Organizim

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Organizim
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Any individual living being or physical living system
"Biological form" redirects here. For the informal taxonomic term in botany, see Race (biology) § Physiological race .
"Form of life" redirects here. For the philosophical concept, see Form of life (philosophy) .
"Living creatures" redirects here. For the biblical concept, see Living creatures (Bible) .
"Fauna and flora" redirects here. For the organization, see Fauna and Flora International .
For branching of Bacteria phyla, see Bacterial phyla .

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^ Oklahoma State – Horizontal Gene Transfer

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Self-replicating organic structures

ssRNA satellite virus
dsDNA satellite virus ( Virophage )
ssDNA satellite virus
ssDNA satellite
dsRNA satellite
ssRNA satellite ( Virusoid )
Satellite-like nucleic acids
RNA
DNA

In biology , an organism (from Ancient Greek ὄργανον (órganon) 'instrument, implement, tool', and -ισμός (-ismós) ) is any organic, living system that functions as an individual entity. [1] All organisms are composed of cells ( cell theory ). [1] Organisms are classified by taxonomy into groups such as multicellular animals , plants , and fungi ; or unicellular microorganisms such as protists , bacteria , and archaea . [2] All types of organisms are capable of reproduction , growth and development , maintenance , and some degree of response to stimuli . Beetles , squids , tetrapods , mushrooms , and vascular plants are examples of multicellular organisms that differentiate specialized tissues and organs during development .

A unicellular organism may be either a prokaryote or a eukaryote . Prokaryotes are represented by two separate domains – bacteria and archaea . Eukaryotic organisms are characterized by the presence of a membrane-bound cell nucleus and contain additional membrane-bound compartments called organelles (such as mitochondria in animals and plants and plastids in plants and algae , all generally considered to be derived from endosymbiotic bacteria). [3] Fungi, animals and plants are examples of kingdoms of organisms within the eukaryotes.

Estimates on the number of Earth's current species range from 2 million to 1 trillion, [4] of which over 1.7 million have been documented. [5] More than 99% of all species, amounting to over five billion species, [6] that ever lived are estimated to be extinct . [7] [8]

In 2016, a set of 355 genes from the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) of all organisms was identified. [9] [10]

The term "organism" (from Greek ὀργανισμός, organismos , from ὄργανον, organon , i.e. "instrument, implement, tool, organ of sense or apprehension") [11] [12] first appeared in the English language in 1703 and took on its current definition by 1834 ( Oxford English Dictionary ). It is directly related to the term "organization". There is a long tradition of defining organisms as self-organizing beings, going back at least to Immanuel Kant 's 1790 Critique of Judgment . [13]

An organism may be defined as an assembly of molecules functioning as a more or less stable whole that exhibits the properties of life . Dictionary definitions can be broad, using phrases such as "any living structure, such as a plant, animal, fungus or bacterium, capable of growth and reproduction". [14] Many definitions exclude viruses and possible man-made non-organic life forms, as viruses are dependent on the biochemical machinery of a host cell for reproduction. [15] A superorganism is an organism consisting of many individuals working together as a single functional or social unit . [16]

There has been controversy about the best way to define the organism [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] and indeed about whether or not such a definition is necessary. [27] [28] Several contributions [29] are responses to the suggestion that the category of "organism" may well not be adequate in biology. [30] [ page needed ]

Viruses are not typically considered to be organisms because they are incapable of autonomous reproduction , growth or metabolism . Although some organisms are also incapable of independent survival and live as obligatory intracellular parasites , they are capable of independent metabolism and procreation. Although viruses have a few enzymes and molecules characteristic of living organisms, they have no metabolism of their own; they cannot synthesize and organize the organic compounds from which they are formed. Naturally, this rules out autonomous reproduction: they can only be passively replicated by the machinery of the host cell . In this sense, they are similar to inanimate matter.

While viruses sustain no independent metabolism and thus are usually not classified as organisms, they do have their own genes , and they do evolve by mechanisms similar to the evolutionary mechanisms of organisms. Thus, an argument that viruses should be classed as living organisms is their ability to undergo evolution and replicate through self-assembly. However, some scientists argue that viruses neither evolve nor self-reproduce. Instead, viruses are evolved by their host cells, meaning that there was co-evolution of viruses and host cells. If host cells did not exist, viral evolution would be impossible. This is not true for cells. If viruses did not exist, the direction of cellular evolution could be different, but cells would nevertheless be able to evolve. As for reproduction, viruses totally rely on hosts' machinery to replicate. [31] The discovery of viruses with genes coding for energy metabolism and protein synthesis fuelled the debate about whether viruses are living organisms. The presence of these genes suggested that viruses were once able to metabolize. However, it was found later that the genes coding for energy and protein metabolism have a cellular origin. Most likely, these genes were acquired through horizontal gene transfer from viral hosts. [31]

Organisms are complex chemical systems, organized in ways that promote reproduction and some measure of sustainability or survival. The same laws that govern non-living chemistry govern the chemical processes of life . It is generally the phenomena of entire organisms that determine their fitness to an environment and therefore the survival of their DNA -based genes.

Organisms clearly owe their origin, metabolism, and many other internal functions to chemical phenomena, especially the chemistry of large organic molecules. Organisms are complex systems of chemical compounds that, through interaction and environment, play a wide variety of roles.

Organisms are semi-closed chemical systems. Although they are individual units of life (as the definition requires), they are not closed to the environment around them. To operate they constantly take in and release energy. Autotrophs produce usable energy (in the form of organic compounds) using light from the sun or inorganic compounds while heterotrophs take in organic compounds from the environment.

The primary chemical element in these compounds is carbon . The chemical properties of this element such as its great affinity for bonding with other small atoms, including other carbon atoms, and its small size making it capable of forming multiple bonds, make it ideal as the basis of organic life. It is able to form small three-atom compounds (such as carbon dioxide ), as well as large
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