes combined with phenylephrine hydrochloride. When marketed in combination with diphenhydramine hydrochloride , it is frequently given the label 'PM' and is meant as a sleep aid. Diphenhydramine hydrochloride is known to have hypnotic effects and is non-habit forming. Unfortunately, it has been implicated in the occasional development of restless leg syndrome. This report was followed by two reports by ProPublica alleging that the 'FDA has long been aware of studies showing the risks of acetaminophen. A report prepared by an internal FDA working group describes a history of FDA initiatives designed to educate consumers about the risk of paracetamol overdose and notes that one challenge to the Agency has been 'identifying the appropriate message about the relative safety of acetaminophen, especially compared to other OTC pain relievers e. NSAID gastrointestinal risk is substantial, with deaths and hospitalization estimated in one publication as and 32, per year respectively. Possible cardiovascular toxicity with chronic NSAID use has been a major discussion recently', finally noting that 'The goal of the educational efforts is not to decrease appropriate acetaminophen use or encourage substitution of NSAID use, but rather to educate consumers so that they can avoid unnecessary health risks. Paracetamol is extremely toxic to cats, which lack the necessary UGT1A6 enzyme to break it down safely. Initial symptoms include vomiting, salivation, and discoloration of the tongue and gums. Unlike an overdose in humans, liver damage is rarely the cause of death; instead, methemoglobin formation and the production of Heinz bodies in red blood cells inhibit oxygen transport by the blood, causing asphyxiation methemoglobemia and hemolytic anemia. Treatment with N-acetylcysteine , \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] methylene blue or both is sometimes effective after the ingestion of small doses of paracetamol. Although paracetamol is believed to have no significant anti-inflammatory activity, it has been reported to be as effective as aspirin in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain in dogs. A paracetamol-codeine product trade name Pardale-V \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] licensed for use in dogs is available for purchase under supervision of a vet, pharmacist or other qualified person. The main effect of toxicity in dogs is liver damage, and GI ulceration has been reported. Paracetamol is lethal to snakes, and has been suggested as a chemical control program for the invasive brown tree snake Boiga irregularis in Guam. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Common medication for pain and fever. IUPAC name. Interactive image. Main article: Paracetamol toxicity. You can help by adding to it. August See also: Paracetamol brand names. Tylenol mg capsules. Retrieved 25 February TGA eBusiness Services. Alphapharm Pty Limited. Retrieved 10 May Medscape Reference. Archived from the original on 14 April Archived from the original on 4 March Retrieved 13 January Drug Des. All routes are similar after 50 minutes. In postoperative conditions for acute pain of mild to moderate intensity, the quickest reported time to onset of analgesia with APAP is 8 minutes9 for the iv route and 37 minutes6 for the oral route. Clin Toxicol Phila. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. Archived from the original on 30 June Retrieved 19 March Archived from the original on 5 June Retrieved 16 September Journal of Hepatology. Pain and Therapy. Guideline Control of pain in adults with cancer. Archived PDF from the original on 20 December Cancer and its Management. Archived from the original on 8 September Bulletin of the World Health Organization. National Health Service. Archived from the original on 22 August Retrieved 22 August Retrieved 19 December Lecture Notes Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 9th ed. Hoboken: Wiley. Pharmacological Research. Cancer Research. Pharmacology application in athletic training. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: F. Essentials of emergency medicine. Archived from the original on 17 August World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list Geneva: World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 22 January Retrieved 11 January Archived from the original on 16 February Retrieved 19 February Retrieved 11 April BBC News Online. Archived from the original on 20 September Retrieved 19 September Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. Academic Emergency Medicine. BMJ Clinical research ed. April Arthritis Care Res Hoboken. Arthritis Research UK. Archived from the original on 17 October Retrieved 16 October Archived from the original on 14 September Retrieved 14 September Annals of Internal Medicine. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. J Headache Pain. Anesthesia and Analgesia. International Journal of Clinical Practice. American Dental Association. December Archived from the original on 17 November British Dental Journal. Australian Prescriber. Paediatric Drugs. Clinics in Perinatology. Archived from the original on 28 October Retrieved 27 October This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Archived from the original on 1 September Retrieved 23 February Archived from the original on 15 January Archived from the original on 18 January Retrieved 18 February A consensus statement from clinical toxicologists consulting to the Australasian poisons information centres'. Med J Aust. Archived from the original on 23 July Curr Gastroenterol Rep. Drug Saf. Elsevier Health Sciences. Archived from the original on 26 September Retrieved 27 March The Journal of Asthma Review. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. Archives of Disease in Childhood. NICE clinical guidelines. May Archived from the original on 6 March American Academy of Pediatrics. Archived from the original on 27 February NHS Choices. UK National Health Service. Archived from the original on 25 February Archived PDF from the original on 8 November Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine. Archived from the original on 9 May The Cancer Dictionary. Infobase Publishing. 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