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Economic Reforms. After gaining independence, the country has been implementing economic reforms and institutional and structural changes on a regular basis, which is very important and reasonable for improvement of the banking and financial system meeting the contemporary international standards requirements. Since , i. As early as at the beginning of the 21st century, i. To this end, the Government of Tajikistan has implemented measures within its commitments to ensure international cooperation and to achieve Millenium Development Goals. In , since the beginning of the Millenium Declaration has passed ten years and by the initiative of the United Nations International Summit on Millenium Development Goals was held to review the achievement of member states. Emomali Rahmon, the President of the Republic of Tajikistan, in person participated in this important international event, which was held in the United Nations Headquarters in September , and presented the achievements of the Republic of Tajikistan to the world community. Tajikistan identified and included its priorities in these strategic documents and has been making efforts to achieve its strategic goals. Effective implementation of strategic documents, rehabilitation of economy and achieving sustainable macroeconomic growth made it possible to reduce the poverty from Strategic documents on social and economic development such as National Development Strategy to and the second midterm Poverty Reduction Strategy are under implementation in the country. A series of challenges were overcome in order to achieve these goals and now, Tajikistan became a country with established modern market-based economy and has laid a ground for implementation of its large-scale sustainable economic development plans. The reforms and efforts enabled to improve the economic development trend lately, which promoted stabilization of macroeconomic indicators. From to present, the production of manufactured products increased by 2. Within the implementation of its Food Security Programme, Tajikistan has been implementing its national priorities based on the principle of partnership and boosting international cooperation and has been making constant efforts to improve its mutually beneficial economic relations at the regional and international levels. In this regard, collaboration with international organizations, particularly with the UN FAO, UN WFP, World Bank Technical Assistance Programme on the food security in terms of food availability, accessibility and consumption in the country as well as on implementation of Program measures related to cooperation on resettling the exising challenges and coordination of joint programmes to ensure food security are established. With the view of establishing the network of Trade Representatives Offices of Tajikistan in the regions favourable for production of local goods, practical measures have been implemented and at present, there are Trade Representative Offices in 23 countries of the world. Having taken into account the importance of investment encouragement and study of the external market demands to local products and goods, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the country has established its representative offices in more than ten countries and individual areas of foreign countries. In , a number of measures were undertaken with a view to improving the business environment. In , the rating of Tajikistan increased by 13 points. Currently, a number of practical measures have been undertaken in order to regulate and harmonize existing laws and other legal and regulatory documents for ensuring effective and transparent business activities. In general, since the attainment of official independence, Tajikistan made a lot of economic achievements, some of which are as follows:. During the independence period, with a view to reducing the distance in the highways of Dushanbe-Khujand and Dushanbe-Norak-Kulob tunnels were constructed and commissioned. Other tunnels are also under construction. It is expected to construct a highway connecting three Persian-speaking countries of Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Iran;. In total, small HPPs with the capacity from 5 to kW were constructed and commissioned in Tajikistan after the attainment of official independence. It should be pointed out that significant amounts are allocated from the public budget every year for implementation of these programmes. Finance, Budget, Taxes and Customs. With a view to improving planning and effective utilization of financial resources, strengthening supervision of public budget revenues and expenditures as well as public debt management, Central Treasury Office and Department for External Debt Management was established within the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Tajikistan in Since , within the strategic documents adopted by the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan, strategies on public finance management, securities market, public debt management and programmes on new mechanisms of sectorial financing education, healthcare, social welfare, agriculture, transport and communications , serious reforms of the financial policy of the country have started, which has still been under way. Starting from this year, the budget will be developed and implemented according to the new budget classification of revenues and expenditures, which will identify the budget structure, based on economic and executing standards and bring them in line with international standards. The period of was the beginning of achievements and new financial reforms in the financial, tax and budget policy. In general, more than 20 laws and legal and regulatory documents were developed and adopted only in the financial policy sector, the implementation of which will ensure and regulate the sustainable and unified financial system of the country. Therefore, international standards are applied in the financial policy of Tajikistan to ensure the sustainable economic and social development of the country. The system of tax agencies in all provinces and towns and districts of the country was established and national system of tax legislation, including the procedure of tax calculation, taxation of newly established private business and types of liabilities for violation of tax