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Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLED) are a type of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) that use the principle of phosphorescence to obtain higher internal efficiencies than fluorescent OLEDs. This technology is currently under development by many industrial and academic research groups.
Like all types of OLED, phosphorescent OLEDs emit light due to the electroluminescence of an organic semiconductor layer in an electric current. Electrons and holes are injected into the organic layer at the electrodes and form excitons, a bound state of the electron and hole.
Electrons and holes are both fermions with half integer spin. An exciton is formed by the coulombic attraction between the electron and the hole, and it may either be in a singlet state or a triplet state, depending on the spin states of these two bound species. Statistically, there is a 25% probability of forming a singlet state and 75% probability of forming a triplet state.[2][3] Decay of the excitons results in the production of light through spontaneous emission.
In OLEDs using fluorescent organic molecules only, the decay of triplet excitons is quantum mechanically forbidden by selection rules, meaning that the lifetime of triplet excitons is long and phosphorescence is not readily observed. Hence it would be expected that in fluorescent OLEDs only the formation of singlet excitons results in the emission of useful radiation, placing a theoretical limit on the internal quantum efficiency (the percentage of excitons formed that result in emission of a photon) of 25%.[4]
However, phosphorescent OLEDs generate light from both triplet and singlet excitons, allowing the internal quantum efficiency of such devices to reach nearly 100%.[5]
This is commonly achieved by doping a host molecule with an organometallic complex. These contain a heavy metal atom at the centre of the molecule, for example platinum[6] or iridium, of which the green emitting complex Ir(mppy)3 is just one of many examples.[1] The large spin–orbit interaction experienced by the molecule due to this heavy metal atom facilitates intersystem crossing, a process which mixes the singlet and triplet character of excited states. This reduces the lifetime of the triplet state,[7][8] therefore phosphorescence is readily observed.
Due to their potentially high level of energy efficiency, even when compared to other OLEDs, PHOLEDs are being studied for potential use in large-screen displays such as computer monitors or television screens, as well as general lighting needs. One potential use of PHOLEDs as lighting devices is to cover walls with large area PHOLED light panels. This would allow entire rooms to glow uniformly, rather than require the use of light bulbs which distribute light unequally throughout a room. The United States Department of Energy has recognized the potential for massive energy savings via the use of this technology and therefore has awarded $200,000 USD in contracts to develop PHOLED products for general lighting applications.[9]
One problem that currently hampers the widespread adoption of this highly energy efficient technology is that the average lifetimes of red and green PHOLEDs are often tens of thousands of hours longer than those of blue PHOLEDs. This may cause displays to become visually distorted much sooner than would be acceptable for a commercially viable device.[10]
^ a b Yang, X.; Neher, D.; Hertel, D.; Daubler, T. (2004). "Highly Efficient Single-Layer Polymer Electrophosphorescent Devices". Advanced Materials. 16 (2): 161. doi:10.1002/adma.200305621.
^ Brown, A. R.; Pichler, K.; Greenham, N. C.; Bradley, D. D. C.; Friend, R. H.; Holmes, A. B. (1993). "Optical spectroscopy of triplet excitons and charged excitations in poly(p-phenylenevinylene) light-emitting diodes". Chemical Physics Letters. 210: 61–66. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(93)89100-V.
^ Baldo, M. A.; O'Brien, D. F.; Thompson, M. E.; Forrest, S. R. (1999). "Excitonic singlet-triplet ratio in a semiconducting organic thin film". Physical Review B. 60 (20): 14422–14428. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.60.14422.
^ Tsutsui, T.; Yang, M.-J.; Yahiro, M.; Nakamura, K.; Watanabe, T.; Tsuji, T.; Fukuda, Y.; Wakimoto, T.; Miyaguchi, S. (1999). "High Quantum Efficiency in Organic Light-Emitting Devices with Iridium-Complex as a Triplet Emissive Center". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 38: L1502–L1504. doi:10.1143/JJAP.38.L1502.
^ Adachi, C.; Baldo, M. A.; Thompson, M. E.; Forrest, S. R. (2001). "Nearly 100% internal phosphorescence efficiency in an organic light-emitting device". Journal of Applied Physics. 90 (10): 5048. doi:10.1063/1.1409582.
^ Baldo, M. A.; O'Brien, D. F.; You, Y.; Shoustikov, A.; Sibley, S.; Thompson, M. E.; Forrest, S.R. (1998). "Highly Efficient phosphorescent emission from organic electroluminescent devices". Nature. 395 (6698): 151. doi:10.1038/25954.
^ Baldo, M. A.; Lamansky, S.; Burrows, P. E.; Thompson, M. E.; Forrest, S. R. (1999). "Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence". Applied Physics Letters. 75: 4. doi:10.1063/1.124258.
^ O'Brien, D. F.; Baldo, M. A.; Thompson, M. E.; Forrest, S. R. (1999). "Improved energy transfer in electrophosphorescent devices". Applied Physics Letters. 74 (3): 442. doi:10.1063/1.123055.
^ "UDC Awarded Two Department of Energy Grants for White OLED Research". Society for Information Display. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2010. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
^ Antti, Laaperi (18 June 2012). "OLED lifetime issues from a mobile‐phone‐industry point of view". Journal of the Society for Information Display. 16 (11): 1125–1130. doi:10.1889/JSID16.11.1125. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted.

