Оксиконтин википедия

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Оксиконтин википедия

Oxycodone , sold under the brand name OxyContin among others, is an opioid medication used for treatment of moderate to severe pain. Common side effects include constipation , nausea , sleepiness, dizziness , itching , dry mouth , and sweating. Oxycodone was first made in Germany in from thebaine. Oxycodone is used for managing moderate to severe acute or chronic pain when other treatments are not sufficient. Oxycodone is available as controlled-release tablet, intended to be taken every 12 hours. The author concluded that the controlled-release form is a valid alternative to morphine and a first-line treatment for cancer pain. In the U. Oxycodone is available in a variety of formulations for by mouth or under the tongue : \\\\\\\\\\\\[7\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\[26\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\[27\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\[28\\\\\\\\\\\\]. In the US, oxycodone is only approved for use by mouth, available as tablets and oral solutions. Parenteral formulations of oxycodone brand name OxyNorm are also available in other parts of the world however, and are widely used in the European Union. Serious side effects of oxycodone include reduced sensitivity to pain beyond the pain the drug is taken to reduce , euphoria , anxiolysis , feelings of relaxation , and respiratory depression. The risk of experiencing severe withdrawal symptoms is high if a patient has become physically dependent and discontinues oxycodone abruptly. Medically, when the drug has been taken regularly over an extended period, it is withdrawn gradually rather than abruptly. People who regularly use oxycodone recreationally or at higher than prescribed doses are at even higher risk of severe withdrawal symptoms. The symptoms of oxycodone withdrawal, as with other opioids, may include ' anxiety , panic attack , nausea , insomnia , muscle pain , muscle weakness , fevers , and other flu-like symptoms '. Withdrawal symptoms have also been reported in newborns whose mothers had been either injecting or orally taking oxycodone during pregnancy. As with other opioids, chronic use of oxycodone particularly with higher doses often causes concurrent hypogonadism low sex hormone levels. In , it was the leading cause of drug-related deaths in the U. Oxycodone overdose has also been described to cause spinal cord infarction in high doses and ischemic damage to the brain , due to prolonged hypoxia from suppressed breathing. Oxycodone is metabolized by the enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 , and its clearance therefore can be altered by inhibitors and inducers of these enzymes, increasing and decreasing half-life , respectively. Natural genetic variation in these enzymes can also influence the clearance of oxycodone, which may be related to the wide inter-individual variability in its half-life and potency. Similarly to most other opioids, oxycodone increases prolactin secretion, but its influence on testosterone levels is unknown. A few of the metabolites of oxycodone have also been found to be active as MOR agonists, some of which notably have much higher affinity for as well as higher efficacy at the MOR in comparison. However, despite the greater in vitro activity of some of its metabolites, it has been determined that oxycodone itself is responsible for In , a group of Australian researchers proposed based on a study in rats that oxycodone acts on KORs, unlike morphine, which acts upon MORs. Oxycodone can be administered orally, intranasally, via intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injection , or rectally. After a dose of conventional instant-release oral oxycodone, the onset of action is 10 to 30 minutes, \\\\\\\\\\\\[6\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\[7\\\\\\\\\\\\] and peak plasma levels of the drug are attained within roughly 30 to 60 minutes; \\\\\\\\\\\\[6\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\[7\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\[63\\\\\\\\\\\\] in contrast, after a dose of OxyContin an oral controlled-release formulation , peak plasma levels of oxycodone occur in about three hours. Oxycodone has a volume of distribution of 2. Several of the immediate metabolites of oxycodone are subsequently conjugated with glucuronic acid and excreted in the urine. Because oxycodone is metabolized by the cytochrome P system in the liver, its pharmacokinetics can be influenced by genetic polymorphisms and drug interactions concerning this system, as well as by liver function. The clearance of oxycodone is 0. Oxycodone has a half-life of 4. In a separate filing, Purdue claims that controlled-release oxycodone 'provides pain relief in said patient for at least 12 hours after administration. Doctors in the s often