legislation was identified within a short period. Despite the achievements, the taxation system was still not adapted to the market-based economy in that period. There were 24 types of national taxes, 11 types of national payments and 12 types of local taxes and payments, which used to be collected in accordance with different laws. With a view to enhancing the tax supervision sector, Tax Committee under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan was established by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan of May 4, to replace Chief Directorate of Tax. The independent system of tax agencies of Tajikistan was established mainly during the stabilization of political and economic situation in the country, sustainable development of economy and private sector as well as adoption of the first Tax Code of the Republic of Tajikistan. All of the major administrative provisions, specific types of taxes and other mandatory payments collected in Tajikistan, were for the first time included into one law and the Taxpayer Identification Number was introduced for the first time and the number of tax and other mandatory payments was reduced. The tax for property of enterprises and tax for immovable real property of individual entities was replaced by one type of local tax — immovable property tax in the new edition of the Tax Code. The taxation of the agriculture sector was simplified by introduction of a single tax for agricultural product producers and the local tax for public passenger transport holding and occasional income tax were annuled. Introduction of official registration of legal entities through a simplified system, alongside with other measures implemented for support of business made it possible for Tajikistan to be included into the list of top ten reformers in and to improve the image of Tajikistan in the international arena. One of the major indicators of efficiency of the tax agencies is the level of implementation of their plan of taxes and other mandatory payments. For instance, if in taxes and other mandatory payments amounting about million Tajik Somoni were paid to the public budget, in this amount was equal to about 3 billion Tajik Somoni, which is more by about four times. With a view to more enhancing the taxation system, new Tax and Customs Codes were developed and adopted. The new codes include the most important issues of tax policy and tax administration, necessary for the establishment of an integrated tax collection system, to make the taxes simple and understandable and to eliminate inefficient taxes. Moreover, with a view to encouraging the local and foreign businesses for the import of production of equipment and technology and processing technology for establishment or replenishment of the statutory capital of enterprises and renovation of the existing production equipment, the import of agricultural machinery, medical equipment and supplies are exempted from the VAT and customs duty. Besides, newly established commodity manufacturing enterprises are exempted from income tax for a certain period based on the amount of their investments. With a view to implementing this document, the public budget was transferred into a social, within which an utmost attention was paid to the development of education, healthcare, social welfare, support of small and medium enterprise, transport, energy and food security sectors. Since , for the first time the midterm public budget of the Republic of Tajikistan was developed for the next three years, on the basis of which financial reform of the budget and tax policy was continued and implementation of Midterm Expenditure Framework, Foreign Debt Reduction Strategy and Poverty Reduction Strategy were implemented and the expenditures for the social sectors were increased every year. For comparison, if in the total amount of public budget expenditures based on all financial resources accounted for If in , Thus, funding for the education increased by 28 times, for healthcare by 27 times, social welfare by 33 times, culture by 30 times and funding other sectors of the economy also increased accordingly. From to present, the salary of the staff of government-funded agencies, pension, scholarships and different benefit payments increased by ten times in average. Since , while the public budget has been of social nature, it has also become development budget, i. In — , the public budget almost did not have any value, the inflation used to be comprised of more than four digits. Since , the budget relevant regulation started and its revenue share reached million Tajik Somoni in and million Tajik Somoni in This year, the public budget revenue share accounted for 8. For the time being, based on the Economic and Financial Reform Programme, reform of the public administration sector and Midterm Poverty Reduction Programme, the indicators of prospect social and economic development of Tajikistan for are adopted and transition to three-year planning of budget indicators have been implemented. After attaining official independence, Tajikistan inherited only one customs point of Panji poyon and more than km. At present, the customs system is comprised of five Customs Regional Directorates and the customs control and clearance of goods and vehicles are implemented in 22 land border points, four railway points, one river point, five air points, 17 internal points and 21 internal customs checking points. Tajikistan has been a member of the World Customs Organization and signee of ten Intenational Conventions on customs issues since July 1, The foreign trade turnover of Tajikistan in accounted for 3 If the customs duties in accounted for The Customs agencies, since their establishment, have revealed 52 cases of custom violations, and opened criminal case on of them. Also, in , the Customs agencies have revealed cases of drugs trafficking and confiscated 2 kg. They confiscated kg. Formation of monetary and credit policy. The banking system of Tajikistan has gradually developed in the independence period on the basis of the banking network of soviet times and the newly established private banks and now became one of the important and fast growing sectors of the economy. In such a short period, the banking system has experienced the improvement of legislation framework, establishment of banking supervision based on the international financial and economic