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Not to be confused with Colombian cocaine trafficker Evaristo Porras Ardila , also known as "Papá Doc".
Antonio Vieux (Public Health) Louis Bazin (Labor)
Joseph Loubeau (Public Health) Emile Saint-Lot (Labor)
Marie‑Denise Duvalier Nicole Duvalier Simone Duvalier Jean-Claude Duvalier


^ Fatton, Robert, Jr. (2013). "Michel-Rolph Trouillot's State Against Nation : A Critique of the Totalitarian Paradigm". Small Axe . 17 (3–42): 208. doi : 10.1215/07990537-2379009 . ISSN 1534-6714 . S2CID 144548346 . In 1963, Duvalier created the Parti de l'unité nationale —PUN (National Unity Party)—to constitute a single-party system. ... the existence of a single party as one of the defining characteristics of the totalitarian nature of Duvalierism ... the party had a thoroughly inconsequential role in the Duvalierist system.

^ Lacey, Marc (23 March 2008). "Haiti's Poverty Stirs Nostalgia for Old Ghosts" . New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b c Greene, Anne (2001). "Haiti: Historical Setting § François Duvalier, 1957–71" . In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Dominican Republic and Haiti . Country Studies. Research completed December 1999 (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 288–289 . ISBN 978-0-8444-1044-9 . ISSN 1057-5294 . LCCN 2001023524 . OCLC 46321054 . President Duvalier reigned supreme for fourteen years. Even in Haiti, where dictators had been the norm, François Duvalier gave new meaning to the term. Duvalier and his henchmen killed between 30,000 and 60,000 Haitians. The victims were not only political opponents, but women, whole families, whole towns. In April 1963, when an army officer suspected of trying to kidnap two of Duvalier's children took refuge in the Dominican chancery, Duvalier ordered the Presidential Guard to occupy the building. The Dominicans were incensed; President Juan Bosch Gaviño ordered troops to the border and threatened to invade. However, the Dominican commanders were reluctant to enter Haiti, and Bosch was obliged to turn to the [ Organization of American States ] to settle the matter.

^ "Real-Life Baron Samedi: Francois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier" . Life . Archived from the original on 27 June 2009.

^ Jump up to: a b Joseph, Romel (2010). The Miracle of Music . Friends of Music Education for Haiti. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-0-9769847-0-2 . OCLC 704908603 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Abbott, Elizabeth (2011). Haiti: A Shattered Nation . Rev. and updated from Haiti: The Duvaliers and Their Legacy (1988). New York: The Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-59020-989-9 . LCCN 2013496344 . OCLC 859201061 . OL 25772018M .

^ Péan, Leslie (24 July 2014). "Métaspora de Joël Des Rosiers ou l'art comme dépassement de la vie quotidienne" . Le Nouvelliste (in French). Port‑au‑Prince. Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Dans un mélange de subtilité allusive et de rigueur architecturale, Joël Des Rosiers décrit ainsi la détresse psychique du dictateur: « François Duvalier chasse Joseph Dunès Olivier de la magistrature. Il fut ostracisé pour avoir notarié l'acte de candidature à l'élection présidentielle du sénateur Louis Déjoie , opposant politique et véritable vainqueur des élections. Ce fut le premier acte illégal du dictateur. Oh ! Il en fut d'autres. Oh ! Par bassesse, le dictateur vengeait la mémoire de son vrai père Florestal Duvalier, citoyen français du Morne des Esses , commune de la Martinique, tailleur de son métier à la rue de l'Enterrement, dont le fils aîné Duval Duvalier fut fait officiellement le père adoptif de François Duvalier alors qu'il en était le demi‑frère. Pour maquiller sa paternité tardive, Florestal Duvalier, vieillard cacochyme, poussa son fils adulte Duval à reconnaître l'enfant, né de ses amours ancillaires avec une jeune domestique, Irutia Abraham, originaire de Maniche , commune des Cayes . La mère de Duvalier en devint folle. Son fils lui fut retiré si bien que l'enfant ne la connut jamais et fut élevé par une tante, madame Florestal .»

^ Her name is recorded variously as "Ulyssia", [5] "Uritia", [6] : 51 and "Irutia". [7]

^ Jump up to: a b Harris, Bruce (12 October 2014). "Heroes & killers of the 20th century: The Duvaliers" . moreorless . Sydney, Australia. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Haggerty, Richard A. (1991). "Haiti: Historical Setting § François Duvalier, 1957–71" (PDF) . In Haggerty, Richard A. (ed.). Dominican Republic and Haiti . Country Studies (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 232–235 . ISBN 978-0-8444-0728-9 . ISSN 1057-5294 . LCCN 91-9495 . OCLC 23179347 . OL 1531915M .

