Papaver somniferum

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Papaver somniferum , the opium poppy , \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[2\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] is a species of flowering plant in the family Papaveraceae. It is the species of plant from which opium and poppy seeds are derived and is a valuable ornamental plant, grown in gardens. Its native range is probably the eastern Mediterranean, but is now obscured by ancient introductions and cultivation. The opium poppy is the only species of Papaveraceae that is grown as an agricultural crop on a large scale. Other poppy species, such as Papaver rhoeas and Papaver argemone , are important agricultural weeds, and may be mistaken for the crop. The plant is strongly glaucous , giving a greyish-green appearance, and the stem and leaves are sparsely covered with coarse hairs. The large leaves are lobed and clasp the stem at the base. It blooms between June and August. The fruit is a hairless, rounded capsule topped with 12—18 radiating stigmatic rays, or fluted cap. Papaver somniferum has one known subspecies Papaver somniferum subsp. Colors of the flowers vary widely, as do other physical characteristics, such as number and shape of petals, number of flowers and fruits, number of seeds, color of seeds, production of opium, etc. Papaver somniferum Paeoniflorum Group sometimes called Papaver paeoniflorum , \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[7\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] is a subtype of opium poppy whose flowers are highly double , and are grown in many colors. The native range of opium poppy is probably the Eastern Mediterranean, but extensive cultivation and introduction of the species throughout Europe since ancient times have obscured its origin. It has escaped from cultivation, or has been introduced and become naturalized extensively in all regions of the British Isles, particularly in the south and east \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[12\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] and in almost all other countries of the world with suitable, temperate climates. The opium poppy, as its name indicates, is the principal source of opium , the dried latex produced by the seed pods. Opium contains a class of naturally occurring alkaloids known as opiates , that include morphine , thebaine , codeine , papaverine , noscapine and oripavine. The Latin epithet somniferum means 'sleep-bringing', referring to the sedative properties of some of these opiates. The opiate drugs are extracted from opium. The latex oozes from incisions made on the green seed pods and is collected once dry. Tincture of opium or laudanum , consisting of opium dissolved in alcohol or a mixture of alcohol and water, is one of many unapproved drugs regulated by the U. Morphine is the predominant alkaloid found in the cultivated varieties of opium poppy. Poppy seeds from Papaver somniferum are an important food item and the source of poppyseed oil , an edible oil that has many uses. The seeds contain very low levels of opiates and the oil extracted from them contains even less. Poppy seeds are used as a food in many cultures. They may be used whole by bakers to decorate their products or milled and mixed with sugar as a sweet filling. They can be dry roasted and ground to be used in wet curry curry paste or dry curry. Use of the opium poppy predates written history. Images of opium poppies have been found in ancient Sumerian artifacts circa BC. The making and use of opium was known to the ancient Minoans. Opium was used for treating asthma , stomach illnesses, and bad eyesight. The First and Second Opium Wars between China, and the British Empire and France, took place in the late s through the early s, when the Chinese attempted to stop western traders from selling and later smuggling opium into their country from the large crops grown in India. The British in particular had a deep trade deficit with China, and the sale of British-owned Indian opium helped balance it. Many modern writers, particularly in the 19th century, have written on the opium poppy and its effects, notably Thomas de Quincey in Confessions of an English Opium Eater. The French Romantic composer Hector Berlioz used opium for inspiration, subsequently producing his Symphonie Fantastique. In this work, a young artist overdoses on opium and experiences a series of visions of his unrequited love. Opium poppies flower and fruit appear on the coat of arms of the Royal College of Anaesthetists. Turkey , and Spain were other major producers. It is legal to grow poppies in all of these countries, though Germany requires a license. The United Kingdom does not require a license for opium poppy cultivation, but does for extracting opium for medicinal products. Canada forbids possessing, seeking or obtaining opium poppy Papaver somniferum , its preparations, derivatives, alkaloids and salts, although an exception is made for poppy seeds. Italy forbids cultivation of P. In Australia , P. At least one man has been imprisoned for possessing poppy seeds obtained from a bread roll. In New Zealand , it is legal to cultivate opium poppy as long as it is not used to produce banned drugs. Burma bans cultivation in certain provinces. In northern Burma bans have ended a century-old tradition of growing opium poppy. Between 20, and 30, former poppy farmers left the Kokang region as a result of the ban in In the United States , opium poppy and poppy straw are prohibited. The law of poppy