standards, improvement of the activity of commercial banks, rehabilitation of large banks and other transformations and made significant achievements. By the proposal of Emomali Rahmon, President of the Republic of Tajikistan, Majlisi Oli Parliament of Tajikistan determined Tajik rouble as the national currency of the Republic of Tajikistan and established State Committee on introduction of the national currency in The accession of the Republic of Tajikistan to the International Monetary Fund played a pivotal role in the process of establishment of a unified monetary system. This high-ranking international financial institution, the main goal of which is to assist developing countries and overcoming the consequences of political and social crises, recognized Tajikistan as its full member after the arrangement of documentation on August 23, The great experience of this Organization in macroeconomic management has played a significant role in stabilization of the economic situation in the Republic of Tajikistan. With a view to supporting the Economic Programme of the Republic of Tajikistan to improve the living standards of population and ensure economic growth, IMF has allocated long-term loan amounting The World Bank allocated about million U. Different ministries and agencies developed and proposed projects in these fields, the majority of which were already implemented and some of them are to be accomplished. The monetary reform of made it possible to start a new phase of establishment of monetary policy and the most important frames of a proper banking system. In this period, there was a need to adopt a range of legal documents specifically identifying the main goal and objectives of the Central Bank in accordance with international standards. Currency regulation policy has been one of the important aspects of the monetary policy. Adoption of this law also promoted the conditions and peculiarities of the local market, which has a great need in foreign currency. National Bank of Tajikistan has gradually started the implementation of the monetary policy, its currency section and regulation of national currency exchange mechanism. These institutions made a great contribution for the support of SME, development of education, healthcare, transport, energy repair and rehabilitation of transmission lines , land irrigation and other sectors within the banking system of the country. With a view to promoting the development of new financial institutions in the country, as well as encouraging more existing financial institutions to lending dehkan farms, providing the poor segment of population with employment and increasing their income, there was a need for development of legislative framework for development of microfinance institutions. Later, with a view to implementing this Law, the National Bank of Tajikistan has developed regulatory documents on the procedure of licensing and regulation of the activity of microfinance institutions, as a result of which the number of these institutions reached by the end of Microlending has particularly significantly developed during the last five years and increased by up to three times compared to the previous years and accounted for 36 percent of the total amount of loans issued to different sectors of the economy. The process of strengthening and improvement of different sections and aspects of the banking system, which are aimed at ensuring sustainability of macroeconomic indicators, compliance with the current international standards, meeting the growing demand of population and economy, are still continuing. As of the end of , in total microfinance and loan institutions, including 14 banks, two nonbanking loan institutions, one nonbanking financial institution, 35 microloan deposit organizations, 42 microfinance organizations and 44 microloan funds operate in Tajikistan. Increase in the number of loan institutions and their branches will promote expanding and improving the access of population to loan resources. During the independence years, the number of audit companies with the right to audit the loan organizations in Tajikistan increased by five institutions. Now, 13 audit companies operate in the country, the list of which is available at the website of the National Bank of Tajikistan. Over the independence, the number of representative offices of foreign banks in the country increased by three times. The balance of loan institutions accounted for 1. This indicator increased due to the increase in the statutory capital paid and income of loan institutions. The assets amount increased mostly due to the increase in the loan portfolio, fixed assets and other assets. Representatives from more than 20 countries and 19 high-ranking International Organizations attended this event. During discussions, the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan and Development Partners drafted a joint statement, which would serve as a reliable basis for further improvement of cooperation and encouragement of additional resources for ensuring achievements in macroeconomic development, public administration reform, improvement of business environment and encouragement of investments and implementation of further economic reforms in general. The personal contribution of Emomali Rahmon, President of the country, both in strengthening partnership relations and in boosting regional and international cooperation is really significant, because in this period, the reputation of Tajikistan as a member of the world community increased and it was recognized as an independent developing country with its national values, political will and economic potential. Development partners mainly started funding investment projects of Tajikistan in , and during the total amount of investments within agreements accounted for The investments amounting This proves the positive results achieved in the process of political and economic reforms in the country and has been making it possible for Tajikistan to much more deserve the trust of the world community. Only in , agreements on 27 new investment projects were signed with international financial institutions and During the last ten years according to the statistic data some 1. In , It is obvious that the foreign aid provided to the country is utilized for the implementation of the Poverty Reduction Strategy. With this regard, Tajikistan signed the Paris