would switch their patients to a dosing schedule of once every eight hours when they complained that the duration of action for OxyContin was too short to be only taken twice a day. I request that you not use a \\\\\\\\\\\\[8-hourly\\\\\\\\\\\\] dosing regimen. One such memo read, 'There is no Q8 dosing with OxyContin Purdue sales representatives were instructed to encourage doctors to write prescriptions for larger hour doses instead of more frequent dosing. Los Angeles Times journalists argue using interviews from opioid addiction experts that such high doses of OxyContin spaced 12 hours apart create a combination of agony during opiate withdrawal lower lows and a schedule of reinforcement that relieves this agony, fostering addiction. The chemical structures are very similar, differing only in that. It is also similar to hydrocodone , differing only in that it has a hydroxyl group at carbon Oxycodone is marketed as various salts, most commonly as the hydrochloride salt. The free base conversion ratios of different salts are: hydrochloride 0. The hydrochloride salt is the basis of most American oxycodone products whilst bitartrate, tartrate, pectinate, terephthalate and phosphate salts are also available in European Union products. Many commercial opiate screening tests cross-react appreciably with oxycodone and its metabolites, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish oxycodone from other opiates. Freund and Speyer of the University of Frankfurt in Germany first synthesized oxycodone from Thebaine in , \\\\\\\\\\\\[16\\\\\\\\\\\\] a few years after the German pharmaceutical company Bayer had stopped the mass production of heroin due to hazardous use, harmful use, and dependence. It was hoped that a thebaine -derived drug would retain the analgesic effects of morphine and heroin with less dependence. Unfortunately, this was ultimately not found to be the case. The first clinical use of the drug was documented in , the year after it was first developed. It was last manufactured in but can be compounded. This combination is essentially an oxycodone analogue of the morphine-based ' twilight sleep ', with ephedrine added to reduce circulatory and respiratory effects. The drug was expressly designed to provide what the patent application and package insert referred to as 'very deep analgesia and profound and intense euphoria' as well as tranquillisation and anterograde amnesia useful for surgery and battlefield wounding cases. Oxycodone was allegedly chosen over morphine, hydromorphone, and hydrocodone for this product because of oxycodone having subjective elements in its side effect profile similar to cocaine. During Operation Himmler , Skophedal was also reportedly injected in massive overdose into the prisoners dressed in Polish Army uniforms in the staged incident on 1 September which opened the Second World War. In the early s, the U. Purdue Pharma — a privately held company based in Stamford, Connecticut, developed the prescription painkiller OxyContin. Upon its release in , OxyContin was hailed as a medical breakthrough, a long-lasting narcotic that could help patients suffering from moderate to severe pain. Expanded expressions for the compound oxycodone in the academic literature include 'dihydrohydroxycodeinone', \\\\\\\\\\\\[4\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\[94\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\[95\\\\\\\\\\\\] 'Eucodal', \\\\\\\\\\\\[94\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\[95\\\\\\\\\\\\] 'Eukodal', \\\\\\\\\\\\[3\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\[11\\\\\\\\\\\\] 'hydroxydihydrocodeinone', \\\\\\\\\\\\[4\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\[94\\\\\\\\\\\\] and 'Nucodan'. Other brand names include Longtec and Shortec. Oxycodone is subject to international conventions on narcotic drugs. In addition, oxycodone is subject to national laws that differ by country. In February , Ontario passed legislation to allow the expansion of an already existing drug-tracking system for publicly funded drugs to include those that are privately insured. Other provinces have proposed similar legislation, while some, such as Nova Scotia, have legislation already in effect for monitoring prescription drug use. This was a first for any province to delist a drug based on addictive properties. The new law prohibits prescriptions for OxyNeo except to certain patients under the Exceptional Access Program including palliative care and in other extenuating circumstances. Patients already prescribed oxycodone will receive coverage for an additional year for OxyNeo, and after that, it will be disallowed unless designated under the exceptional access program. The new formulation, OxyNeo, is intended to be preventive in this regard and retain its effectiveness as a painkiller. Since introducing its Narcotics Safety and Awareness Act , Ontario has committed to focusing on drug addiction, particularly in the monitoring and identification of problem opioid prescriptions, as well as the education of patients, doctors, and pharmacists. Because laws are largely provincially regulated, many speculate a national strategy is needed to prevent smuggling across provincial borders from jurisdictions with looser restrictions. In June , then federal Minister of Health Rona Ambrose announced that within three years all oxycodone products sold in Canada would need to be tamper-resistant. Some experts warned that the generic product manufacturers may not have the technology to achieve that goal, possibly giving Purdue Pharma a monopoly on this opiate. Several class action suits across Canada have been launched against the Purdue group of companies and affiliates. Claimants argue the pharmaceutical manufacturers did not meet a standard of care and were negligent in doing so. These lawsuits reference earlier judgments in the United States, which held that Purdue was liable for wrongful marketing practices and misbranding. Oxycodone is a restricted drug in Japan. Its import and export is strictly restricted to specially designated organizations having prior permit to import it. In a high-profile case an American who was a top Toyota executive living in Tokyo, who claimed to be unaware of the law, was arrested for importing oxycodone into Japan. Oxycodone is listed as a Class A drug in the Misuse of Drugs Act of Singapore, which means offences in relation to the drug attract the most severe level of punishment. A conviction for unauthorized manufacture of the drug attracts a minimum sentence of 10 years of imprisonment and corporal punishment of 5 strokes of the cane, and a maximum sentence of life imprisonment or 30 years of imprisonment and 15 strokes of the cane. Under the Controlled Substances Act, oxycodone is a Schedule II controlled substance whether by itself or part of a multi-ingredient medication. Oxycodone, like other opioid analgesics, tends to induce feelings of euphoria, relaxation and reduced anxiety in those who are occasional users. In August , Purdue Pharma reformulated their long-acting oxycodone line, marketed as OxyContin, using a polymer, Intac, \\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\] to make the pills extremely difficult to crush or dissolve \\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\] in water to reduce OxyContin abuse. Pfizer manufactures a preparation of short-acting oxycodone, marketed as Oxecta, which contains inactive ingredients, referred to as tamper-resistant Aversion Technology. Approved by the FDA in the U. Areas where oxycodone is most problematic are Atlantic Canada and Ontario , where its abuse is prevalent in rural towns, and in many smaller to medium-sized cities. Oxycodone is diverted through doctor shopping , prescription forgery, pharmacy theft, and overprescribing. In Alberta, the Blood Tribe police claimed that from the fall of through January , oxycodone pills or a lethal fake variation referred to as Oxy 80s \\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\] containing fentanyl made in illegal labs by members of organized crime were responsible for ten deaths on the Blood Reserve , which is located southwest of Lethbridge , Alberta. Abuse and diversion of oxycodone in the UK commenced in the early- to mids. In the United States, more than 12 million people use opioid drugs recreationally. Oxycodone is the most widely recreationally used opioid in America. The U. Department of Health and Human Services estimates that about 11 million people in the U. In , recreational use of oxycodone and hydrocodone were involved in 14, deaths. Some of the cases were due to overdoses of the acetaminophen component, resulting in fatal liver damage. Reformulated OxyContin is causing some recreational users to change to heroin , which is cheaper and easier to obtain. The International Narcotics Control Board estimated This accounted for 0. These illicit tablets were later seized by the U. This number had decreased from a record high of In October , The New Yorker published a story on Mortimer Sackler and Purdue Pharma regarding their ties to the production and manipulation of the oxycodone markets. The article implies that Sackler bears some responsibility for the opioid epidemic in the United States. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Opioid medication. IUPAC name. Interactive image. Both sides of a single 10mg OxyContin pill. See also: Opioid dependence. See also: List of opioids. Further information: Opioid epidemic in the United States. Elsevier Health Sciences. Retrieved 12 April Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. The Merck index 14 ed. Medscape Reference. Retrieved 8 April Pain and Chemical Dependency. Elliott; Howard S. Smith 19 April Handbook of Acute Pain Management. CRC Press. Retrieved 4 January Cancer Nursing: Principles and Practice. McPherson; Matthew R. Pincus 31 March July Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. Treatment with CR oxycodone was safe and effective in this study, and its characteristics will be beneficial in the treatment of pain. Retrieved 28 December British Medical Association. Essentials of Internal Medicine 3e. Drug discovery: a history. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Retrieved 22 December Retrieved 11 April Journal of Pain Research. Journal of Opioid Management. Curr Med Res Opin. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. Retrieved January 30, Archived from the original on 30 June Retrieved 11 February Gould III 11 December Demos Medical Publishing. Drug I. LawTech Publishing Group. Sinatra; Oscar A. Acute Pain Management. Cambridge University Press. Staats; Sanford M. Silverman 28 May Davis 28 May Opioids in Cancer Pain. OUP Oxford. Practical Prescribing for Medical Students. SAGE Publications. National Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus. Retrieved Fitzgibbon; John D. Loeser 28 March Cancer Pain. Retrieved 22 May Package insert Oxycontin PDF. Archived from the original PDF on December Center for Substance Abuse Research. J Perinatol. The American Journal of Medicine. Retrieved 21 December European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. Decreased responsiveness to oxycodone: A case of a pharmacokinetic drug interaction? Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Tiziani 1 June Aust Prescr. Spitzer 17 December Fundamental Neuroscience. Academic Press. Kringelbach; Kent C. Berridge Pleasures of the Brain. Oxford University Press. Sinatra; Jonathan S. Jahr; J. Michael Watkins-Pitchford 14 October The Essence of Analgesia and Analgesics. Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Pain Assessment and Pharmacologic Management. Opioids in medicine a comprehensive review on the mode of action and the use of analgesics in different clinical pain states. Collaboration with Joseph Victor. Preedy 25 April Elsevier Science. Curr Opin Anesthesiol. Therapeutic Guidelines: Analgesic. Version 4. Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines Ltd, Retrieved 24 January J Anal Toxicol. Zanger 29 May Metabolism of Drugs and Other Xenobiotics. British Journal of Pharmacology. Retrieved 3 April Davis; Franklyn P. Cladis 15 October Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 8 July Nectar chemical constituents from Epipactis helleborine L. Crantz Orchidaceae'. Bulletin of Anesthesia History. Deutsche Welle. The New Yorker. The National Research Council involvement in the opiate problem, — Washington: National Academy of Sciences. A historical account'. Drug Alcohol Depend. Retrieved 23 March Final act' PDF. Australasian Legal Information Institute. Department of Health and Aging. Therapeutic Goods Administration June Standard for the uniform scheduling of drugs and poisons no. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Ministry of Health and Long Term Care. Archived from the original on March 21, Huffington Post. Globe and Mail. Toronto, Ontario. Retrieved December 15, Hong Kong Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on Archived from the original on 19 June Singapore , section 6 1. Home Office. The Misuse of Drugs regulations '. Office of Public Sector Information. Drug information and scheduling. Drug Enforcerment Administration. Archived from the original on 21 November Retrieved 23 November Retrieved 23 May Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation. Scottsdale, Arizona. Archived from the original PDF on June 14, Pfizer News and Media. Pfizer Inc. MedPage Today. Australian drug trends CTV News. Rogers Digital Media. Retrieved February 7, Rogers Media. Calgary Herald. Calgary, Alberta. Archived from the original on December 22, Sunday Times London. Society Guardian. A1 and A9. Retrieved 11 May Retrieved 12 September Retrieved 24 December Narcotic drugs: estimated world requirements for ; statistics for New York: United Nations. United Nations. Archived from the original PDF on 26 April Retrieved 27 November International Narcotics Control Board Retrieved 18 November The New York Times. WBUR Boston. Retrieved 19 September Analgesics N02A , N02B. Meloxicam Piroxicam. Meclofenamic acid Mefenamic acid. Cannabidiol Cannabis Nabilone Nabiximols Tetrahydrocannabinol dronabinol. Carbamazepine Lacosamide Local anesthetics e. Recreational drug use. Calea zacatechichi Silene capensis. Coffee break Coffeehouse Latte art Tea house. Abuse Date rape drug Impaired driving Drug harmfulness Effects of cannabis Addiction Dependence Prevention Opioid replacement therapy Rehabilitation Responsible use Drug-related crime Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder Long-term effects of cannabis Neurotoxicity Overdose Passive smoking of tobacco or other substances. Alcohol legality Alcohol consumption Anabolic steroid legality Cannabis legality Annual use Lifetime use Cigarette consumption Cocaine legality Cocaine use Methamphetamine legality Opiates use Psilocybin mushrooms legality Salvia legality. Opioid receptor modulators. Medicine portal. Hidden categories: CS1 errors: missing periodical All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 German-language sources de Articles with dead external links from December Articles with short description Template:drugs. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. In other projects Wikimedia Commons. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Eukodal, eucodal; dihydrohydroxycodeinone, 7,8-dihydrohydroxycodeinone, 6-deoxy-7,8-dihydrohydroxyO-methyloxomorphine \\\\\\\\\\\\[4\\\\\\\\\\\\]. By mouth , sublingual , intramuscular , intravenous , intranasal , subcutaneous , transdermal , rectal , epidural \\\\\\\\\\\\[3\\\\\\\\\\\\]. IR : 10—30 minutes \\\\\\\\\\\\[7\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\[6\\\\\\\\\\\\] CR : 1 hour \\\\\\\\\\\\[9\\\\\\\\\\\\]. K i is for \\\\\\\\\\\\[ 3 H\\\\\\\\\\\\]diprenorphine displacement. Note that diprenorphine is a non-selective opioid receptor ligand, so this is not MOR-specific.

Оксиконтин википедия

Оксиконтин: инструкция по применению средства и меры предосторожности

Oxycodone , sold under the brand name OxyContin among others, is an opioid medication used for treatment of moderate to severe pain. Common side effects include constipation , nausea , sleepiness, dizziness , itching , dry mouth , and sweating. Oxycodone was first made in Germany in from thebaine. Oxycodone is used for managing moderate to severe acute or chronic pain when other treatments are not sufficient. Oxycodone is available as controlled-release tablet, intended to be taken every 12 hours. The author concluded that the controlled-release form is a valid alternative to morphine and a first-line treatment for cancer pain. In the U. Oxycodone is available in a variety of formulations for by mouth or under the tongue : \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[7\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[26\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[27\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[28\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. In the US, oxycodone is only approved for use by mouth, available as tablets and oral solutions. Parenteral formulations of oxycodone brand name OxyNorm are also available in other parts of the world however, and are widely used in the European Union. Serious side effects of oxycodone include reduced sensitivity to pain beyond the pain the drug is taken to reduce , euphoria , anxiolysis , feelings of relaxation , and respiratory depression. The risk of experiencing severe withdrawal symptoms is high if a patient has become physically dependent and discontinues oxycodone abruptly. Medically, when the drug has been taken regularly over an extended period, it is withdrawn gradually rather than abruptly. People who regularly use oxycodone recreationally or at higher than prescribed doses are at even higher risk of severe withdrawal symptoms. The symptoms of oxycodone withdrawal, as with other opioids, may include ' anxiety , panic attack , nausea , insomnia , muscle pain , muscle weakness , fevers , and other flu-like symptoms '. Withdrawal symptoms have also been reported in newborns whose mothers had been either injecting or orally taking oxycodone during pregnancy. As with other opioids, chronic use of oxycodone particularly with higher doses often causes concurrent hypogonadism low sex hormone levels. In , it was the leading cause of drug-related deaths in the U. Oxycodone overdose has also been described to cause spinal cord infarction in high doses and ischemic damage to the brain , due to prolonged hypoxia from suppressed breathing. Oxycodone is metabolized by the enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 , and its clearance therefore can be altered by inhibitors and inducers of these enzymes, increasing and decreasing half-life , respectively. Natural genetic variation in these enzymes can also influence the clearance of oxycodone, which may be related to the wide inter-individual variability in its half-life and potency. Similarly to most other opioids, oxycodone increases prolactin secretion, but its influence on testosterone levels is unknown. A few of the metabolites of oxycodone have also been found to be active as MOR agonists, some of which notably have much higher affinity for as well as higher efficacy at the MOR in comparison. However, despite the greater in vitro activity of some of its metabolites, it has been determined that oxycodone itself is responsible for In , a group of Australian researchers proposed based on a study in rats that oxycodone acts on