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We are drowning in fraud. Simply defined, fraud is intentional deception, usually for monetary gain. We have become used to robo-calls telling us that we have been subjected to a tax audit and had better call the given number to clear things up. We have learned to dismiss messages from some unfortunate soul supposedly stuck in a foreign country who is in in need of funds to get home. Such scams are annoying, but at least not life threatening. We assume that if we take an aspirin tablet that is indicated to contain mg of acetylsalicylic acid on the label, then that is exactly what we are getting. That assumption is almost certainly correct since selling fake aspirin is not a lucrative business. But buying Kamagra online is a different story. It is produced by a company in India and therein lies a problem. Major pharmaceutical companies such as Pfizer, Merck and Bayer follow exacting manufacturing conditions that ensure their drugs contain the active ingredient in the right dose with their procedures being monitored by government regulatory agencies. The situation is not the same in India where governmental oversight is much more lax. Kamagra may or may not contain sildenafil, and even if it does, the dosage may be suspect. So, better stick to Viagra. If you get it by prescription in Canada or the U. But elsewhere, for example in Mexico, you can walk into a pharmacy and buy Viagra without a prescription. And you will get a bottle with pills that look just like the authentic stuff but may be fake, produced by some clandestine manufacturer in Asia. Still, this is not a life-threatening situation. But what if you are travelling in Africa and develop an infection that requires treatment with antibiotics? Unfortunately, antibiotics are the most commonly counterfeited drugs, mostly sold in low-income nations where proper pharmaceuticals are prohibitively expensive. Now we are looking at a potentially life-threatening situation! Fake antibiotics and fake erectile dysfunction drugs are not the only problem. Fake anti-anxiety drugs like alprazolam Xanax , lorazepam Ativan , and diazepam Valium , as well as attention deficit disorder meds such as methylphenidate Ritalin or amphetamine Adderall are also available on the street and on the internet. The COVID pandemic provided new opportunities for fraudsters who quickly came up with fake versions of hydroxychloroquine. A curious situation since the fakes worked as well as the authentic version, meaning not at all. Illicit drugs are a different case, with counterfeiting being much more prominent. Legitimate generic drugs have also been targeted by counterfeiters. Once the patent on a brand-name prescription drug has expired, it is perfectly legal for a manufacturer to sell a generic version as long as it has the same active ingredient and the same bioavailability as the original. Minor differences in binding agents, fillers and colours are allowed if they have been shown not to interfere with the efficacy. Generic drugs are generally much lower-priced because the manufacturer does not have to recover the cost of the research it took to bring the brand-name drug to market. But generic drugs can be counterfeited just like trade-name drugs, meaning that they may contain no active ingredient, the wrong ingredient or the wrong dose of the right ingredient. There is yet another problem. The Canadian and U. Products are constantly checked for purity and immediate recalls are issued should a problem appear. However, more than half of the generics sold here are imported from India or China where they are produced in licensed plants. Government inspections are spotty, and the lure of taking shortcuts to maximize profits is inviting. This may mean using impure solvents, unclean conditions, improper testing for bioavailability or contamination with foreign materials such as tiny shards of glass once detected in a generic version of Lipitor, the cholesterol-lowering drug. Inspectors from the U. FDA sporadically travel to India to inspect plants producing drugs for the American market. However, these trips are announced in advance allowing the facilities to prepare and put their best face forward. Counterfeiters and sloppy Asian generic drug manufacturers are a big problem, as the brand-name pharmaceutical industry relishes in pointing out. But there are plenty of skeletons in the brand-name closet as well. Companies have been fined for promoting off-label use of drugs, for paying kickbacks to physicians for prescribing certain drugs and for withholding known side effects. In a paper submitted in to the New England Journal of Medicine describing studies on the painkiller Vioxx, Merck researchers failed to disclose some cases of cardiovascular events in the experimental group of which they were aware. Of course, neither the generic nor the brand-name drug industry should be universally impugned because some cases of fraud have come to light. While no drug performs as well as its exuberant television ads proclaim, benefits do outweigh risks when the meds are appropriately prescribed. On the other hand, drug counterfeiters should be vigorously pursued for enticing people play Russian roulette with their pill bottles. Sadly, we will never be able to eliminate counterfeiters. The problem has a long history, evidenced by the appearance of fake cinchona bark to treat malaria back in the 17 th century. As long as the road of deception is paved with money, there will always be fraudsters who will take it. Enter your keywords. Sign-Up Here. The production of counterfeit drugs is a huge global industry, a concern for patients, and a massive headache for regulators. Critical Thinking. Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram. Accessibility Cookie notice Cookie settings Log in.