Declaration with a view to regulating its relations with its development partners and ensuring encouragement of foreign aid into the priority sectors of the country. At the same time, in , Joint Country Partnership Strategy JCPS was signed between the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan and Development partners, the main goal of which is to improve the level and boost mutual cooperation and ensure effective use of foreign aid. With a view to undertaking timely measures, the Consultative Council on improvement of the investment climate under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan was established. This Council conducts its meetings on a regular basis to discuss the important issues of investment and business and undertakes necessary measures to address each of these challenges. Privatization of state property. The Government of Tajikistan has started privatization of state property as the main aspect of its economic reform policy from the very beginning of its independence and has been continuing this process so far. The important process of economic reform starts from the privatization of state property and establishment of different types of ownership, which means the period of transition to market-based economy. In , six international bidding competitions on the sale of the shares of the Government within the cotton gins were conducted. In , focus precisely was made on the accomplishment of the privatization of cotton gins, organization of auctions, privatization of small and medium enterprises, and efficient use of the state property. With a view to expanding the process of state property privatization, on November 7, , the Government of Tajikistan approved the Strategic Plan of Privatization of medium and large enterprises, restructuring of the natural monopoly agencies and huge enterprises for , after adoption of which the major phase of privatization started in Tajikistan. As of January 1, , out of medium and large enterprises included in the Plan were privatized and ten joint-stock companies were liquidated due to that the shares package was not sold out and five joint-stock companies are under liquidation process now. Furthermore, on the basis of the Resolution of the Government of Tajikistan six joint-stock companies were removed from the list of the Strategic Plan. In general, more than 10 small enterprises and more than 1 medium and large enterprises have been privatized in Tajikistan from to present. Business development. Emomali Rahmon, President of the Republic of Tajikistan and the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan pay a particular attention to the business development and identified the governmental support and protection of business as a priority economic policy of the country. Meetings of Emomali Rahmon with local entrepreneurs, introduction of moratorium for inspection of SME, reform of the licensing system, improvement and adoption of legal and regulatory documents to overcome administrative barriers of business are the priorities implemented by the Government of Tajikistan, which will promote the improvement of the business environment and economic development. Energy and industry. The Tajik part of the project consists of km, for which about 26 million U. In , Memorandum of Understanding on construction of regional electricity transmission line and establishment of electricity market with the capacity of mWt was signed between Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan. During — , small hydropower plants with the total capacity of 16mWt were constructed and commissioned in Tajikistan. According to the plans it is expected to commission the HPP in fully. The project cost is 17 million U. The project was commissioned in October In , activities on construction and rehabilitation of HPP Roghun restarted and are underway with the financial support of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan. During 20 years, new construction material enterprises were constructed and commissioned. Some people work for these enterprises. Now, six small and large cement plants, 80 brickyards, 46 sand and gravel enterprises, six stone processing enterprises, six lime and plaster enterprises and so forth operate in the country. Only in , these enterprises produced products amounting more than million Tajik Somoni, which is 46 million Tajik Somoni more and accounts for percent compared to Out of km2 of the overall territory of the Republic of Tajikistan, Natural gas has been produced in Khoja Sartez deposit. Tajikistan will make significant achievements in production of oil and gas in the nearest future. Some 25 new light industry enterprises were established in Tajikistan during its independence. These enterprises process local raw materials and about new jobs were created within these enterprises. Overcoming the communication deadlock. Strategy of renovation of highways, construction of major highways, new bridges, railways, modern airports and establishment of connection with other countries of the world through launching new flights became determining factor of the development of internal and foreign trade and economic relations. During 20 years of independence, the highway of Kulob-Khorugh-Kulma-Qaroqurum, parts of Murghob-Kulma, Shohon-Zighar and Shkev-Zighar were constructed and the highways of Dushanbe-Qurghonteppa-Kulob, Dusti-Panji Poyon were reconstructed, and the tunnels of Istiqlol and Ozodi and an international bridge over the river Panj were commissioned. Renovation and reconstruction of the highways of Dushanbe — Chanoq, Vahdat — Jirgatol — Saritosh Kyrgyz border , Dushanbe — Kulob — Khorugh — Murghob, the section of Dushanbe — Danghara, Qurghonteppa — Dusti and construction of the tunnel in the path of Shahriston and Chormaghzak are about to be accomplished. In total, 1. During this period, also the construction of the railway of Qurghonteppa-Kulob and four interborder bridges over the river Panj were also accomplished. Implementation of the above-mentioned projects enabled Tajikistan to become a favourable country to ensure the movement of people and shipment of goods to all regions of the country and to other neighbouring countries from four gates. It was planned to implement several investment projects on improvement of the local railways and air traffic system with a view to establishing enabling environment for