Pakistan Muslim

Pakistan Muslim

Islam is the official religion of the

Islamic Republic of

Pakistan . In the 1998 census, it found 96% of
the total population were

Muslims ,
and in 2007 at 96% ( Sunni
76%,

Shi'a 20%).
The estimated population of

Muslims of Pakistan in 2008 is 169,800,000 [3] .
Pakistan has the second largest Muslim population in
the world after

Indonesia . The majority of

Muslims in Pakistan are

Sunnis , and the

Shi'a Muslim population is the second largest in
the world after

Iran .

The

Badshahi Masjid , literally the 'Royal
Mosque', was built in 1674 by

Aurangzeb . It is one of

Lahore 's best known landmarks, and
epitomizes the beauty and grandeur of the

Mughal era .

Islam arrived in the area now known as

Pakistan in 711

CE , when the

Umayyad dynasty sent a Muslim

Arab army led by

Muhammad bin Qasim against the ruler of

Sindh ,

Raja Dahir , whose pirates attacked Arab
ships. The army conquered the northwestern
part of Indus Valley from

Kashmir to the

Arabian Sea . The arrival of the Arab
Muslims to the provinces of Sindh and

Punjab , along with subsequent Muslim
dynasties, set the stage for the religious
boundaries of

South Asia that would lead to the
development of the modern state of Pakistan
as well as forming the foundation for
Islamic rule which quickly spread across
much of South Asia.
Following
the rule of various Islamic empires, including the

Ghaznavid Empire , the

Ghorid kingdom, and the

Delhi Sultanate , the

Mughals controlled the region from 1526 until
1739. The The

Muslim technocrats, bureaucrats, soldiers,
traders, scientists, architects, teachers,
theologians and

Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world
to

Islamic Sultanate and

Mughal Empire in

South Asia and in the land that became Pakistan.
The Muslim

Sufi missionaries played a pivotal role in
converting the millions of native people to Islam.
As in other areas where Sufis introduced it, Islam
to some extent syncretized with pre-Islamic
influences, resulting in a religion with some
traditions distinct from those of the

Arab world. Two Sufis whose shrines receive much
national attention are Data Ganj Baksh ( Ali
Hajweri ) in

Lahore (ca. eleventh century) and

Shahbaz Qalander in

Sehwan , Sindh (ca. twelfth century).

The Muslim poet-philosopher Sir

Allama

Muhammad Iqbal first proposed the idea of a

Muslim state in northwestern

South Asia in his address to the Muslim League
at

Allahabad in 1930. His proposal referred to the
four provinces of

Punjab ,

Sindh ,

Balochistan , and the

NorthWest Frontier --essentially what would
became Pakistan. Iqbal's idea gave concrete form to
two distinct nations in the South Asia based on
religion (Islam and Hinduism) and with different
historical backgrounds, social customs, cultures,
and social mores.

Islam was thus the basis for the
creation and the unification of a separate state,
but it was not expected to serve as the model of
government.

Mohammad Ali Jinnah made his commitment to

secularism in Pakistan clear in his inaugural
address when he said, You will find that in the
course of time

Hindus would cease to be Hindus and

Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the
religious sense, because that is the personal faith
of each individual, but in the political sense as
citizens of the State. This vision of a Muslim
majority state in which religious minorities would
share equally in its development was questioned
shortly after independence.

From the outset, politics and
religion have been intertwined both conceptually and
practically in

Islam . Because Prophet

Muhammad established a government in

Madina , precedents of governance and taxation
exist. Through the history of Islam, from the

Ummayyad (661-750) and

Abbasid empires (750-1258) to the

Mughals (1526- 1858),

Safavis (1501-1722) and the

Ottomans (1300-1923), religion and statehood
have been treated as one. Indeed, one of the beliefs
of Islam is that the purpose of the state is to
provide an environment where Muslims can properly
practice their religion. If a leader fails in this,
the people have a right to depose him.

In 1977, the government of

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto outlawed alcohol and changed
the weekend from Sunday to Friday, but no
substantive Islamic reform program was implemented
prior to General

Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization program. Starting in
February 1979, new penal measures based on Islamic
principles of justice went into effect. These
carried considerably greater implications for

women than for men. A welfare and taxation
system based on

Zakat and a profit-and-loss banking system were
also established in accordance with Islamic
prohibitions against

usury but were inadequate.

Census data [4]
indicates that over 96% of the population is

Muslim . The

Muslims belong to different schools which are
called

Madhahib (singular: Madhhab) i.e, schools of

jurisprudence (also 'Maktab-e-Fikr' (School of
Thought) in

Urdu ). Around 76% of Pakistani Muslims are

Sunni Muslims and there is sizeable minority 20%

Shi'a Muslims . Nearly all Pakistani

Sunni Muslims belong to the

Hanafi school with a small

Hanbali school represented by

Wahabis and

Ahle Hadith . The

Hanafi school includes the

Barelvis and

Deobandis schools. Although the majority of
Pakistani

Shia Muslims belong to

Ithna 'ashariyah school, there are significant
minorities:

Nizari

Khoja

Ismailis (Aga Khanis) and the smaller

Mustaali

Dawoodi Bohra and

Sulaimani Bohra branches.