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Alfred W. Global Power' Chicago, His best known book, 'The Politics of Heroin,' stirred controversy when the C. Customer Reviews, including Product Star Ratings help customers to learn more about the product and decide whether it is the right product for them. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. It also analyzed reviews to verify trustworthiness. Customers find the book amazing, well-researched, and informative. They describe it as an excellent read, worth their time, and interesting. Readers praise the writing quality as well-structured and excellent. AI-generated from the text of customer reviews. Customers find the book well-researched, informative, and well-structured. They say it's an excellent source and the conclusions are terribly important. McCoy's approach is convincing where he can rely on first hand information from the key players whose actions he describes, namely the veterans of This thoroughly documented and well written text illustrates CIA complicity in the narcotics trade from the Golden Triangle of Southeast Asia, to Amazingly well researched and very well written, this is the authoritative tome on the highly questionable connections between the American Powerful, well documented book. A real history that every graduate student should read. McCoy has a new book out which is up to date to Customers find the book excellent, well-researched, thorough, and eye-opening. They say it's worth their time and an interesting read. This isn't light reading, but it's definitely worth your time The writing, as previously mentioned, is excellent , and the conclusions terribly important. Read it McCoy gets slightly detailed in the group, tribe and faction descriptions but proves his points in the end Customers find the book well-researched, well-written, and authoritative. They also say it's excellent reading for those who really want to know. Amazingly well researched and very well written , this is the authoritative tome on the highly questionable connections between the American This is excellent reading for those who really want to know what is going on, what went on before, and likely to happen in the future. Purchase options and add-ons. The first book to prove CIA and U. Maintaining a global perspective, this groundbreaking study details the mechanics of drug trafficking in Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and South and Central America. New chapters detail U. Report an issue with this product or seller. Previous slide of product details. Print length. Lawrence Hill Books. Publication date. See all details. Next slide of product details. Frequently bought together. Get it as soon as Saturday, Oct To see our price, add these items to your cart. Try again! Added to Cart. Add all 3 to Cart. Some of these items ship sooner than the others. Show details Hide details. Choose items to buy together. Customers who viewed this item also viewed. Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1. Previous set of slides. Oswaldo Zavala. Eye of the Chickenhawk. Simon Dovey. Wendy S. Painting PhD. David Talbot. McCoy Jan Paperback. Gary Webb. Next set of slides. McCoy is a professor of history at the University of Wisconsin—Madison. He holds a doctorate in southeast Asian history from Yale University and is the recipient of the Goodman Prize from the Association for Asian Studies. He lives in Madison, Wisconsin. Brief content visible, double tap to read full content. Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video! About the author Follow authors to get new release updates, plus improved recommendations. Read more about this author Read less about this author. Customer reviews. How customer reviews and ratings work Customer Reviews, including Product Star Ratings help customers to learn more about the product and decide whether it is the right product for them. Learn more how customers reviews work on Amazon. Customers say. Select to learn more. Knowledge level Readability Writing quality. Images in this review. Sort reviews by Top reviews Most recent Top reviews. Top reviews from the United States. There was a problem filtering reviews right now. Please try again later. Verified Purchase. Subject, Methods, Database: A historical study of the opium and heroin trade and its political context, based on primary and secondary sources, including interviews with some of the key players of the developments in Indochina in the s through s. Content: The book falls into four main parts. Following a preface that illuminates the fascinating story behind the story and a brief introduction on the history of heroin, the first part deals with the cross-Atlantic heroin trade from the s through s, with special emphasis on the Mafia and Marseille based Corsican syndicates. The second part, taking up some out of pages not counting the notes , describes in great detail the development of the Asian opium trade from colonial times up to the end