fuel saving, shipping goods and products in a short period and improving the quality of services to passengers. The construction of the railway of Vahdat-Yovon, highway of Vahdat-Qaramiq, Jaloliddini Rumi-Panji Poyon, modern terminal in Dushanbe airport, renovation of the airports of Khujand, Qurghonteppa and Khorugh are under way. Connection of all regions of the country through railway is one of the main aspects of the transport sector. It is the time requirement to connect our country to railways of the neighbouring countries with a view to increasing the transit potential and getting access to seaports of Pakistan and Iran in the nearest future. In this regard, agreement has been reached among the neighbouring countries of China, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Iran and Turkmenistan and the projects of construction of trans-Asian railways of China-Kyrgyzstan-Tajikistan-Afghanistan-Iran are developed and included into the Governmental programmes. As for the aviation, the structural reform of the sector was conducted with a view to harmonizing the level and quality of services and ensuring access of the local air companies to the international market. This measure made it possible to lay a sustainable ground for the further development of the sector. Tajik airlines fly to over 20 cities in 8 far and near countries with flights directions being continuously extended. National airlines maintain flights on 73 routes including 8 local flight routes. There are flights including 61 local ones being conducted on a weekly basis. There are also 19 foreign airlines that have flights to Tajikistan from 22 various Tajik cities. Foreign airlines have 55 flights a week. In , Tajik airlines carried more than thousand passengers and 3 thousand tons of cargo. Telecommunication and information technologies are being developed within programs and strategies that have been previously adopted. In this regard, it is scheduled that major telecommunication services, namely local, inter-municipal and international telephony as well as access to the Internet will be ensured in all communities regardless of their geographical situation. Therefore, the Infrastructural and Telecommunication Network Development Strategy is being implemented step-by-step by the Tojiktelekom national operator. Cutting-edge digital technologies have been introduced in all telephone stations of the Tojiktelekom OJSC since In , the Tojiktelekom OJSC launched implementation of a project on construction of fiber-optic communication lines with outlet into neighboring countries. The project provides for replacing obsolete and outworn interurban network made of copper and aluminum cables by a new fiber-optic. It is expected that the construction of connection lines will make it possible to connect the country with all neighbouring countries in the west-north with Uzbekistan, in the south with Afghanistan, in north-east — with Kyrgyzstan, and in the east — with China. The 25 km. STM — level connection line between Isfara Tajikistan and Batken Kyrgyzstan was built in and currently is under technical assessment. Construction of the high-speed connection network in Khatlon region allowed connect telecommunication networks of Republic of Tajikistan and Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. During 20 years of independence a rapid development of telecommunication sphere in the Republic of Tajikistan can be observed. Now 15 permissions are given to 8 operators based on the type of service. The quantity of the clients of mobile connection has achieved now 3,8 million people and continues to increase. In Tajikistan a new WIMAX wireless connection has appeared, the non-mobile network, based on NGN technology is being widened, and within the connection structure system the wireless systems are being developed. Construction and architecture. The state and the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan respectively create favorable conditions for the development of the construction and architecture sector in the country. Development of cities and towns of the country depends, first of all, upon the General Plan. In many cities and towns, where the General Plans were approved before the independence, the elaboration of a new project has become of an urgent necessity. Today, with a direct support of the President and the Government the General Plans are being designed step-by-step, for it will promote a better order of the new contemporary buildings, and will create conditions for beautiful streets. In the capital city of Tajikistan — Dushanbe, construction of houses, hotels, and other cultural and social buildings is rapidly developing. While not a long time has elapsed, the image of the capital changed and it will get a new blossom in the near future. The method of mixing eastern and western styles in architecture, being used in construction of new buildings, will contribute in transformation of Dushanbe city into a modern and matchless city. The image of the capital city will change soon, blossoming and flourishing. For many years, indigent people of the country were waiting for a plot of land to build a private house. Fortunately, on the initiative of the President of the country only during two last years in all cities and districts the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan has granted plots of land to thousand families in need in the quantity of 20 thousand hectares. This unique initiative has still been continuing. Ensuring food security. Agriculture sector of Tajikistan is considered the main source of food production and raw materials for the industry. Provision of food security and economic well-being of the people depends on stable development of agriculture sector. During the independence, the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan has done a lot towards development of agricultural sector: implementation of land reform, renewal of households, and adoption of governmental programs on development of vegetation, cattle-breeding, seed planting sectors, and supply of agricultural machines have really pushed progress of the sphere. As a result, 13 Governmental field programs were adopted in agricultural sphere by today. It was a result of measures and financial support of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan, and instructions and tasks of the President Emomali Rahmon, that in , in spite of difficulties, the crops production for the first time has achieved 1,5 million tons. Alongside with this, production of other agricultural products has increased significantly, for instance, production of vegetables — more than one million tons, cucurbitaceous — more than thousand tons, potatoes — about thousand tons, grapes — thousand tons, meats — about thousand tons, milk — thousand tons, and eggs — million pieces. As a result of realized measures and hard work of glorious Tajik people, in general during last years, production of agricultural production has increased, and in comparison with agricultural production has increased in as much as 2,8 times. In particular, crops production has increased 2,3 times, potatoes — 6 times, vegetables — 3,3 and fruits — 2 times. Increasing of an aggregate amount of agricultural production is connected to the increasing of export of agricultural production. These documents played an important role in bridging over the difficulties of transition period. Realization of these initiatives contributed into attraction of the majority of rural people to profitable work, and by these means into reduction of unemployment rate in the country. Provision of the people with first need products, especially, flour, has improved. During the years of independence, thousand families were provided with more than 8,4 million square meters of housing. At the same time, in regard to construction of building for life, about thousand additional hectares of land were allocated for thousand families in the form of plots of land near their houses. In particular, during two last years with the same purpose, 20 thousand hectares of land were and still are being allocated to thousand families, where majority of members are young people. With the independence of the country and with the end of the civil war, economic and social infrastructure of the rural area, which was in critical situation, began to improve. Thereby, the decrease of agricultural production was stopped in , and from the the development of agricultural sector started. The main aspects of agrarian sector are cotton growing, grain crops growing, potatoes growing, vegetables, watermelon, melon and gourd cultivation, gardening and viticulture, and cattle breeding. Today such sectors as bee-farming, poultry farming and fish farming are gaining a new development. In , realization of Program of horse-breeding sector development has started. In general, today there are seven state programs, acting in the cattle breeding sector. In the past, the Republic of Tajikistan was well known for the export of dried fruits, dried grapes and fresh fruits. During the last years cultivation of sunflower, stone fruits and subtropical fruits, which are being used as dietary and medical production, is being developed. The climate of the region is suitable for it, and due to the climate, the quality of Tajik fruits differs from the fruits of other countries. The volume of the export of fresh and dried fruits was brought to thousand tons, which was remarkable progress for Tajikistan. There are still wide opportunities in the country for increasing of the export of these sorts of agricultural production. To provide food security in the country, further development of cattle breeding sector is very critical. By 1 January , amount of bovine animals in all categories of animal breeding farms was 2 million, small cattle — 4,2 million, all types of poultry — about 4 million, and 80 thousand horses. Sorts of special and unique strains of Tajikistan sheep are included into the gene pool of the world sheep-breeding, and they are used for improvement of the local strains of cattle. For example, Hissar sheep is recognized in the world market as most fatty and fast-growing sort of the regions of Tajikistan. Thanks to favorable climate conditions of Pamir, our country joins the number of yak breeding countries. Tajikistan can further receive additional income from export of yaks and their meat. The sector of poultry breeding is being established during three last years after acception of related state programs. To date, 23 poultry farming enterprises were established or reestablished, and now they supply the country population with their production. Under the Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan, the Program of the fish farming development in the Republic of Tajikistan for was adopted for fish farming is one of the perspective agricultural spheres in future. The effective development of agriculture cannot be imagined without use of modern science achievements. For this, the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan always pays a special attention to the development of scientific research institutions. The scientists mainly do their research of the issues of animals and poultry selection, high-yielding and defensive to different climates seeds, methods and technologies of growing of agricultural cultures in all regions of the country, from high mountains of Pamir to valleys. Tajikistan as a land of mountains possesses great water resources. The issue of water resources use is considered the main direction of the state policy of the Republic of Tajikistan; related to the issue, our country is recognized as the leader of global trends related to water by its interesting and valuable proposals on the international level. Economy Economic Reforms. Tajikistan National Tourism Portal. Tajikistan Trade Portal. National Development Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan for the period up to MFA Publications. Hotline for Tajikistan citizens abroad.

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This chapter traces the rise of Tajikistan as a narco-state. It explains that until the mid s, heroin was virtually unknown in the country and other opiates were not major sources of concern; however, in less than a decade, Tajikistan has become a key transit country for Afghan opiates bound northward and westward, and a major heroin consumer. Tajikistan has become so dependent on the heroin industry that even leaders of some of the most powerful trafficking groups occupy high-ranking government positions and misuse state structures for their own illicit businesses. Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:. Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. 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