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You have full access to this open access article. This paper presents archaeobotanical evidence of rice Oryza cf. Within Roman Panonnia the archaeobotanical record shows evidence of trade consisting mostly of local Mediterranean goods such as olives, grapes and figs, however, the recovery of rice and black pepper from Mursa provides the first evidence of exotics arriving to Pannonia from Asia. Preliminary thoughts on the role of these foods within the colony and who may have been consuming them are briefly discussed. The Roman period represents a time of major change in the diet of newly assimilated regions and the results here highlight the contribution that archaeobotanical remains can make to the growing discourse on the development of societies on the Roman frontier. The Roman period represents a time of major change in diet since the expansion of trade networks meant that new foods were more widely accessible in most parts of the Roman Empire. In the newly incorporated region of Pannonia, the establishment of military installations, road systems, specialised craft production, migration and the emergence of different social classes would have had a significant impact on the diet and subsistence of the local inhabitants. By examining the archaeological remains of food, important information about people and societies can be acquired since understanding food production, how and where food was obtained, as well as consumption patterns can help us approach questions regarding status and even identity. At present, archaeologists generally tend to focus on pottery typologies rather than environmental remains as indicators of food economies. As such, investigations into the role of food during the Roman period 1st—5th century AD in eastern Croatia are relatively rare due to the limited archaeobotanical analyses conducted in the region. Most of the plant remains are largely associated with agriculture, i. From to , archaeological excavations were conducted in Osijek, Croatia, revealing three phases of occupation near the centre of colonia Aelia Mursa hereafter named Mursa , dating from the 2nd century AD to the end of the 3rd century AD. Archaeobotanical samples were collected from two septic pits dating to the first phase of the colony —s and, surprisingly, the first sample examined revealed grains of rice and black pepper. The discovery of rice and black pepper is relatively rare in Europe as a whole, so this discovery provides the first evidence of long distance exotics arriving to Pannonia from Asia. This paper therefore presents some preliminary thoughts on what the presence of rice and black pepper may suggest for the development of the new colonia of Mursa and connects in to a broader programme of research analysing archaeobotanical, zooarchaeological, ceramics and other relevant material remains from the site. Such veteran colonies were often created with the aim of integrating and developing more removed areas of the Empire, and it is likely that Mursa was founded for this purpose as well. Situated in the lower town of present day Osijek, Croatia, the site is located on the elevated right bank of the river Drava Fig. The Limes road that connected camps, forts and towers guarding the border in Pannonia followed the right bank of the Danube; however, around the confluence of the Drava and Danube marshland made the area impassable resulting in the Limes road being brought 25 km inland to Mursa. As such, Mursa was likely an important river port connecting the Drava and Danube, and although the port has yet to be located archaeologically, the Notitia Dignitatum dating to the late 4th century AD states that one of the naval bases of the Danube fleet was posted at Mursa Not. However, further suppositions about the status of Mursa within the Empire are limited from ancient texts, so only through archaeological evidence can we begin to explore aspects of the socioeconomic status of the town and its inhabitants. Excavations also exposed the corners of two city blocks insula A and B , where remains of commercial activities were revealed. The excavation showed three separate phases of development within this part of the city. However, by phase 2 end of the 2nd century AD , these wooden structures were replaced by solid buildings of brick and stone. During the 3rd century AD, a 3rd phase in which civic installations and building alterations were carried out can also be observed. During excavations, two large Fig. All four pits were rectangular, up to 2 m deep and filled with pottery, mostly kitchen and tablewares, animal bones and earth that contained organic material. The archaeological remains so far suggest that they represent the rubbish from a kitchen within a large residence, a guesthouse or a tavern. The upper layers of the cesspits contained burnt earth and charcoal which are believed to have come from the wooden building of insula A, which was destroyed by fire. In total, 16 archaeobotanical samples were collected from the septic pits, equalling approximately l of sediment. To date, only sample SJ has been sorted and the plant remains identified. All plant remains were carbonised, with good overall preservation i. Five rice grain fragments were recovered from sample Fig. Rice caryopses are quite distinct, characterised by long, laterally compressed grains with an oblique tip and ridges running their length. However, the morphological characteristics of Asian Oryza sativa L. Unfortunately, no spikelet bases have been identified so far from the assemblage; therefore, the grains have been identified as Oryza cf. Carbonised a rice Oryza cf. Images taken by K. Two carbonised black peppercorns Piper nigrum were also identified from sample , characterised by the prominent ridges and their almost hexagonal appearance Fig. Sample also contained hundreds of other cultivated and wild plants Fig. Of the cereals, barley