^ Pezzullo, Ralph (2006). Plunging Into Haiti: Clinton, Aristide, and the Defeat of Diplomacy . University Press of Mississippi . pp. 77–100. ISBN 9781604735345 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Wright, Giles. "François 'Papa Doc' Duvalier" . TheDictatorship.com . Archived from the original on 18 September 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 .

^ Jump up to: a b Bryan, Patrick E. (1984). The Haitian Revolution and its Effects . Heinemann CXC history (1st ed.). Oxford, England: Heinemann Educational Publishers. ISBN 978-0-435-98301-7 . LCCN 83239673 . OCLC 15655540 . OL 3809991W .

^ Jenkins, Everett, Jr. (2011) [1st pub. 1998]. Pan-African Chronology II: A Comprehensive Reference to the Black Quest for Freedom in Africa, the Americas, Europe and Asia, 1865–1915 . Pan-African Chronologies. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. p. 394. ISBN 978-0-7864-4506-6 . LCCN 95008294 . OCLC 913828919 . During the 1930s, Duvalier joined a group of black intellectuals, the Griots. The Griots had begun to study and sanctify Haiti's African heritage. The group's work marked the beginning of a new campaign against the [child of two worlds] elite and an emerging ideology of black power, Haitian style. It was on this ideology that Duvalier later based his political leadership. His pro‑black led to his advocacy of [Vodou].

^ Juang, Richard M.; Morrissette, Noelle Anne (2008). "François Duvalier" . Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History . 1 . Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 391–393. ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7 . LCCN 2007035154 . OCLC 168716701 .

^ Hall, Michael R. (2012). Woronoff, Jon (ed.). Historical Dictionary of Haiti . Historical Dictionaries of the Americas. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-8108-7549-4 . LCCN 2011035933 . OCLC 751922123 . OL 25025684M . While working in a hospital during the 1930s, [Simone Duvalier] met [François] Duvalier, and the couple married on 27 December 1939. They had four children: Marie‑Denise, Nicole, Simone, and Jean‑Claude Duvalier.

^ Jump up to: a b "François Duvalier: Haitian President" . HaitianMedia.com . Archived from the original on 20 March 2012.

^ Krebs, Albin (23 April 1971). "Papa Doc, a Ruthless Dictator, Kept the Haitians in Illiteracy and Dire Poverty" . The New York Times .

^ Maingot, Anthony P. (1996). "Haiti: Four Old and Two New Hypotheses" . In Domínguez, Jorge I. ; Lowenthal, Abraham F. (eds.). Constructing Democratic Governance: Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean in the 1990s . Inter-American Dialogue. 3 . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 136 . ISBN 978-0-8018-5404-0 . LCCN 96-12421 . OCLC 36288579 . OL 7870247M . The vote, however, was for Papa Doc: Duvalier 679,884; [ Déjoie ] 266,993.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Abbott, Elizabeth (1988). Haiti: The Duvaliers and Their Legacy (1st ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-046029-4 . LCCN 88016918 . OCLC 18069022 . OL 2040347M .

^ "A Weird, Fatal Dash into Turbulent Haiti" . Life . Time. Vol. 45 no. 6. pp. 22–23. 11 August 1958. ISSN 0024-3019 .

^ Tartter, Jean (2001). "Haiti: National Security § The Duvalier Era, 1957–86" . In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Dominican Republic and Haiti . Country Studies. Research completed December 1999 (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. p. 464 . ISBN 978-0-8444-1044-9 . ISSN 1057-5294 . LCCN 2001023524 . OCLC 46321054 . Although referred to as a militia, the VSN in fact became the Duvaliers' front-line security force. As of early 1986, the organization included more than 9,000 members and an informal circle of thousands more. The VSN acted as a political cadre, secret police and instrument of terror. It played a crucial political role for the regime, countering the influence of the armed forces, historically the government's primary source of power. The VSN gained its deadly reputation in part because members received no salary, although they took orders from the Presidential Palace. They made their living, instead, through extortion and petty crime. Rural members of the VSN, who wore blue denim uniforms, had received some training from the army, while the plainclothes members, identified by their trademark dark glasses, served as Haiti's criminal investigation force.

