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I am a creative academic who likes to tell stories about nature, and the Amazon rainforest is my biggest source of inspiration. Currently, I'm focused on creating awareness on the importance of nature. Sometimes I would hear small airplanes fly over at night, very low to the tree cover, which seemed odd as there was no airport anywhere nearby and most of the village families were struggling to afford a boat, let alone own a private plane. Murder, threats and overall anxiety is what they brought. She pointed at the abandoned houses and mentioned the names of the families that once used to live there. Coca consumption has its origins in the ancient Inca tradition, but the scale at which it is used now has nothing to do with beautiful rituals anymore. It causes deforestation, contamination and violence. How can people and the planet survive this destructive industry? In a thriving rainforest, plants need protection from herbivores such as insects, sloths, deer and alike. Hence, plants protect themselves with a bitter-tasting substance — alkaloids. Cocaine is one of the alkaloids in the coca plant Erythroxylum coca , fending off hungry herbivores for the plant and acting as a stimulant and painkiller for humans. Therapeutically , alkaloids are particularly well known as anesthetics, cardioprotective, and anti-inflammatory agents. The coca plant resembles a blackthorn bush and measures about 3 meters in height. It naturally grows in the valleys and upper jungle regions of the Andean region in western South America. The countries of Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia together cultivate more than 98 percent of the total coca crops. While Peru was the largest producer of coca in the year and respectively 60k and 50k hectares of coca crops , Colombia held the largest numbers of coca bush before and since The estimated peak height of illicit cultivation was in with thousand hectares of coca in Colombia. The eastern slopes and foothills of the Andes continue to be the principal source of Peruvian coca leaf. These data are provided by the UN office on drugs and crime UNODC , which has all sorts of beautiful excel sheets, graphs and maps available on drug cultivation, use and trade worldwide, if you click here. However, it is a known fact that coca played a key role within the Inca empire. Information from early transcripts tell that coca was the most important plant offering during public rituals and important landmarks within the Inca domain regularly received offerings of this precious leaf. Besides offerings and chewing coca themselves, the Incas would put coca leaves in the mouths of mummies. Several leaves were recently found in the northern part of the Ayacucho Valley, which based on ceramic stylistic grounds, date to sometime between the end of the Early Intermediate Period ca. Coca leaf chewing can alleviate hunger, cold and fatigue and is used both in traditional medicine and shamanic practices. Traditional and limited use of the coca leaf appears to have no negative consequences while the sharing of leaves and participation in group sessions of coca chewing continues to create and strengthen ties between friends and family. Apart from chewing coca leaves, there is an ever-increasing global demand for coca paste and cocaine. Coca paste is mostly used locally by farmers and processors, or by low-income people. The distillation of coca paste into cocaine hydrochloride requires another step often undertaken in laboratories that reduces the volume and increases it significantly in value. They bought a chunk of land and turned it into a local farm, cultivating oranges and yucca. Just like every normal local farmer family, Natalia grew up between crops and animals, papayas and bananas, in an almost self-sustainable household. The price they wanted was to not notify authorities of their presence. Once, he had an argument with a renter about the fee and he decided to cancel the rent of the tractor. This led to a dispute and the other man apparently had reported him to the drug dealers, ordering for him to be killed. This led to my father being on a death list. The police found the list and notified him, took him to the station for protection, and gave my family the advice to leave the town. We left immediately and 8 years of our hard work was abandoned. An obvious impact of the widespread coca cultivation is the deforestation of several hundred thousands of hectares, often located in areas unfit for agriculture which would otherwise still be pristine nature. The deforested areas include land currently planted to coca, land used by the coca producers for subsistence farming, land that is abandoned after soil becomes infertile, land deforested by the coca producers who are dispersed as a result of political violence, and land on which landing strips, laboratories and camp-sites are built. Deforestation for coca plantations can even be observed from space, as shown in the MAAProject by Amazon Conservation. The deforestation is approaching the limit of the Indigenous Huimeki Communal Reserve. Images show the deforestation of acres hectares in this area in In protected lands and those appropriate for forests, deforestation can be especially damaging because. The almost mandatory burning of the debris left by deforestation brings with it other problems, such as. During the process of the preparation of basic cocaine paste, air, soil and water are contaminated. The impact on the environment of the preparation of basic cocaine paste is incomparably greater than that of agrochemicals. While the air is polluted from all the smoke of burning forest, soil and water are contaminated during the process of alkaloid extraction from the leaves. The extraction procedure involves two steps, the first is soaking the leaves and the second is cleansing and pressing to a paste. Although different recipes exist to extract cocaine from the coca leaf, the mixture usually involves sulphuric acid, kerosene, alcohol, benzene, quick lime, carbide, toilet paper and sodium carbonate to get to the raw or base cocaine. One specific recipe mentioned quantities: 18 liters of kerosene, 10 liters of sulphuric acid, 5 kilograms of quick lime, I kilogram of carbide, and 5 kilograms of toilet paper for every kilograms of coca leaf. For the cleansing and pressing, processors use 