of the Vietnam War. In the third section McCoy critically reviews the U. Opium had become a major commodity in world trade before it was outlawed early in the 20th century as a result of increased medical awareness of addiction and a global temperance movement. Prohibition drove opium into an illicit economy eventually controlled by upland drug lords and urban crime syndicates. By the late s, million people, or 4. These figures, Alfred McCoy suggests, are the outcome of a long process of ill-fated political intervention, starting with the promotion of opium use in China and among the Chinese diaspora in Southeast Asia by European colonial powers. Britain fought two successful wars in and to force the Chinese empire to lift the ban on opium that had been in effect since , while revenues from state-licensed opium dens contributed significantly to colonial finances. During and shortly after World War II, McCoy claims, the United States spoiled a unique opportunity to eliminate heroin addiction as a major social problem when the 'radical pragmatism' of its intelligence agencies, the OSS and its successor, the CIA, enabled the 'Sicilian American Mafia' and the Corsican underworld of Marseille to revive the international narcotics traffic. The alliance, directed against the Italian and French Communist parties, 'put the Corsicans in a powerful enough position to establish Marseille as the postwar heroin capital of the Western world and' cemented 'a long-term partnership with Mafia drug distributors' p. Half way around the globe, in Burma, the CIA was guided by the same anti-Communist rationale when it provided support to Kuomintang KMT forces that had retreated from China into what would soon be known as the Golden Triangle. The KMT encouraged the production of opium and centralized its marketing, selling the opium primarily to a Thai police general and CIA client. Later, the CIA used KMT troops as mercenaries in its secret operations in Laos, a country that was emerging as a main transshipment and production center for opium and heroin. In the s, French intelligence and paramilitary agencies had secured the loyalty of poppy growing hill tribes in Laos against Communist infiltration by organizing the marketing of their crop. A decade later, the CIA adopted the same strategy, although not with the same degree of involvement, when its airline, Air America, began flying opium out of the hills for sale and refinement in facilities operated and controlled by 'the CIA's covert action assets' who, McCoy notes, 'had become the leading heroin dealers in Laos' p. Similarly, the U. This involvement went so far that 'elements of the Vietnamese army managed much of the distribution and sale of heroin to GIs inside South Vietnam' p. McCoy sums up the role of U. When U. McCoy concludes that Nixon's war on drugs, while in the short term successful, merely resulted in an increased complexity of the global heroin trade. The same mechanisms of localized suppression transforming into global stimulus, McCoy argues, could be observed in Latin America during the s. Despite massive eradication efforts, the overall Andes coca harvest doubled, parallel to the introduction of poppy cultivation in Colombia which supplied 65 percent of the U. Likewise, the pattern of CIA complicity, first exposed in Laos during the Vietnam War, repeated itself in Nicaragua with the support of cocaine trafficking Contras and in Afghanistan with opium trafficking mujaheddin. To attain its operational goals, McCoy notes, the CIA tolerated and concealed the drug dealing by its local assets. Despite the seeming weight of the evidence, at the end of his book Alfred McCoy is hesitant to arrive at a definite judgment regarding the CIA's responsibility for the global drug trade: 'it is difficult to state unequivocally that the individual drug lords allied with the CIA did or did not shape the long-term trajectory of supply and demand within the vastness and complexity of the global drug traffic' p. However, what McCoy seems to suggest is that had the CIA adopted a rigorous anti-drugs policy and had the war on drugs focused more on demand reduction, then the drug problem could have been less severe by the year But this impression could not be further from the truth. To begin with, 'The Politics of Heroin: CIA complicity in the global drug trade' is the third, revised and expanded, edition of a true classic, 'The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia', that was first published in Moreover, Alfred McCoy, the author, is a diligent researcher who looks at the broad picture, carefully weighing the evidence and arriving at conclusions that are more cautious than the book title implies. Finally, the title of the book is misleading insofar as the role of the United States in general and the CIA in particular is not always at the center of the events that McCoy recounts. McCoy's approach is convincing where he can rely on first hand information from the key players whose