KORs, unlike morphine, which acts upon MORs. Oxycodone can be administered orally, intranasally, via intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injection , or rectally. After a dose of conventional instant-release oral oxycodone, the onset of action is 10 to 30 minutes, \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[6\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[7\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] and peak plasma levels of the drug are attained within roughly 30 to 60 minutes; \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[6\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[7\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[63\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] in contrast, after a dose of OxyContin an oral controlled-release formulation , peak plasma levels of oxycodone occur in about three hours. Oxycodone has a volume of distribution of 2. Several of the immediate metabolites of oxycodone are subsequently conjugated with glucuronic acid and excreted in the urine. Because oxycodone is metabolized by the cytochrome P system in the liver, its pharmacokinetics can be influenced by genetic polymorphisms and drug interactions concerning this system, as well as by liver function. The clearance of oxycodone is 0. Oxycodone has a half-life of 4. In a separate filing, Purdue claims that controlled-release oxycodone 'provides pain relief in said patient for at least 12 hours after administration. Doctors in the s often would switch their patients to a dosing schedule of once every eight hours when they complained that the duration of action for OxyContin was too short to be only taken twice a day. I request that you not use a \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[8-hourly\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] dosing regimen. One such memo read, 'There is no Q8 dosing with OxyContin Purdue sales representatives were instructed to encourage doctors to write prescriptions for larger hour doses instead of more frequent dosing. Los Angeles Times journalists argue using interviews from opioid addiction experts that such high doses of OxyContin spaced 12 hours apart create a combination of agony during opiate withdrawal lower lows and a schedule of reinforcement that relieves this agony, fostering addiction. The chemical structures are very similar, differing only in that. It is also similar to hydrocodone , differing only in that it has a hydroxyl group at carbon Oxycodone is marketed as various salts, most commonly as the hydrochloride salt. The free base conversion ratios of different salts are: hydrochloride 0. The hydrochloride salt is the basis of most American oxycodone products whilst bitartrate, tartrate, pectinate, terephthalate and phosphate salts are also available in European Union products. Many commercial opiate screening tests cross-react appreciably with oxycodone and its metabolites, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish oxycodone from other opiates. Freund and Speyer of the University of Frankfurt in Germany first synthesized oxycodone from Thebaine in , \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[16\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] a few years after the German pharmaceutical company Bayer had stopped the mass production of heroin due to hazardous use, harmful use, and dependence. It was hoped that a thebaine -derived drug would retain the analgesic effects of morphine and heroin with less dependence. Unfortunately, this was ultimately not found to be the case. The first clinical use of the drug was documented in , the year after it was first developed. It was last manufactured in but can be compounded. This combination is essentially an oxycodone analogue of the morphine-based ' twilight sleep ', with ephedrine added to reduce circulatory and respiratory effects. The drug was expressly designed to provide what the patent application and package insert referred to as 'very deep analgesia and profound and intense euphoria' as well as tranquillisation and anterograde amnesia useful for surgery and battlefield wounding cases. Oxycodone was allegedly chosen over morphine, hydromorphone, and hydrocodone for this product because of oxycodone having subjective elements in its side effect profile similar to cocaine. During Operation Himmler , Skophedal was also reportedly injected in massive overdose into the prisoners dressed in Polish Army uniforms in the staged incident on 1 September which opened the Second World War. In the early s, the U. Purdue Pharma — a privately held company based in Stamford, Connecticut, developed the prescription painkiller OxyContin. Upon its release in , OxyContin was hailed as a medical breakthrough, a long-lasting narcotic that could help patients suffering from moderate to severe pain. Expanded expressions for the compound oxycodone