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Trans-Mediterranean drug trafficking from Morocco has grown in line with European consumption, but now also provides the infrastructure for smuggling people and consumer goods. Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy reports. Most of the hashish produced in Morocco is sold abroad, overwhelmingly in Europe, although there is a significant domestic consumer market for the drug. European consumption has long acted as a pull factor on Moroccan hashish production. Spain and France not only contributed to the development of cannabis cultivation in Morocco during the colonial era but, more recently, their respective growing hashish consumer markets have also spurred production in the Cherifian kingdom. The parallel increases of hashish production in Morocco and of hashish consumption in Europe are attested to by the rise in European seizures of Moroccan hashish noted in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime World Drug Report , which reports that seizures have risen from about tonnes in to tonnes in In , out of global cannabis resin seizures of 1, tonnes, were seized in Europe and 96 in Morocco. That Spain seizes that much hashish is evidence of the importance of the Spanish territory as a transit zone for Moroccan hashish. It is also most likely a legacy from when Spain and France split the Moroccan kingdom in two protectorates in , when Spain ruled over the northern half of the country and granted the right to cultivate cannabis to a few tribes. It is therefore worth noting that the former colonial powers that held sway over Morocco are most directly concerned about Moroccan hashish trafficking and consumption. Although all of the hashish consumed in Spain and 82 per cent of that consumed in France is estimated by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime to be of Moroccan origin, the two countries are far from being the only European consumers of Moroccan hashish. Eighty per cent of the cannabis resin destined for the West and Central European markets is estimated to originate in Morocco, and national markets such as those of Portugal, Sweden, Belgium and the Czech Republic, among others, are overwhelmingly dominated by Moroccan hashish. In accord with a geographical logic, most Moroccan hashish consumed or transiting in France comes by way of Spain, mostly by road: most French seizures are conducted at the Spanish border. Also, due to the central location of France within Europe, less Moroccan hashish is imported from the Netherlands to France than from France to the Netherlands. As many seizures have shown during the last decades, most large shipments of Moroccan hashish are exported from Morocco across the Mediterranean Sea aboard fishing vessels and private yachts. According to the same report, the primary zone of export for Moroccan hashish is located around Martil, Oued Laou and Bou Ahmed on the Mediterranean coast, although the bigger ports of Nador, Tetouan, Tangier and Larache are also used by hashish traffickers. However, according to the Spanish press, the routes of entry of hashish into Spain have recently diversified due to the use of faster boats with a wider range. Important quantities have also been seized as far north as the Ebro river delta. Traffickers also export hashish concealed in trucks and cars embarked on ferries leaving from the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla or from Tangier. It also seems that large quantities are increasingly sent to West Africa before being exported to Europe. Recent seizures of cocaine and hashish packed together and in the same manner were made in Morocco and in Spain. This suggests that Colombian drug traffickers have allied themselves to Moroccan counterparts and either now ship cocaine directly to Morocco, or store it temporarily in Mauritania. Some Moroccan hashish is also exported to Algeria, via the Oujda-Maghnia road, along which contraband and human smuggling also takes place. The high level of drug trafficking across the Mediterranean Sea, where most transportation of hashish still occurs, implies that drug traffickers benefit from both low-level and high-level protection and complicity among some Moroccan authorities, a reality that more than one decade of arrests and trials have gradually confirmed. As is the case in all countries producing agriculture-based illicit drugs, farmers are very rarely directly involved in drug trafficking activities. This is also the case in Morocco, where very few cannabis growers from the Rif have the resources and connections required to ship hashish to the main ports of the Mediterranean coast, let alone across the sea to Spain. Most frequently, what traffickers and smugglers buy is the transit of their cargo, no matter what the cargo is. As recent important European seizures of hashish in Moroccan seafood exports confirm, both legal and illegal goods can be traded on the same routes or even together in the same cargo, something that is, of course, made easier by the marked increase in movements of goods by land, sea and even air, which has occurred globally during the last few decades. The Rif economy depends on a huge contraband trade that feeds off growing unemployment and pauperisation now that outmigration opportunities to Europe have been all but suppressed by strict immigration policies within the European Union. Lack of water, devastating land erosion, the highest unemployment rates in the country and political marginality have rendered this region incapable of sustaining its growing population. Contraband smuggling occurs via the same ports used for hashish trafficking, although, of course, in a reverse direction. The three most important entry points for smuggled goods are the two Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla and along the Algerian border around Oujda. Smuggled goods are numerous and range from cosmetics, tires and detergents, to gasoline and processed foodstuffs. According to the findings of an American Chamber of Commerce workshop in Morocco in , the contraband economy provided work for 45, people, 75 per cent of whom were women, and generated annual sales revenues of 15 billion dirhams USD1. Moreover, it is estimated by the same source that every job created in the contraband business deprives the national economy of 10 legitimate jobs and that the industrial and agricultural production of Morocco suffers considerably from the unfair competition of smuggled goods. The economy of Morocco and, to a larger extent, of the Rif region, also depends heavily on outmigration and foreign remittances sent