The difference among

Sunni schools ( Hanafi ,

Maliki ,

Shafi , and

Hanbali ) are small in practice, and they may
pray together in any Sunni

Masjid . In Pakistan, adherents of the

Barelvi and

Deobandi schools also pray together in same

Masjids .

There are small non-Muslim
religious groups:

Christians (1.6%),

Hindus (1.85%),

Ahmadis ,

Sikhs ,

Parsis ,

Bah�'�s ,

Zoroastrians ( Parsis )
and others making up 4% of the population.

Data Durbar in

Lahore ,

Pakistan is the tomb of

Ali Hajweri , eleventh century Sufi.
People come each year to pay their respects
and to say prayers. The large complex also
includes Jamia Hajweri, or Hajweri Mosque.

There is no law in Pakistan
enforcing

hijab , although there is strong social pressure
for women to observe

Purdah in some regions. The practice of wearing

Hijab among younger women is growing due to
media influence from the

Middle East and travels to

Persian Gulf countries.

More and more educated people have
started learning about religion, as a result of
which following of one school of thought is
gradually replacing practices and beliefs based on
alleged evidence from Quran and Sunnah. There are
also incidents of violent reactions to perceived
anti-Muslim events in the world.

Islamic education to the masses is
propagated mainly by Islamic schools and literature.
Islamic schools (or Madrasas ) are for the
most devoted Muslims, mostly comprising youth and
those learning to be Islamic clerics. More casual
and even research oriented material is available in
the form of books. While the most prominent of these
schools are being monitored, the latter are being
'moderated' by both the government and some of the
scholars, thereby also removing in the process the
various material present in it that is used by
Anti-Islam/Anti-Sunni writers. Oldest and
universally accepted titles such as the

Sahih Bukhari have been revised into 'summarised'
editions and some of the old, complete titles,
translated to Urdu, the national language, are not
available for purchase now. These changes are also a
herald to new outbreaks of religious controversy in
the region.

The episodes of sectarian violence
have significantly decreased in frequency over the
years due to the conflictual engagement of the
Islamic militant organizations with the state's
armed forces and intelligence agencies.

Source :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Pakistan

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Page last modified:

23-12-2019 18:09:10 ZULU

Blasphemy is a sensitive subject in Pakistan, where insulting the Quran or Prophet Muhammad can result in life imprisonment or a death sentence. Increasingly, blasphemy accusations also carry the threat of extrajudicial violence by mobs or in targeted attacks. At least 75 people have been killed in connection with blasphemy accusations in Pakistan between 1990 and 2020. The murdered include those accused of the crime, people acquitted by the courts, their lawyers, family members and judges connected to their cases.

Recent years have seen an Arabisation of Pakistani culture. Thanks to the large expatriate community working in the conservative Arab kingdoms and emirates, a peculiar brand of Arab/Islamic culture has been infused in the Pakistani society. ‘Khuda hafiz’ is being replaced by the Saudi ‘Allah hafiz’. It is more fashionable to pronounce ‘Ramzan’ as Ramadan. And the name of the hapless republic is pronounced as ‘Al Bakisatn’ rather than Pakistan. Killing of Shi’a and Hazaras has become so common that it is hardly taken note of. As for the Ahmedis they are not only persecuted but also killed and maimed in the heartland of Punjab with impunity.

The constitution establishes Islam as the state religion, and requires all provisions of the law be consistent with Islam. The constitution states, “subject to law, public order, and morality, every citizen shall have the right to profess, practice, and propagate his religion.”

The U.S. government estimates the total population at 199.1 million (July 2015 estimate). According to the most recent census conducted in 1998, 95 percent of the population is Muslim (75 percent of the Muslim population is listed officially as Sunni and 25 percent as Shia). The remaining 5 percent officially is made up of Hindus, Christians, Parsis/Zoroastrians, Bahais, Ahmadi Muslims, Sikhs, Buddhists, Kalasha, Kihals, and Jains. Unofficial estimates vary widely with regard to the size of minority religious groups. According to 2014 media accounts, although there are 2.9 million non-Muslims registered with the National Database and Registration Authority; estimates of the actual number exceed 3.5 million. Religious community representatives estimate minorities constitute 3-5 percent of the population, approximately six to nine million citizens.