Hordeum vulgare ssp. Other crops such as pea Pisum sativum , lentil Lens culinaris , garlic Allium sativum and olive Olea europea , along with a large number of grape Vitis vinifera and fig Ficus carica seeds were also recovered. Galium aparine and various grasses e. Bromus , Lolium. Carbonised a barley grain Hordeum vulgare ssp. Black pepper hereafter named pepper refers to the dried mature fruits or berries of the tropical, perennial woody climbing plant Piper nigrum L. Asian rice, originating in China c. The early history of the rice and pepper trade to the west is sporadic, but was likely monopolised by the Arabs on a small scale until the Romans conquered Egypt c. AD 40, when trade expanded considerably Ravindran :6; Burstein ; Amigues Archaeological evidence from Quseir al-Qadim and Berenike on the Red Sea suggests that both pepper and rice were traded through the ports during the 1st to early 3rd centuries AD Cappers ; Van der Veen ; Van der Veen and Morales Even the Periplus Maris Erythraei , written around the middle of the 1st century AD, describes the east-west trade route running from Egypt and the large ships that were sent on account of the large quantities of pepper and malabathrum traded Schoff It is suggested that pepper was traded ground or as whole peppercorns to Rome where, after AD 92, it was stored in special warehouses called horrea piperataria near the Via Sacra Warmington : If un-ground, the peppercorns would have been crushed in pepper mills molae piperatariae and mortars and sold in paper packets in the Vicus unguentarius ibid. By the time Mursa was founded, Pannonia was already strengthened through the construction of roads and by fortifying waterways. The oldest trade routes through which luxury goods were most likely brought into Pannonia were via roads that connected the Italian ports of Tergeste and, particularly, Aquileia Northern Italy cf. Aquileia was founded as a colony and commercial hub for trade between important centres such as Corinth, Alexandria, Nicomedia, Italy and the Balkan-Danubian region Brusin —54; Panciera ; Bounegru In the early 1st century AD, Strabo 5. Even when the Balkans became part of the Empire, strong links between Pannonia and Aquileia continued Humphries Map of major roads leading to Mursa. Another route, which is rarely explored, is that along the Lower Danube. In particular, the Black Sea is an area where several large and wealthy city ports existed that facilitated trade between other major ports of the Empire, as well as connecting to the Silk Road McLaughlin : 90—1. The unique discovery of rice and pepper dating to the 2nd century AD brings to the fore questions on who was consuming them, whether there was a great demand for such items and what this may say about society and culture in Mursa. Van der Veen and Morales For example, Pliny NH The contexts range from city sewers to military hospitals and sacrificial pits. These were recovered from a building identified as a military hospital, along with a range of other possible medicinal plants, suggesting that rice was valued for its medicinal properties. This is also regularly seen in various Roman pharmaceutical and medical treatises. Yet, other finds are less substantial. At Mogontiacum Mainz , the capital of Germania Superior, a single possible grain of rice cf. Oryza sativa was found in a sacrificial pit at the temple of Isis and Magna Mater dating to the second half of the 1st century AD or slightly later Zach Mineralised black peppercorns have also been found from the Cardo V sewer in Herculaneum Rowan , while in Roman London pepper has been found at a few excavations, including in a cremation and in the early trading settlement of Southwark Cowan et al. Overall, it has been suggested that these finds may indicate certain privileges being bestowed onto military camps and towns Livarda However, at the height of the eastern trade the largest export in tonnage from India to the Mediterranean world was likely pepper, which may have actually reduced its market value, allowing the average person to procure it at a reasonable price Warmington Pliny NH The frequent mention of pepper in ancient texts on food, trade, medicine and rituals indicates that these commodities were relatively well known by the Roman populations Sidebotham In addition, the absence of pepper from the Alexandrian tariff codified c. Instead, what we do know is that Mursa was established as a veteran colony by Hadrian, and that soldiers honourably discharged after the end of their military service were settled in less-populated areas to strengthen the local infrastructure Tacitus, Ann. Upon retirement, veterans received either a piece of land misso agrarian or a cash payment misso nummaria to start their civilian life Wesch-Klein Many veterans possessed multiple skills, including specialisations in crafts, technologies and medicine Wesch-Klein Mayer : The veterans would have been highly regional in origin with their own identity embedded within the common military culture that likely developed around commonalities in dress, training, language Latin and rituals cf. James ; Wells This would have allowed for individual preferences to be incorporated into military life, such as preferences for certain foodstuff e. King Many officials, soldiers and veterans would have been well paid and enjoyed certain privileges James ; Mattingly , but little can be found in literary sources on the provision of exotic foods to the army. Nevertheless, archaeologically, it is clear that exotic plants have been identified from military contexts e. Bakels and Jacomet ; Livarda The Roman army could have then played a role in the dissemination of certain foodstuffs into Pannonia, while the veterans who settled in Mursa may have continued their original dietary habits, possibly exploiting army supply networks in the region. The discovery of rice and black pepper from an early 2nd century septic pit within Roman