from Europe. With USD3. In , official remittances represented 6. They also exceed the value of direct foreign investments, which are also much more unstable. In Between Morocco and Spain. During the early s, migrant smuggling on small open boats, a phenomenon called harraga, emerged in the area, and its socio-cultural and economic effects soon became visible all over northern and north central Morocco and in Andalusia, Murcia and Catalonia in Spain. The new immigration policy transformed migrants into profitable goods, which in many cases were more advantageous than hashish for the smugglers: the profit was guaranteed even if the boats failed to reach the Spanish coast. The migrants were also often more easily fooled than professionals in the drug business. In Larache province, the cheapest and most popular method is to cross the Strait of Gibraltar in pateras, small five- to seven-metre fishing boats. Quite often, illegal migrants smuggled to Europe are sent aboard pateras along with some hashish. The importance of the contraband economy and illegal migration clearly shows that hashish trafficking, while vital for the Rif region, is far from being sufficient to sustain its economy. Since the mids, a worsening economic situation in the Rif has pushed many people to migrate to Europe and immigrants from the Rif region have come to make up the vast majority of Moroccans settled legally or illegally in Spain. Clearly, the Rif region depends on a complex economy of illegal trades, made up by hashish trafficking, widespread contraband and illegal migration, three activities that have grown together since the mids. The economic development of the Rif is therefore an essential and urgent goal for the European Union EU , if its leaders are willing to reduce people smuggling and hashish trafficking from Morocco. The same could well be said of hashish production and trafficking if the worsening context of the Rif region and the growing European consumption were to be considered alone. However, the cannabis economy is an altogether different problem, since the ecological and legal contexts threaten an activity that is vital for the Rif economy. Therefore, a massive effort to develop the economy of the Rif region must be carried out by Morocco and the EU if its socio-economic and political stability is to be improved or even maintained. After the UN Office on Drugs and Crime revealed in its Cannabis Survey that cannabis was cultivated on , hectares in Morocco in , cultivation reportedly dropped by 10 per cent in , to , hectares. Many direct and indirect factors can explain this cultivation decrease after years of rapid expansion. Moroccan authorities therefore felt compelled to start acting, as is attested to not only by the eradication measures undertaken in some parts of the Rif region from on, but also by the cultivation interdiction pronounced in many areas by the authorities. However, while the Moroccan authorities have not conducted large eradication operations in the Rif region itself, they have carried out a few monitoring actions between 26 June and 17 July to the west of the region, in the province of Larache. The Moroccan press reported that at least 3, hectares of cannabis have been eradicated in the province of Larache. The eradication campaign was directed by the governor of Larache, who declared that he obeyed government orders and that a public awareness campaign had been carried out in the mosques and souks of the province. However, as previous eradication threats had been numerous and, say most farmers, clearly formulated so that tolerance by some officials could be bought, most farmers did not take the warning seriously. Eradication was nonetheless carried out, right before the harvest season and without any compensation provided to the targeted farmers. Notwithstanding the fact that eradication efforts have been shown to fail and, even worse, to be counterproductive, in Asia as well as in Latin America, the Moroccan authorities have resorted to a purely law enforcement-oriented policy without implementing any economic or development measures to help cannabis farmers cope with the sudden loss of income. The Agency for the Development of the Northern Provinces is supposed to conduct alternative development projects in the areas targeted by the eradication measures. But, so far, more than three months after the eradication campaign, no economic help has been received by the farmers even though experience from other regions of the world where illicit crops are grown clearly indicates that eradication is counterproductive if alternative development or alternative livelihood programmes are not set up and operative before eradication measures are resorted to. It must be noted that traditionally, cannabis cultivation is either tacitly authorised or expressly forbidden by Moroccan authorities throughout the Rif region on a yearly basis so that both its geographical spread and its total acreage is controlled and, to some extent, contained. Only such control can actually explain why entire valleys are covered with cannabis one year and void of it the following year. It is evident that all the cannabis farmers of a given valley could not have decided all at once and on their own to plant or not to plant cannabis. Individual cannabis farmers would have little reason otherwise to stop what is their most lucrative activity. In , many douars, or villages, in Chefchaouen province did not grow cannabis because they had been told not to by the local authorities. Every year, in each douar, the mokadem informs the population of the authorisation or interdiction to cultivate cannabis and reports about it to its hierarchy. There is no doubt that Moroccan authorities have every means to monitor cannabis cultivation across the country. Therefore, while cannabis cultivation is clearly illegal in Morocco, it has obviously been largely tolerated by the state since its independence in and its expansion has been condoned, and to an extent controlled, by the authorities. Pierre-Arnaud Chouvy holds a Ph. Trafficking from Morocco As many seizures have shown during the last decades, most large shipments of Moroccan hashish are exported from Morocco across the Mediterranean Sea aboard fishing vessels and private yachts. Eradication and prohibition After the UN Office on Drugs and Crime revealed in its Cannabis Survey that cannabis was cultivated on , hectares in Morocco in , cultivation reportedly dropped by 10 per cent in , to , hectares. View all posts. Read more. Publication list Photography Categories About. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it.