^ Peschanski, João Alexandre (2013). "Papa Doc's Feint: the misled opposition and the consolidation of Duvalier's rule in Haiti". Teoria e Pesquisa . 22 (2): 1–10. doi : 10.4322/tp.2013.016 . ISSN 0104-0103 .

^ "Haiti: Papa Doc's concordat (1966)" . Concordat Watch . Archived from the original on 16 January 2015. This concordat let Dr. François Duvalier ('Papa Doc') nominate seven key clerics, thus ensuring their personal loyalty to him. It also stipulates that future appointments should be 'preferentially to members of the indigenous clergy'. Both these measures helped bring the Haitian church under Papa Doc's control.

^ Lentz, Harris M. (2014) [1st pub. 1994]. "Haiti" . Heads of States and Governments . Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 357. ISBN 978-1-884964-44-2 . OCLC 870226851 . OL 14865945W . He once ordered the head of an executed rebel packed in ice and brought to the presidential palace so he could commune with his spirit.

^ Von Tunzelmann, Alex (2011). " Cuba Libre § 'Our Real Friends ' " . Red Heat: Conspiracy, Murder, and the Cold War in the Caribbean (1st ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 236 . ISBN 978-0-8050-9067-3 . LCCN 2010037585 . OCLC 648922964 . OL 25022986M . Peepholes were made in his torture chambers, to allow him to observe discreetly. Sometimes, he was in the room itself, while men and women were beaten, tortured, and plunged into baths of sulfuric acid.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Shaw, Karl (2005). Šílenství mocných [ Power Mad! ] (in Czech). Prague: Metafora. ISBN 978-80-7359-002-4 . OCLC 85144913 .

^ Murray, Rolland (2008). "Black Crisis Shuffle: Fiction, Race, and Simulation". African American Review . 42 (2): 215–233. JSTOR 40301207 . Haitian president François "Papa Doc" Duvalier infamously claimed that his [Vodou] curse on John F. Kennedy brought about the President's 1963 assassination.

^ Smucker, Glenn R. (1991). "Haiti: Government and Politics § Foreign Relations" (PDF) . In Haggerty, Richard A. (ed.). Dominican Republic and Haiti . Country Studies (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 346–349 . ISBN 978-0-8444-0728-9 . ISSN 1057-5294 . LCCN 91-9495 . OCLC 23179347 . OL 1531915M .

^ Štraus, Stane. "Biographies: François Duvalier (1907–1971)" . PolymerNotes.org . Archived from the original on 11 July 2015.

^ Inskeep, Steve ; Green, Nadege (6 October 2014). "Duvalier's Death Causes Mixed Reactions In Miami's Little Haiti" . Morning Edition . Washington, D.C.: NPR. Archived from the original on 30 November 2014. People with ties to Haiti are remembering one of that country's former dictators. Jean‑Claude 'Baby Doc' Duvalier died over the weekend. The old saying goes, speak nothing but good of the dead, but that is hard for Patrick Gaspard to do. He's a U.S. diplomat and a Haitian‑American. And after Duvalier's death, he tweeted, I'm thinking of the look in my mother's eyes when she talks about her brother Joel, who was disappeared by that dictator. Duvalier and his father before him ran one of the most repressive regimes in the western hemisphere.

^ "Report on the situation of human rights in Haiti" . Inter-American Commission on Human Rights . Washington, D.C.: Organization of American States. 1979. ISBN 978-0-8270-1094-9 . OCLC 8344995 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2012. Current Haitian legislation contains a number of legal provisions that place considerable restrictions on the freedom of speech. The most important of these is the law of April 28, 1969: Article 1. Communist activities, no matter what their form, are hereby declared crimes against the security of the State ... The authors of an accomplices in crimes listed above shall receive the death penalty, and their goods and chattels shall be confiscated and sold for the benefit of the State

^ Nicholls, David (1996) [1st pub. 1979]. From Dessalines to Duvalier: Race, Colour, and National Independence in Haiti (Revised ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. pp. xvi. ISBN 978-0-8135-2240-1 . LCCN 95-8893 . OCLC 32396546 . OL 8025482M . Thousands of posters appeared as the Péligre dam was about to be opened proclaiming that 'Duvalier alone is able to harness the energy of Péligre and give it to his people'. Others had Jesus with his hand on Duvalier proclaiming 'I have chosen him'.