Pi-hole or Pihole is a Linux network-level advertisement and Internet tracker blocking application[2][3][4][5] which acts as a DNS sinkhole[6] and optionally a DHCP server, intended for use on a private network.[1] It is designed for low-power embedded devices with network capability, such as the Raspberry Pi,[3][7] but supports any Linux machines.[6][8][9][10]
Screenshot of the AdminLTE web interface for Pi-hole
v5.2.4 / January 19, 2021; 3 months ago
Bash,
C (optional DNS server FTLDNS),
PHP, CSS (optional web console)
Pi-hole has the ability to block traditional website advertisements as well as advertisements in unconventional places, such as smart TVs and mobile operating system advertisements.[11][12]
The Pi-hole project was created by Jacob Salmela as an open source alternative to AdTrap[13][14] in 2014[15] and was hosted on GitHub.[16] Since then, several contributors have joined the project.[15]
Pi-hole makes use of a modified dnsmasq called FTLDNS,[17] cURL, lighttpd, PHP and the AdminLTE Dashboard[18] to block DNS requests for known tracking and advertising domains. The application acts as a DNS server for a private network (replacing any pre-existing DNS server provided by another device or the ISP), with the ability to block advertisements and tracking domains for users' devices.[2] It obtains lists of advertisement and tracking domains from a configurable list of predefined sources, and compares DNS queries against them. If a match is found within any of the lists, or a locally-configured block-list, Pi-hole will refuse to resolve the requested domain and respond to the requesting device with a dummy address.[19]
Because Pi-hole blocks domains at the network level, it is able to block advertisements, such as banner advertisements on a webpage, but it can also block advertisements in unconventional locations, such as on Android, iOS and smart TVs.[9][11]
Using VPN services, Pi-Hole can block domains without using a DNS filter setup in a router. Any device that supports VPN can use Pi-Hole on a cellular network or a home network without having a DNS server configured.[20]
The nature of Pi-hole allows it to also block website domains in general by manually adding the domain name to a block-list. Likewise, domains can be manually added to an allow-list should a website's function be impaired by domains being blocked. Pi-hole can also function as a network monitoring tool,[21] which can aid in troubleshooting DNS requests and network faults.[9] Pi-hole can also be used to encourage the use of DNS over HTTPS for devices using it as a DNS server with the cloudflared binary provided by Cloudflare.[22]
Pi-hole functions similarly to a network firewall, meaning that advertisements and tracking domains are blocked for all devices behind it, whereas traditional advertisement blockers only run in a user's browser, and remove advertisements only on the same machine.[9][23]
^ a b "Pi-hole®: A black hole for Internet advertisements". Pi-hole®: A black hole for Internet advertisements. Retrieved 2018-04-15.
^ a b "Pi-hole is a black hole for internet ads #piday #raspberrypi @Raspberry_Pi". Adafruit Industries - Makers, hackers, artists, designers and engineers!. 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
^ a b "Turn A Raspberry Pi Into An Ad Blocker With A Single Command". Lifehacker Australia. 2015-02-17. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
^ Leathern, Rob (2015-12-23). "Block Ads on All Home Devices for $53.18". Rob Leathern. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
^ "Adblock Everywhere: The Raspberry Pi-Hole Way". MakeUseOf. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
^ a b "pi-hole/pi-hole". GitHub. Retrieved 2018-04-15.
^ "Pi-hole hardware kit". Pi-hole hardware kit. 2018-05-07. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
^ "Pi-Hole in the cloud · Cody Bunch". blog.codybunch.com. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
^ a b c d "Seven Things You May Not Know About Pi-hole". Pi-hole®: A black hole for Internet advertisements. 2017-05-12. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
^ "AdBlocking with Pi-Hole and Ubuntu 14.04 on VirtualBox". hbalagtas.blogspot.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
^ a b "Ad-Blocking on Apple iOS9: Valuing End User Experiences - Catchpoint Blog". Catchpoint's Blog - Web Performance Monitoring. 2015-09-14. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
^ "Running a Network-wide Ad-blocker, and a Whole Lot More". CryptoAUSTRALIA Blog. 2017-11-02. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
^ "Block Millions Of Ads Network-wide With A Raspberry Pi-hole 2.0". Jacob Salmela. 2015-06-16. Retrieved 2018-04-15.
^ "Pi-hole: A Raspberry Pi Ad-Blocker with DNS Caching (Ultra-fast)". Jacob Salmela. 2014-06-11. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
^ a b "pi-hole/pi-hole; Contributors". GitHub. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
^ Jeffries, Adrianne (2018-05-10). "Inside the Brotherhood of the Ad Blockers". Bloomberg.
^ telekrmor (2018-02-22). "FTLDNS: Pi-hole's Own DNS/DHCP server". Pi-hole®: A black hole for Internet advertisements. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
^ "pi-hole/pi-hole; The Origin Of Pi-hole". GitHub. Retrieved 2018-04-15.
^ "How does Pi-hole work?". Pi-hole Userspace. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
^ "Overview - Pi-hole documentation". docs.pi-hole.net. Retrieved 2019-08-11.
^ "What Really Happens On Your Network? Find Out With Pi-hole". Pi-hole®: A black hole for Internet advertisements. 2017-02-22. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
^ "Configuring DNS-Over-HTTPS on Pi-hole - Pi-hole documentation". docs.pi-hole.net. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
^ "Enjoy The Rio Olympics Ad-free With Pi-hole". Pi-hole®: A black hole for Internet advertisements. 2016-08-11. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
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