in the academic literature include 'dihydrohydroxycodeinone', \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[4\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[94\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[95\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] 'Eucodal', \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[94\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[95\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] 'Eukodal', \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[3\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[11\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] 'hydroxydihydrocodeinone', \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[4\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[94\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] and 'Nucodan'. Other brand names include Longtec and Shortec. Oxycodone is subject to international conventions on narcotic drugs. In addition, oxycodone is subject to national laws that differ by country. In February , Ontario passed legislation to allow the expansion of an already existing drug-tracking system for publicly funded drugs to include those that are privately insured. Other provinces have proposed similar legislation, while some, such as Nova Scotia, have legislation already in effect for monitoring prescription drug use. This was a first for any province to delist a drug based on addictive properties. The new law prohibits prescriptions for OxyNeo except to certain patients under the Exceptional Access Program including palliative care and in other extenuating circumstances. Patients already prescribed oxycodone will receive coverage for an additional year for OxyNeo, and after that, it will be disallowed unless designated under the exceptional access program. The new formulation, OxyNeo, is intended to be preventive in this regard and retain its effectiveness as a painkiller. Since introducing its Narcotics Safety and Awareness Act , Ontario has committed to focusing on drug addiction, particularly in the monitoring and identification of problem opioid prescriptions, as well as the education of patients, doctors, and pharmacists. Because laws are largely provincially regulated, many speculate a national strategy is needed to prevent smuggling across provincial borders from jurisdictions with looser restrictions. In June , then federal Minister of Health Rona Ambrose announced that within three years all oxycodone products sold in Canada would need to be tamper-resistant. Some experts warned that the generic product manufacturers may not have the technology to achieve that goal, possibly giving Purdue Pharma a monopoly on this opiate. Several class action suits across Canada have been launched against the Purdue group of companies and affiliates. Claimants argue the pharmaceutical manufacturers did not meet a standard of care and were negligent in doing so. These lawsuits reference earlier judgments in the United States, which held that Purdue was liable for wrongful marketing practices and misbranding. Oxycodone is a restricted drug in Japan. Its import and export is strictly restricted to specially designated organizations having prior permit to import it. In a high-profile case an American who was a top Toyota executive living in Tokyo, who claimed to be unaware of the law, was arrested for importing oxycodone into Japan. Oxycodone is listed as a Class A drug in the Misuse of Drugs Act of Singapore, which means offences in relation to the drug attract the most severe level of punishment. A conviction for unauthorized manufacture of the drug attracts a minimum sentence of 10 years of imprisonment and corporal punishment of 5 strokes of the cane, and a maximum sentence of life imprisonment or 30 years of imprisonment and 15 strokes of the cane. Under the Controlled Substances Act, oxycodone is a Schedule II controlled substance whether by itself or part of a multi-ingredient medication. Oxycodone, like other opioid analgesics, tends to induce feelings of euphoria, relaxation and reduced anxiety in those who are occasional users. In August , Purdue Pharma reformulated their long-acting oxycodone line, marketed as OxyContin, using a polymer, Intac, \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] to make the pills extremely difficult to crush or dissolve \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] in water to reduce OxyContin abuse. Pfizer manufactures a preparation of short-acting oxycodone, marketed as Oxecta, which contains inactive ingredients, referred to as tamper-resistant Aversion Technology. Approved by the FDA in the U. Areas where oxycodone is most problematic are Atlantic Canada and Ontario , where its abuse is prevalent in rural towns, and in many smaller to medium-sized cities. Oxycodone is diverted through doctor shopping , prescription forgery, pharmacy