Morocco’s smuggling rackets: hashish, people and contraband

Oujda buy weed

When spending some time in Oujda, the first experience not to miss is to visit the Souk i. It is so big and you will find all what you may need with different prices and qualities. From hearing original Oujdis stories to wearing traditional robes, you will be directly in touch with the culture of eastern Morocco. The diversity of the Souk and the aromatic spices perfume will let you spend much time in the place with the same joy and enthusiasm even if the place is usually crowded. Sellers are so kind and warm, but do not forget to negotiate the price, Moroccans never buy anything without negotiations and vendors are used to that. Souk of Oujda. If you are taken by the beauty of nature and want a relaxing place to visit, then the Park and Museum of Lalla Meriem will be your convenient choice. Near the Kasbah of Oujda, this park offers a breathtaking green space with a small open-air theater and a museum with collections of traditional weapons from the Oriental region. The Park of Lalla Aicha is the best place for equitation, tennis, handball, soccer and other sports. It also has 2 swimming pools to enjoy the sunny weather. With a restaurant, cafe, and swimming pool, the Tropical complex represents a good alternative. Do not forget to visit these monuments, especially if you want to know more about Moroccan history. Park Lala Meryem. Book your Morocco trip with FriendlyMorocco expert team. We have wide selections of tours to choose from. It is also possible to customize your tours. Feel free to contact us to get a quote or for more info! From riding camels in the calming desert to climbing the eastern mountains, you will have memorable adventures full of excitement. However, try to book a tour with experienced guides if you are not used to such experiences. This will let you know more about visited spots and guarantee ultimate security. The Mediterranean Sea is about 60 kilometers from the city. If you are traveling with your kids, plan to spend some time in the fabulous Saidia beach. Not to forget Ras El Ma, the perfect place for cliff jumping. This oriental city is also known for hosting different music events all along the year. The Dar Sabti palace, built in , hosts the Center for Studies and Research on Gharnati music: an Arabic-Andalusian music to which Oujda dedicates an international festival each year. This marvelous building is also the privileged place for artistic ceremonies. Attending such traditional meetings gives you the chance for cultural exchange and create an unforgettable spiritual climate not to miss. Palais Dar Sebti. Despite being the largest city in eastern Morocco and having rich heritage, Oujda did not receive much tourists because it was once the busiest border crossing with Algeria. However, tourism development in the eastern Morocco is still slowly increasing and it is up to tourists like you to reflect the hidden treasures of this area. Do not forget to share your thoughts in the comments section and we will be so happy to read all the posts. Buy your Morocco souvenir or Moroccan clothes, our shop has the best Moroccan products, see for yourself! Friendly morocco is an online magazine guide to Morocco, and through it. We present all the information about Morocco, culture, clothes, Cities, food, events, festivals, Things to do, Attractive Places, Helpful information, stereotype and much more. Your email address will not be published. Being in the oriental region of eastern Morocco, Oujda is the unique Moroccan city where tourists can, in the same day, enjoy marvelous Mountain View, discover the exceptional charm of the desert and spend good time in front of the Mediterranean Sea. The city was founded in and presented an important crossing point for commercial convoys between the east and the west of Africa, especially for gold powder, ostrich feathers, ivory and slaves. As Oujda is just 9 miles away from the west of the Algerian border, its population more than 1 million inhabitants is widely affected by the Algerian culture. The oujdis i. Souk Of Oujda : When spending some time in Oujda, the first experience not to miss is to visit the Souk i. Local destinations in Oujda: If you are taken by the beauty of nature and want a relaxing place to visit, then the Park and Museum of Lalla Meriem will be your convenient choice. Discover our tour Packages. Music festivals in Oujda : This oriental city is also known for hosting different music events all along the year. What are you waiting for!? Oujda City Morocco. Visit Our Store. About The Author. Friendly Morocco Friendly morocco is an online magazine guide to Morocco, and through it. Related Posts. Leave a reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Search for:. Recent Posts The 8 most important Morocco travel advice for you before visiting. The Ultimate Guide to Hiking in Morocco. 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