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Although the oasis is known to have been settled since at least the 10th millennium BC , the earliest evidence of any connection with Ancient Egypt is the 26th Dynasty , when a necropolis was established. Ancient Greek settlers at Cyrene made contact with the oasis around the same time 7th century BC , and the oracle temple of Amun Greek: Zeus Ammon , who, Herodotus was told, took the image here of a ram. Herodotus knew of a 'fountain of the Sun' that ran coldest in the noontime heat. The oracle, Alexander's court historians alleged, confirmed him as both a divine personage and the legitimate Pharaoh of Egypt, though Alexander's motives in making the excursion, following his founding of Alexandria, remain to some extent inscrutable and contested. Evidence of Christianity at Siwa is uncertain, but in the Siwans resisted an Islamic army, and probably did not convert until the 12th century. A local manuscript mentions only seven families totaling 40 men living at the oasis in In the 12th century, Al-Idrisi mentions it as being inhabited mainly by Berbers, with an Arab minority; a century before Al-Bakri stated that only Berbers lived there. The Egyptian historian Al-Maqrizi traveled to Siwa in the 15th century and described how the language spoken there 'is similar to the language of the Zenata '. The first European to visit since Roman times was the English traveler William George Browne , who came in to see the ancient temple of the Oracle of Amun. Siwa was annexed by Muhammad Ali of Egypt in , but the Egyptian representative in Siwa was assassinated in Egyptian rule from distant Cairo was at first tenuous and marked by several revolts. Egypt began to assert firmer control after a visit to the Oasis by King Fuad I , who berated the locals for 'a certain vice' and specified punishments to bring Siwan behaviour in line with Egyptian morals. German soldiers went skinny dipping in the lake of the oracle, contrary to local customs which prohibit public nudity. The ancient fortress of Siwa, known as the Shali Ghadi Shali being the name of the town, and Ghadi meaning 'remote' , was built on natural rock an inselberg and made of kershif salt and mud-brick \\\\\\\[1\\\\\\\] and palm logs. After it was damaged by three days of heavy rains in \\\\\\\[23\\\\\\\] it was abandoned for similar unreinforced construction housing on the plain surrounding it, and in some cases those, in turn, have been replaced by more modern cinder block and sheet metal roof buildings. Only one building in the Shali complex has been repaired and is in use, a mosque. Gradually eroded by infrequent rains and slowly collapsing, the Shali remains a prominent feature, towering five stories above the modern town and lit at night by floodlights. It is most easily approached from its southwest side, south of the end of the paved road which curves around from the north side of the Shali. Several uneven pedestrian streets lead from the southwest end of the Shali into it, the ground rent in places by deep cracks. Many of the unreinforced kershif buildings bordering the streets of the Shali are also split by large cracks, or they are partially collapsed. Other local historic sites of interest include the remains of the oracle temple; the Gebel al Mawta the Mountain of the Dead , a Roman-era necropolis featuring dozens of rock-cut tombs; \\\\\\\[1\\\\\\\] and 'Cleopatra's Bath', an antique natural spring. The fragmentary remains of the oracle temple, with some inscriptions dating from the 4th century BC, lie within the ruins of Aghurmi. The revelations of the oracle fell into disrepute under the Roman occupation of Egypt. The traditional culture of Siwa shows many unique elements, some reflecting its longstanding links with the isolated Oasis life and the fact that the inhabitants are Siwi Berbers. Until a tarmac road was built to the Mediterranean coast in the s Siwa's only links with the outside world were by arduous camel tracks through the desert. These were used to export dates and olives, bring trade goods, or carry pilgrims on the route which linked the Maghreb to Cairo and hence to Mecca. As a result of this isolation, Siwis developed a unique natural culture manifested in its crafts of basketry, pottery, silverwork and embroidery and in its style of dress. The most visible and celebrated examples of this were the bridal silver and the ensemble of silver ornaments and beads that women wore in abundance to weddings and other ceremonies. The best known of these pieces is a huge silver disc called ' adrim ' and a round necklace, called ' aghraw', from