Islam was brought to the South Asian subcontinent in the eighth century by wandering Sufi mystics known as pir. As in other areas where it was introduced by Sufis, Islam to some extent syncretized with preIslamic influences, resulting in a religion traditionally more flexible than in the Arab world. Two Sufis whose shrines receive much national attention are Data Ganj Baksh in Lahore (ca. eleventh century) and Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan, Sindh (ca. twelfth century).

The country has a population of 170 million. Official figures on religious demography, based on the most recent census taken in 1998, showed that approximately 97 percent of the population was Muslim. Groups comprising 2 percent of the population or less include Hindus, Christians, and others, including Ahmadis. The majority of Muslims in the country are Sunni, with a Shi'a minority ranging between 10 to 20 percent. Parsis (Zoroastrians), Sikhs, and Buddhists each had approximately 20,000 adherents, while the Baha'i claimed 30,000. Some tribes in Baluchistan and North West Frontier Province (NWFP) practiced traditional animist religious beliefs.

While there is no census data regarding the different sects, it is thought by some that Deobandis and Barelvis have equal numbers of adherents in Pakistan. By another estimate, some 15% of Pakistan's Sunni Muslims would consider themselves Deobandi, while some 60% are in the Barelvi tradition, based mostly in the province of Punjab. It is generally agreed that at least 60% of the total seminaries are run by Deobandis, and 25% by the Barelvis.

The universal characteristics of Islamic State are derived from the teachings of the holy Quran, as embodied in the political practice or the Prophet Mohammed. An Islamic State is closely linked with the society because Islam is accepted as a comprehensive integrated way of life. The State is only the political expression of an Islamic society.

After the end of the Mughal Empire, the Ottoman caliph had become the symbol of Islamic authority and unity to Indian Sunni Muslims. A pan-Islamic movement, known as the Khilafat Movement, spread in India. It was a mass repudiation of Muslim loyalty to British rule and thus legitimated Muslim participation in the Indian nationalist movement. The leaders of the Khilafat Movement used Islamic symbols to unite the diverse but assertive Muslim community on an all-India basis and bargain with both Congress leaders and the British for recognition of minority rights and political concessions.

Muslim leaders from the Deoband and Aligarh movements joined Gandhi in mobilizing the masses for the 1920 and 1921 demonstrations of civil disobedience and noncooperation in response to the massacre at Amritsar. At the same time, Gandhi endorsed the Khilafat Movement, thereby placing many Hindus behind what had been solely a Muslim demand.

Despite impressive achievements, however, the Khilafat Movement failed. Turkey rejected the caliphate and became a secular state. Furthermore, the religious, mass-based aspects of the movement alienated such Western-oriented constitutional politicians as Jinnah, who resigned from Congress. Other Muslims also were uncomfortable with Gandhi's leadership. The British historian Sir Percival Spear wrote that "a mass appeal in his [Gandhi's] hands could not be other than a Hindu one. He could transcend caste but not community. The [Hindu] devices he used went sour in the mouths of Muslims."

According to the constitution and the penal code, Ahmadis are not Muslims and may not call themselves Muslims or assert they are adherents of Islam. The penal code bans them from preaching or propagating their religious beliefs, proselytizing, or “insulting the religious feelings of Muslims.” The punishment for violation of these provisions is imprisonment for up to three years and a fine. The law bans the sale of Ahmadiyya religious literature.

The constitution states the government shall make Islamic studies compulsory for all Muslim students in state-run schools. Although students of other religious groups are not legally required to study Islam, their school may not offer parallel studies in their own religious beliefs and the students may have no other option. In some schools, however, non-Muslim students may study ethics. Parents may send children to private schools, including religious schools, at the family’s expense. Private schools are free to teach or not teach religious studies as they choose.

The constitution states “all existing laws shall be brought in conformity with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Holy Quran and Sunnah.” It further states no law shall be enacted which is “repugnant” to Islam. The constitution states this requirement shall not affect the “personal laws of non-Muslim citizens” or their status as citizens. Personal laws regulating marriage, divorce, and inheritance for minority communities date from prepartition British legislation.

The constitution establishes a Federal Shariat Court (FSC) composed of Muslim judges to examine and decide whether any law or provision is “repugnant to the injunctions of Islam.” The constitution gives the court the power to examine a law of its own accord or at the request of the government or a private citizen. The constitution requires the government to amend the law as directed by the court. The constitution empowers the court to review criminal cases relating to certain crimes – including rape, and those linked to Islamic morality, such as extramarital sex, alcohol use, and gambling.

The constitution establishes a Council of Islamic Ideology to make recommendations, at the request of the parliament and provincial assemblies, as to “the ways and means of enabling and encouraging Muslims to order their lives in accordance with the principles of Islam.” The constitution further empowers the council to advise the legislative and executive branches, when they choose to refer a question to the council, as to whether a proposed law is or is not “repugnant to the injunctions of Islam.”

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