actions he describes, namely the veterans of French and American covert operations in Indochina. But the focus on individuals appears problematic where he has to draw on less reliable sources. The discussion of drug trafficking in the U. In contrast, the chapters on the war on drugs and the CIA operations in Nicaragua and Afghanistan that have been written since the publication of the first edition reemphasize McCoy's critical perspective, adding further insights while underscoring his scathing assessment of the nexus between drugs and politics. Overall Evaluation: This book with a unique history of its own is a key contribution to the analysis of the global drug trade. Chicago: Lawrence Hill, p. There are several books that cover this topic, but none of them can match this one. Most of the McCoy's research comes from firsthand sources, including interviews with intelligence officials and opium warlords. That was a bold decision to write such a book during the Vietnam War. With that said, I recommend reading this version first, which was published 30 years later. It is updated and the same historical themes continue to repeat. It is absolutely remarkable. This isn't light reading, but it's definitely worth your time. Unfortunately, it can be somewhat difficult to follow at times because there is a tremendous burden of proof for his assertions. McCoy provides numerous examples of situations in which our intelligence community has embraced drug trafficking warlords as their allies throughout various regions of the world. The CIA's complicity varies from example to example. In some cases, it appears that they consciously overlooked those facts. In other examples, the U. Simply put, they prioritize their national security goals over the drug war and the profits from illegal drugs help our military allies wage war. This book was not written in a sensationalized tone and it provides the appropriate historical context. Furthermore, McCoy demonstrates that the U. This thoroughly documented and well written text illustrates CIA complicity in the narcotics trade from the Golden Triangle of Southeast Asia, to the mountains of Afghanistan, and finally to the highlands of the Andes. Other authors who write of CIA complicity in various nefarious deeds seem to cite this important work more than any other. One might argue that the level of detail, particularly wtih regard to the various machinations of the KMT army and various sects within Burma, Thailand, and Laos is a little much for the general reader. However, in acknowledging this, we can only assert that this is an observation rather a criticism. McCoy's book is an excellent source. The writing, as previously mentioned, is excellent, and the conclusions terribly important. Read it. And be both well informed, and frankly disturbed in the process. Well done, Dr. There is not a more exhaustive study of the international heroin trade written. It is comprehensive in the sources of poppy and the above board and undercover machinations to keep the heroin trade alive and well for many different reasons. Fleshing out many key players in the trade and delving into murky corners of geopolitics not widely known, you may find more than you want in this book. I work with some people from Laos and Cambodia and after reading the chapters on Southeast Asia, we were able to hold a very illuminating conversation about the on the ground effects of this policy. It is well known to the people there and should be to the people here in America. Amazingly well researched and very well written, this is the authoritative tome on the highly questionable connections between the American intelligence community and the global drug cartels. See more reviews. Top reviews from other countries. Very good. First class first person research, an all time classic on heroin trade.. The new edition has added a wonderful short but complete history of the subject from the origins. You can't find a better and more complete book on this theme. One person found this helpful. Pretty crazy book about the heroin trade. Little information about CIA besides they turned a blind eye to the warlords they financed to combat communism. I would strongly recommend this title. An in depth read for enquiring minds I give it the highest accolade. Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations. Back to top. Get to Know Us. Make Money with Us. Amazon Payment Products. Let Us Help You. Amazon Music Stream millions of songs. Amazon Ads Reach customers wherever they spend their time. Sell on Amazon Start a Selling Account. Veeqo Shipping Software Inventory Management. AmazonGlobal Ship Orders Internationally. Shopbop Designer Fashion Brands. Deals and Shenanigans. Ring Smart Home Security Systems. Blink Smart Security for Every Home. Amazon Subscription Boxes Top subscription boxes — right to your door. PillPack Pharmacy Simplified. Amazon Renewed Like-new products you can trust.

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