which it hung over the breast. A girl would give up the disc at a special ceremony in the spring the day she was married. The jewelry, which was made by local silversmiths, consisted of silver necklaces, earrings, bangles, hair ornaments, pendants, and many rings. These pieces are decorated with symbols common to Berber people across North Africa designed to promote good health, fertility and to protect the wearer from misfortune. Some of the same signs and patterns are found on the embroidery which embellishes women's dresses, trousers, and shawls. The arrival of the road and of television exposed the oasis to the styles and fashions of the outside world and the traditional silver ornaments were gradually replaced by jewelry made of gold. Evidence of the old styles and traditions are however still in evidence in the women's embroidery and costume. Siwi people are very religious so on Ramadan , they tend to close all the shops and stay at home for the whole month. Unlike other Egyptians, however, on Eid al-Adha Siwis cook the skin of the sheep along with its innards as a festival delicacy, after removing the hair. The name is often misunderstood as a reference to 'tourism', but in fact predates tourism. The food for the festival is bought collectively, with funds gathered by the oasis' mosques, \\\\\\\[38\\\\\\\] celebrations last for 3 Qamari days, and in the early morning of the fourth day, siwian men form a big march, while holding flags and singing spiritual songs, march starts from Gabal El - Dakrour and ends in Sidi Solayman square - in the center of Siwa - declaring ending of festivals, and beginning of a new year without hatred or grudge, and with love, respect and reconciliation. Siwi children traditionally also celebrated Ashura by lighting torches, singing, and exchanging sweets. Siwans are preferentially endogamous , only rarely marrying non-Siwans. According to older members of the Awlad Ali Bedouins, the Bedouin relations with Siwans were traditionally mediated through a system of 'friendship', whereby a specific Siwan and his descendants would be the friend of a specific Bedouin and his descendants. The Bedouin would stay at the Siwan's house when he came to Siwa, and would exchange his animal products and grain for the Siwan's dates and olive oil. Siwa's Berbers are close to 30, in number. The hot springs are an attraction to visitors. Women have traditionally played a prominent role in Siwan households, often being in charge of a household's financial decisions. Siwa is of special interest to anthropologists and sociologists because of its historical acceptance of male homosexuality and even rituals celebrating same-sex marriage - traditions that the Egyptian authorities have sought to repress, with increasing success, since the early twentieth century. The German egyptologist Georg Steindorff explored the Oasis in and reported that homosexual relations were common and often extended to a form of marriage: 'The feast of marrying a boy was celebrated with great pomp, and the money paid for a boy sometimes amounted to fifteen pounds, while the money paid for a woman was a little over one pound. In the anthropologist Walter Cline wrote the first detailed ethnography of the Siwans in which he noted: 'All normal Siwan men and boys practice sodomy Prominent men lend their sons to each other. All Siwans know the matings which have taken place among their sheiks and their sheiks' sons Most of the boys used in sodomy are between twelve and eighteen years of age. Homosexuality was not merely rampant, it was raging Every dancer had his boyfriend In the late s a Siwan merchant told the visiting British novelist Robin Maugham that the Siwan women were 'badly neglected', but that Siwan men 'will kill each other for boy. Never for a woman', although as Maugham noted, marriage to a boy had become illegal by then. Under such circumstances it is not surprising that homosexuality was common among them Up to the year , it was not unusual that some kind of written agreement, which was sometimes called a marriage contract, was made between two males; but since the visit of King Fu'ad to this oasis it has been completely forbidden However, such agreements continued, but in great secrecy, and without the actual writing, until the end of World War II. Now the practice is not followed. Despite the multiplicity of sources for these practices, the Egyptian authorities and even the Siwan tribal elders have attempted to repress the historical and anthropological record. When the Siwa-born anthropologist Fathi Malim included reference to Siwan homosexuality especially a love