theft, and overprescribing. In Alberta, the Blood Tribe police claimed that from the fall of through January , oxycodone pills or a lethal fake variation referred to as Oxy 80s \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] containing fentanyl made in illegal labs by members of organized crime were responsible for ten deaths on the Blood Reserve , which is located southwest of Lethbridge , Alberta. Abuse and diversion of oxycodone in the UK commenced in the early- to mids. In the United States, more than 12 million people use opioid drugs recreationally. Oxycodone is the most widely recreationally used opioid in America. The U. Department of Health and Human Services estimates that about 11 million people in the U. In , recreational use of oxycodone and hydrocodone were involved in 14, deaths. Some of the cases were due to overdoses of the acetaminophen component, resulting in fatal liver damage. Reformulated OxyContin is causing some recreational users to change to heroin , which is cheaper and easier to obtain. The International Narcotics Control Board estimated This accounted for 0. These illicit tablets were later seized by the U. This number had decreased from a record high of In October , The New Yorker published a story on Mortimer Sackler and Purdue Pharma regarding their ties to the production and manipulation of the oxycodone markets. The article implies that Sackler bears some responsibility for the opioid epidemic in the United States. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Opioid medication. IUPAC name. Interactive image. Both sides of a single 10mg OxyContin pill. See also: Opioid dependence. See also: List of opioids. Further information: Opioid epidemic in the United States. Elsevier Health Sciences. Retrieved 12 April Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. The Merck index 14 ed. Medscape Reference. Retrieved 8 April Pain and Chemical Dependency. Elliott; Howard S. Smith 19 April Handbook of Acute Pain Management. CRC Press. Retrieved 4 January Cancer Nursing: Principles and Practice. McPherson; Matthew R. Pincus 31 March July Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. Treatment with CR oxycodone was safe and effective in this study, and its characteristics will be beneficial in the treatment of pain. Retrieved 28 December British Medical Association. Essentials of Internal Medicine 3e. Drug discovery: a history. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Retrieved 22 December Retrieved 11 April Journal of Pain Research. Journal of Opioid Management. Curr Med Res Opin. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. Retrieved January 30, Archived from the original on 30 June Retrieved 11 February Gould III 11 December Demos Medical Publishing. Drug I. LawTech Publishing Group. Sinatra; Oscar A. Acute Pain Management. Cambridge University Press. Staats; Sanford M. Silverman 28 May Davis 28 May Opioids in Cancer Pain. OUP Oxford. Practical Prescribing for Medical Students. SAGE Publications. National Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus. Retrieved Fitzgibbon; John D. Loeser 28 March Cancer Pain. Retrieved 22 May Package insert Oxycontin PDF. Archived from the original PDF on December Center for Substance Abuse Research. J Perinatol. The American Journal of Medicine. Retrieved 21 December European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. Decreased responsiveness to oxycodone: A case of a pharmacokinetic drug interaction? Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Tiziani 1 June Aust Prescr. Spitzer 17 December Fundamental Neuroscience. Academic Press. Kringelbach; Kent C. Berridge Pleasures of the Brain. Oxford University Press. Sinatra; Jonathan S. Jahr; J. Michael Watkins-Pitchford 14 October The Essence of Analgesia and Analgesics. 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By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Eukodal, eucodal; dihydrohydroxycodeinone, 7,8-dihydrohydroxycodeinone, 6-deoxy-7,8-dihydrohydroxyO-methyloxomorphine \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[4\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. By mouth , sublingual , intramuscular , intravenous , intranasal , subcutaneous , transdermal , rectal , epidural \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[3\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. IR : 10—30 minutes \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[7\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[6\\\\\\\\\\\\\\] CR : 1 hour \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[9\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]. K i is for \\\\\\\\\\\\\\[ 3 H\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]diprenorphine displacement. Note that diprenorphine is a non-selective opioid receptor ligand, so this is not MOR-specific.

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