^ Jump up to: a b Kofele-Kale, Ndiva (2006). "The Cult of State Sovereignty" . The International Law of Responsibility for Economic Crimes (2nd ed.). Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-4094-9609-0 . LCCN 2006006433 . OCLC 64289359 . OL 7991049M . Not satisfied with being the Haitian flag, ... Duvalier also declared himself 'an immaterial being' shortly after he became 'President-for-Life', and issued a Catechisme de la Révolution to the faithful containing the following version of the Lord's Prayer: 'Our Doc, who art in the National Palace for Life, hallowed be Thy name by present and future generations. Thy will be done in Port-au-Prince as it is in the provinces. Give us this day our new Haiti and forgive not the trespasses of those antipatriots who daily spit on our country; lead them into temptation, and, poisoned by their own venom, deliver them from no evil ...'

^ Fourcand, Jean M. (1964). Catechisme de la révolution [ Catechism of the Revolution ] (PDF) (in French). Port‑au‑Prince: Edition imprimerie de l'état . p. 37. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2015. Notre Doc qui êtes au Palais National pour la Vie, que Votre nom soit béni par les générations présentes et futures, que Votre Volonté soit faite à Port‑au‑Prince et en Province. Donnez‑nous aujourd'hui notre nouvelle Haïti, ne pardonnez jamais les offenses des apatrides qui bavent chaque jour sur notre Patrie, laissez‑les succomber à la tentation et sous le poids de leurs baves malfaisantes: ne les délivrez d'aucun mal. Amen.

^ "Haiti: The Living Dead" . Time . 82 (4): 20–21. 26 July 1963. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011.

^ Shaw, Karl (2005) [2004]. Power Mad! [ Šílenství mocných ] (in Czech). Praha: Metafora. p. 52. ISBN 978-80-7359-002-4 .

^ Greene, Graham (1966). The Comedians . New York: The Viking Press. ASIN B0078EPH2C . LCCN 66012636 . OCLC 365953 . OL 106070W .

^ French, Howard W. (27 April 1991). "Haiti Recalls Greene With Gratitude" . New York Times . Associated Press. ISSN 0362-4331 . Archived from the original on 25 May 2015.

^ Diamond, Anna. "The True Story of the 'Green Book' Movie" . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 23 May 2021 .

^ Whicker, Alan (17 June 1969). "Papa Doc: The Black Sheep" . Whicker's World . London. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015.

^ Diederich, Bernard ; Burt, Al (1969). Papa Doc: Haiti and Its Dictator . London: The Bodley Head. ISBN 978-0-370-01326-8 . LCCN 76532183 . OCLC 221276122 . OL 5009670M .

^ Lemoine, Patrick (2011) [1st pub. 1996 as Fort‑Dimanche, Fort‑la‑Mort ]. Prézeau, Maryse (ed.). Fort-Dimanche, Dungeon of Death . Translated by Haspil, Frantz. Bloomington, Indiana: Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4269-6624-8 . LCCN 2011906135 . OCLC 45461011 .

^ Marquis, John (2007). Papa Doc: Portrait of a Haitian Tyrant . Kingston, Jamaica: LMH Publishing. ISBN 978-976-8202-49-9 . OCLC 692302388 .

^ "Bahamas Director of Information given death sentence in Haiti 1968" . Bahamianology . Retrieved 25 September 2018 .



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François Duvalier ( French pronunciation: ​ [fʁɑ̃swa dyvalje] ; 14 April 1907 – 21 April 1971), also known as Papa Doc , was a Haitian politician who served as the President of Haiti from 1957 to 1971. [3] He was elected president in 1957 on a populist and black nationalist platform. After thwarting a military coup d'état in 1958, his regime rapidly became totalitarian and despotic . An undercover government death squad , the Tonton Macoute ( Haitian Creole : Tonton Makout ), indiscriminately killed Duvalier's opponents; the Tonton Macoute was thought to be so pervasive that Haitians became highly fearful of expressing any form of dissent, even in private. Duvalier further sought to solidify his rule by incorporating elements of Haitian mythology into a personality cult .

Prior to his rule, Duvalier was a physician by profession. He graduated from Graduate School of Public Health at the University of Michigan on a scholarship that was meant to train Black doctors from the Caribbean to take care of African-American servicemen during World War II. Due to his profession and expertise in the medical field, he acquired the nickname "Papa Doc". He was unanimously "re-elected" in a 1961 election in which he was the only candidate. Afterwards, he consolidated his power step by step, culminating in 1964 when he declared himself President for Life after another sham election, and as a result, he remained in power until he died in April 1971. He was succeeded by his son, Jean‑Claude , who was nicknamed "Ba
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