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To browse Academia. Skip to main content. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. Log In Sign Up. Download Free PDF. Importance of ammonia detoxification by plants in phytoremediation and aquaponics Novenytermeles Plant Production 62, Suppl. Tamas Komives. Andras Bittsanszky. Katalin Pilinszky. Download PDF. A short summary of this paper. Importance of ammonia detoxification by plants in phytoremediation and aquaponics. As a base, under neutral conditions it exists as ammonium ion, which, at low external concentrations is a preferential nitrogen source for most plants but at higher concentrations it is phytotoxic. Since ammonia is continuously produced in living plant cells by different biochemical processes, several routes evolved for its detoxification. However, even the most active detoxification pathways cannot protect the plants against high concentrations of ammonia applied exogenously under the conditions of phytoremediation and aquaponics. Phytoremediation and aquaponics are new, emerging, ecofriendly technologies that exploit the high stress tolerance of plants by growing them under atypical, occasionally highly stressful conditions. Phytoremediation uses living higher plants for cleaning up contaminated soil and water by removing, sequestering, or biochemically decomposing the pollutant. Aquaponics integrates hydroponics plant production in water, without soil and traditional aquaculture raising aquatic animals such as snails, fish, crayfish or prawns in tanks , providing a symbiotic environment for producing fish and plants in a closed system. In phytoremediation plants may be exposed to a wide range of pollutants while in aquaponics the usual phytotoxic pollutant is ammonia produced by the fish. Thus, breeding for tolerance to drought, extreme radiation and temperatures has been in the focus of many breeding programs. Phytoremediation and aquaponics are new, emerging, ecofriendly agricultural technologies that exploit the stress tolerance of plants by growing them under atypical, occasionally highly stressful conditions. Phytoremediation uses living higher plants for cleaning up contaminated soil and water by removing, sequestering, or biochemically decomposing the pollutant Lorenz, Aquaponics integrates hydroponics plant production in water, without soil and traditional aquaculture raising aquatic animals such as snails, fish, crayfish or prawns in tanks , providing a symbiotic environment for producing fish and plants in a closed system Lennard and Leonard, In phytoremediation plants may be exposed to a wide range of pollutants Bittsanszky et al. Pure ammonia is a gas which is highly soluble in water. As a base, under neutral conditions it exists as ammonium ion, which, at low external concentrations is a preferential nitrogen source for most plants but at higher concentrations it is phytotoxic 99 DOI It is interesting to note that phytotoxicity of ammonia was first demonstrated by Charles Darwin in , when he described the growth inhibition by ammonia in Euphorbia peplus cited in Britto and Kronzucker, Since ammonia is continuously produced in living plant cells by several biochemical processes e. Cellular concentrations of ammonia may reach toxic levels when the rate of its conversion to amino acids and amides becomes slower that the rate of production Hirel et al. The most active detoxification pathways Figure 1. An alternative pathway is the reversible reaction of ammonia with 2-oxoglutarate to synthesize Glu catalyzed by Glu dehydrogenase GDH; EC 1. Detoxification pathways of ammonia in plants. Materials and methods Phytotoxicity of ammonia to thale cress Arabidopsis thaliana and russian olive Elaeagnus angustifolia was investigated under laboratory conditions. For thale cress experiments plants were germinated, grown hydroponically in half strength Hoagland solution and treated with 0, 10, 25, and 50 mM concentrations of ammonia as previously described Bittsanszky et al. Plant heights and fresh weights were regularly determined. After 48 and 72 hours activity of glutathione S-transferase Habig et al. Statistical evaluation of the phytotoxicity data was done by the Statistica 6. Thus, after one week plants exposed to the highest concentration of ammonia 50 mM developed less bolts and siliques, growth of shoots and roots was inhibited, chlorotic and necrotic lesions appeared the leaves. After three weeks similar symptoms were observed on the plants treated with 10 and 25 mM ammonia, while by this time the plants that were exposed to 50 mM ammonia were completely dead Figure 2. Inhibition of growth of thale cress Arabidopsis thaliana plants by ammonia applied in the form of ammonium sulfate. Lower concentrations 25 and 50 mM did not cause visible symptoms on leaves. Table 1. Chlorophyll content of russian olive Elaeagnus angustifolia leaves treated with different salt of ammonia. However, different salts caused different activity patterns. Thus, mM ammonium nitrate induced the GST activity after 48 hours. Table 2. NH4NO3 48 h 72 h concentration 0 mM 0. Tolerance of plants to high ammonia levels depends on the capacity of the plant to escape deleterious concentrations of ammonia and the active oxygen species that are generated in the exposed tissues. Plants with higher ammonia tolerance would be beneficial for phytoremediation and aquaponics systems therefore breeding program should be started. References Bittsanszky, A. Environment International. Britto, D. Journal of Plant Physiology. Edgerton, M. Increasing crop productivity to meet global needs for feed, food and fuel. Plant Physiology. Gazzarrini, S. Three functional transporters for constitutive, diurnally regulated, and starvation-induced uptake of ammonium into Arabidopsis roots. Plant Cell Habig, W. Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. Journal of Biological Chemistry. Hirel, B. The challenge of improving nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants: towards a more central role for genetic variability and quantitative genetics within integrated approaches. Journal of Experimental Botany. Jenks, M. Genes for plant abiotic stress. Wiley and Sons, New York. Lennard, W. A comparison of three different hydroponic sub-systems gravel bed, floating and nutrient film technique in an Aquaponic test system. Aquaculture Int. Lorenz, M. A marriage of old and new: chemostats and microarrays identify a new model system for ammonium toxicity. PLoS Biol 4: 11, e Determination of accurate extinction coefficients and simultaneous equations for assaying chlorophylls a and b extracted with four different solvents: verification of the concentration of chlorophyll standards by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Related Papers. Effects of ammonium salts on oleaster Elaeagnus angustifolia. By Tamas Komives. By Hans Brix. Allelopathy from a Mathematical Modeling Perspective. By Hanwen Wu. Trace elements in soil-vegetables interface: Translocation, bioaccumulation, toxicity and amelioration -A review. By Antonino Pollio. Download pdf. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? 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