11 liters of acetone and 11 liters of toluene for each kilogram of basic paste produced. Kerosene, although moderately toxic, severely affects the biology of water flora and fauna, especially of plankton. Sulphuric acid is extremely dangerous, as are all the other substances that are dumped, such as carbide, calcium carbonate, acetone and ammonia. Not even the toilet paper is harmless. Many unsuspected compounds and recombinations of these substances are concentrated in certain aquatic organisms, and undoubtedly reach humans through the food chain. According to the latest Global Witness report , Peru is among the ten most dangerous countries for Earth defenders. Since , more than 45 environmental rights defenders have been killed. Often, these threats and murders happen to people defending their community and land against drug traffickers. Peru is among the ten most dangerous countries for Earth defenders. During the recent political protests in Peru , it was initially believed that the uproar was caused by drug lords. Unrest erupted after president Pedro Castillo was impeached and his vice president, Dina Boluarte, took power. So far, at least 60 people have been killed in the upheaval. The new president was fast in accusing the demonstrators of liaising with drug traffickers. Such accusations are perceived as deeply offensive to the protesters from rural areas, as many of them had confronted and defeated the Shining Path in the countryside in the late s. Though the Shining Path remained small, with around 3, members at the peak of its power in , it was responsible for the majority of the victims of the war that followed — the Truth and Reconciliation Commission found that it killed some 31, people between and The Shining Path carried out massacres of peasant communities perceived as being against their struggle, as well as attacking the security forces and other representatives of the state. They quickly gained ground, and were present across vast swathes of Peru by the end of the s. The massacre of 16 people in May near the village of San Miguel del Ene marks a major return to violent actions by the Shining Path. After the threats, we left at once and the sudden change, the sudden abandonment of the farm, the search for a new future, traumatized me. This is not the way we should live. People work on the land for 20 soles a day, risking their lives, for our economy and food. We need to protect their integrity and safety. How are we going to eat that food if those people are under threat of being killed? Natalia stresses how this situation causes long-term emotional problems. In an attempt to eradicate the illicit cultivation of coca, governments in Colombia, Peru and Bolivia started destroying fields of coca already back in In Colombia, spraying herbicides was a used eradication technique, but since , only manual eradication has taken place. In Peru, about 25 thousand hectares of coca crop are manually destroyed on a yearly basis. Unfortunately, manual eradication — burning and cutting of the crop — also harms the environment as it causes soil erosion and once a plot is destroyed the planters simply move further into the forest, clearing new lands for coca production. It creates a vicious cycle of unsustainable cultivation-eradication. Governmental control of coca cultivation seemed another promising solution. In Peru, the General Law on Drugs enacted in prohibits the cultivation of coca and seedlings in new areas within the national territory. In the same year, another law established the National Coca Enterprise ENACO , which has a monopoly on the commercialization and industrialization of coca leaves. Therefore, the selling of coca leaves to any party other than ENACO is considered illegal by national law. It is estimated that there are some 62, hectares of leaf crops in the country and national production would be around , tons. The company pays soles 26 dollars for the arroba of However, in recent years ENACO has purchased only 2, tons a year from the 95 thousand registered legal coca leaf producers. Between and , Bolivia emerged as a world leader in formulating a participatory, non-violent model to gradually limit coca production in a safe and sustainable manner while simultaneously offering farmers realistic economic alternatives to coca. In certain parts of Bolivia, the drug trade is part of a local moral order that prioritizes kinship, reciprocal relations and community well-being, facilitated by the cultural significance of the coca leaf. Another more radical and long-term solution is offered by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. They support the introduction of alternative development in areas like forest management, the protection of ecosystems in indigenous communities, livestock raising and the development and consolidation of legal and self-sustained economies through the marketing of palm oil, heart of palm, cacao and coffee. Despite the devastating and deadly consequences of cocaine addiction, it is just as often used as a punchline or featured as the luxury drug of choice among the super rich in movies and pop culture in the United States. The consumer can stop this entire industry immediately by the act of saying NO. People in the rest of the world are indifferent to the story behind cocaine, as they are disconnected from what is happening in our country. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Skip to content. The origin of cocaine — a survival of the fittest November 15, April 26, by Judith Westveer. Judith Westveer Scientific Journalist I am a creative academic who likes to tell stories about nature, and the Amazon rainforest is my biggest source of inspiration. Learn more about Judith Westveer. April 26, The origin of cocaine — a survival of the fittest. Search for:.
I Spent a Week in the Colombian Jungle Harvesting Cocaine · Processing coca paste is hard work in which all members of the family participate.
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Colombia, the world's largest producer of cocaine, is working to reduce reliance on coca cultivation. Instead the government is investing in oil palm.
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How Drugs Are Destroying the Amazon. In the world's largest rainforest, cocaine and deforestation are increasingly linked. August 6, ,
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