Mursa is the first archaeobotanical evidence of long distance exotics being imported into Pannonia. Unfortunately, the discovery of rice and black pepper in Mursa raises more questions than can be answered at this stage, such as who was consuming these foodstuffs, whether there was a great demand for such items and what this may say about society and culture in Mursa. Further archaeological and archaeobotanical analyses over the coming years will hopefully help to elucidate further on some of these questions, but it is important to stress the contribution that archaeobotanical remains can make to the growing discourse on the development of societies on the Roman frontier. Haynes ed. The Roman Army as a Community. J Roman Archaeol — Topoi 12 13 — Article Google Scholar. World Archaeol — Princeton, Princeton University Press. Google Scholar. Euxeinos — Buzov M The topography and the archaeological material of the early Christian period in Continental Croatia. Classica et Christiana — Los Angeles, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology. Carroll M The preparation and consumption of food as a contributing factor towards communal identity in the Roman army. Museum of London Archaeology, London. Culiberg M Palaeobotany in Slovene Archaeology. Fuller DQ Pathways to Asian civilizations: tracing the origins and spread of rice and rice cultures. Rice — Archaeol Anthropol Sci — Humphries M Trading gods in northern Italy. Routledge, London, pp — James S The community of the soldiers: a major identity and centre of power in the Roman empire. Oxbow, Oxford, pp 14— King A Diet in the Roman world: a regional inter-site comparison of the mammal bones. Limesforschungen 10, Novaesium 4. Berlin, Verlag Gebr. Reihe 1, Abhandlungen zur alten Geschichte, Band Bonn: Dr. Veg Hist Archaeobotany — Veg Hist Archaeobotany 17 Suppl 1 — Bloomsbury, London. Mattingly DJ An imperial possession. London, Allen Lane. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Book Google Scholar. Archaeopress, Oxford. Opvscvla Archaeologica — A history of the middle Danube provinces of the Roman Empire. London, Routledge. Science Publishers, pp — Aquileia, Associazione Nazionale per Aquileia. Beograd, Istorijski institute, pp — Osijek, Centar za znanstveni rad Jugoslavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti. Zagreb, Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti. Zagreb, Institut za Archeologiju, pp — Collegium Antropologicum — University of Zagreb, Dissertation. Ravindran PN Black pepper. Harwood Academic, Amsterdam. Rowan E Roman diet and nutrition in the Vesuvian region: a study of the bioarchaeological remains from the Cardo V sewer at Herculaneum. University of Oxford, Dissertation. Longmans, Green and Co, New York. Sidebotham SE Berenike and the ancient maritime spice route. University of California Press, Berkeley. Thapar R Black gold: South Asia and the roman maritime trade. South Asia. J South Asian Stud — Tomber R Indo-Roman Trade: from pots to pepper. Duckworth, London. Frankfurt, Africa Magna Verlag. J Ethnopharmacol — Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Wesch-Klein G Recruits and veterans. In: Erdkamp P ed A companion to the Roman army. Wiley-Blackwell, London, pp — Chapter Google Scholar. Zach B Vegetable offerings on the Roman sacrificial site in Mainz, Germany — short report on the first results. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany —6. Download references. I would also like to thank Matthew J. Mandich and the two anonymous referees who provided valuable comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Kelly Reed. Reprints and permissions. Reed, K. First evidence of rice Oryza cf. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 11 , — Download citation. Received : 14 March Accepted : 18 September Published : 02 October Issue Date : January Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript. Download PDF. Abstract This paper presents archaeobotanical evidence of rice Oryza cf. Crop processing, consumption and trade of Asian rice Oryza sativa L. Plants from distant places: the 1st millennium ce archaeobotanical record from Iberia Article Open access 21 November Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. Introduction The Roman period represents a time of major change in diet since the expansion of trade networks meant that new foods were more widely accessible in most parts of the Roman Empire. The location of Colonia Aelia Mursa within the context of the Roman provinces. Full size image. The archaeobotanical evidence During excavations, two large Fig. The arrival of rice and black pepper to Europe Black pepper hereafter named pepper refers to the dried mature fruits or berries of the tropical, perennial woody climbing plant Piper nigrum L. How did rice and pepper arrive in Mursa? Society, culture and food in Roman Mursa The unique discovery of rice and pepper dating to the 2nd century AD brings to the fore questions on who was consuming them, whether there was a great demand for such items and what this may say about society and culture in Mursa. Conclusion The discovery of rice and black pepper from an early 2nd century septic pit within Roman Mursa is the first archaeobotanical evidence of long distance exotics being imported into Pannonia. Los Angeles, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Carroll M The preparation and consumption of food as a contributing factor towards communal identity in the Roman army. Routledge, London, pp — Google Scholar James S The community of the soldiers: a major identity and centre of power in the Roman empire. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany —6 Download references. View author publications. About this article. Cite this article Reed, K. Copy to clipboard. Search Search by keyword or author Search. 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Osijek buying weed

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