cultivation in the United States is somewhat ambiguous. It shall be unlawful for any person who is not the holder of a license authorizing him to produce the opium poppy, duly issued to him by the Secretary of the Treasury in accordance with the provisions of this Act, to produce the opium poppy, or to permit the production of the opium poppy in or upon any place owned, occupied, used, or controlled by him. This led to the Poppy Rebellion, and to the Narcotics Bureau arresting anyone planting opium poppies and forcing the destruction of poppy fields of anyone who defied the prohibition of poppy cultivation. Today, this area of law has remained vague and remains somewhat controversial in the United States. Australia Tasmania , Turkey and India are the major producers of poppy for medicinal purposes and poppy-based drugs, such as morphine or codeine. A recent initiative to extend opium production for medicinal purposes called Poppy for Medicine was launched by The Senlis Council which proposes that Afghanistan could produce medicinal opium under a scheme similar to that operating in Turkey and India. Senlis is on record advocating reintroduction of poppy into areas of Afghanistan, specifically Kunduz, which has been poppy free for some time. This assertion is contradicted by the International Narcotics Control Board INCB , the 'independent and quasi-judicial control organ monitoring the implementation of the United Nations drug control conventions'. INCB reports that the supply of opiates is greatly in excess of demand. The Office of Fair Trading has alerted the government to their monopoly position on growing in the UK and worldwide production of diamorphine and recommended consideration. Once known as the 'common garden poppy', \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[ citation needed \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] live plants and seeds of the opium poppy are widely sold by seed companies and nurseries in most of the western world, including the United States. Poppies are sought after by gardeners for the vivid coloration of the blooms, the hardiness and reliability of the poppy plants, the exotic chocolate-vegetal fragrance note of some cultivars, and the ease of growing the plants from purchased flats of seedlings or by direct sowing of the seed. Poppy seed pods are also sold for dried flower arrangements. In fact, the legal status of strictly ornamental poppy gardens is more nuanced, and destruction of ornamental poppy installations or prosecution of gardeners except those caught extracting opium via capsule scarification or tea extraction are virtually unheard of. Many countries grow the plants, and some rely heavily on the commercial production of the drug as a major source of income. As an additional source of profit, the seeds of the same plants are sold for use in foods, so the cultivation of the plant is a significant source of income. This international trade in seeds of P. After the ousting of the Taliban from the town of Marja in the southern Afghan province Helmand by Operation Moshtarak , American and NATO commanders were confronted with the dilemma of, on the one hand, the need to 'win the hearts and minds' of the local population and, on the other, the need to eradicate poppy fields and destroy the opium economy that allegedly financed the Taliban insurgency. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Papaver somniferum Scientific classification Kingdom: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. September Learn how and when to remove this template message. Opium production in Afghanistan. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original xls on New Flora of the British Isles Third ed. Wild flowers of Britain and Ireland: Retrieved 1 November International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding, Winter The Pharmaceutical Press, , page Retrieved 30 December Botany, Chemistry, and pharmacology. Retrieved 13 September Misuse of Drugs Act '. Retrieved 7 July US Food and Drug Administration. The implementation of treaty obligations in regulating the traffic in narcotic drugs' PDF. The American University Law Review. American Bar Association Journal. Title 21, to n. Australian Society of Agronomy. Archived from the original on 29 July International Narcotics Control Board: Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. The New York Times. Agonists abridged; see here for a full list: Chinese herbology Indian herbology Islamic herbology Japanese herbology Korean herbology. List of plants used in herbalism. Retrieved from ' https: Views Read Edit View history. In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies. This page was last edited on 2 November , at By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikispecies has information related to: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Papaver somniferum.

Papaver somniferum

Волшебные растения. Выпуск №17. Papaver somniferum

Мак снотворный. Коробочки мака

Лекарственные растения

Мак снотворный

2.2 Мак снотворный

Мак опийный

Мак снотворный или опийный (Papaver somniferum L.)

Мак снотворный или опийный (Papaver somniferum L.)

Мак снотворный

Мак снотворный

Мак опийный

Мак снотворный или опийный (Papaver somniferum L.)

Мак снотворный

2.2 Мак снотворный

Лекарственные растения

Волшебные растения. Выпуск №17. Papaver somniferum

Мак снотворный или опийный (Papaver somniferum L.)

Мак снотворный или опийный (Papaver somniferum L.)

Мак снотворный

2.2 Мак снотворный

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