poem from a man to a youth in his book Oasis Siwa , \\\\\\\[53\\\\\\\] the tribal council demanded that he blank out the material in the current edition of the book and remove it from future editions, or be expelled from the community. Malim reluctantly agreed and physically deleted the passages in the first edition of his book, and excluded them from the second. Dumairy, the Director of Siwa Antiquities, discreetly omits all mention of the famous historical practices of the inhabitants. About 80 km 50 mi in length and 20 km 12 mi wde, \\\\\\\[1\\\\\\\] Siwa Oasis is one of Egypt's most isolated settlements with about 24, people, \\\\\\\[56\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\[57\\\\\\\] mostly Siwi berbers. Siwa has been noted for its dates since ancient times, and today date palm cultivation is by far the largest component of its economy. Tourism has in recent decades become a vital source of income. Much attention has been given to creating hotels that use local materials and display local styles. In , Greek archaeologist Liana Souvaltzi announced that she had identified the tomb of Alexander the Great in the oasis of Siwa. This was the first time in human history that one country's government intervened in another country's internal affairs to stop an archaeological excavation. The case is still active in the Greek courts of law. An extremely old hominid footprint was discovered in at Siwa Oasis. Egyptian scientists claimed it could be 2—3 million years old, which would make it the oldest fossilized hominid footprint ever found. However, no proof of this conjecture was ever presented. The first known recent public viewing of this event occurred on 21 March during the spring Equinox. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Arabic. January Click \\\\\\\[show\\\\\\\] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Place in Matrouh, Egypt. Location within Qattara Depression. This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. September Silver pendant with engraved Quran -box. S2CID Retrieved 30 June Wallis An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Retrieved 9 January Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 19 May Oxford companion to classical literature. Oxford : Oxford UP , , Adolf Erman, Hermann Grapow. IV, p. VI, p. In Bosworth, C. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. Leiden: Brill. ISBN Retrieved 18 May Archived from the original on 22 February Retrieved 16 March Retrieved 19 October National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 17 January Climate Charts. Archived from the original on 19 October The New York Times. ISSN Retrieved 23 December Oasis Siwa: from the Inside. Traditions, customs, and magic. Bedouin, settlers, and holiday-makers: Egypt's changing northwest coast. Cairo: AUC. BBC News. Archived from the original on 19 September Archived from the original on 4 February Durch die Libysche Wuste Zur Amonoase. Leipsig: Velohgen and Klasing. Harvard African Studies. Notes on the People of Siwa. In Quest of Lost Worlds. New York: Dutton. Journey to Siwa. London: Chapman and Hall. Siwa Oasis. Oasis Siwa from the Inside. Cultural Survival. Retrieved 14 November Siwa Past and Present. Retrieved 1 June Lonely Planet. Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania , Mar 01, Retrieved 23 April Retrieved 2 April Splash Damage. Retrieved 29 May Prima Games. Retrieved 3 June Ziff Davis, LLC. Retrieved 4 June Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Siwa. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Siwa. Egyptian cities and towns by population. National Parks of Egypt. Egyptology Egyptologists Ancient Egypt topics. Authority control: National libraries Germany. Hidden categories: CS1 errors: missing periodical Use dmy dates from October Articles needing translation from Arabic Wikipedia Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles containing Arabic-language text Coordinates on Wikidata Articles to be expanded from September All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September CS1 French-language sources fr CS1 German-language sources de Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Webarchive template wayback links Commons category link is on Wikidata Articles with GND identifiers. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage. Siwa Oasis Location in Egypt. Egyptian hieroglyphs. Source 1: NOAA \\\\\\\[25\\\\\\\]. Source 2: Climate Charts \\\\\\\[26\\\\\\\]. Source: Storm \\\\\\\[27\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\[28\\\\\\\].
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