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This page provides an overview of the history of the oil and gas industry and includes relevant resources. The historical information is split into two time-periods: pre-19th century, and from 1800 to the present.
Petroleum has been used for waterproofing, construction, and lighting purposes spanning back to ancient civilizations. Petroleum and its semi-solid cousin, bitumen (asphalt), could be found in seepages in Italy, China, Egypt (Gebel Zeit), Cuba, and the Dead Sea.1 Baku, in present-day Azerbaijan, was well-known from Antiquity to the modern era for its natural seeps of crude oil.2 Natural gas deposits were recorded by early societies in ancient India, Greece, Persia, northern Iraq, and China. Some harvested the energy, like those in the Sichuan Valley to heat brine for salt production.3 Below are books and articles to explore the gas and oil industries up to 1800. The following materials link to fuller bibliographic information in the Library of Congress Online Catalog. Links to additional online content are provided when available.
The first chapter of Volume I in this multi-volume set focuses specifically on "Bitumen and Petroleum in Antiquity." It includes a map of surface deposits, a table of of bitumen classifications and the corresponding vocabulary in languages of Antiquity, and a chart analyzing the chemical composition of ancient bituminous mastics. The majority of the chapter discusses ancient uses of bitumens in building and road construction, waterproofing, warfare (as Greek fire), agriculture, mummification, medicine, and magic. See specifically Forbes, R. J. “Bitumen and Petroleum in Antiquity.” In Studies in Ancient Technology, 2nd ed., 1:1–123. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1955.
Events related to petroleum and natural gas are organized by date, from 6000 B.C. to 1962, with a subject index. Each chronological entry corresponds to one of 80 sources cited in the bibliography.
This book focuses on the petroleum industry from the Middle Ages to the early 1800s. The introduction briefly mentions uses of petroleum in the classical world. Each chapter highlights a particular primary source from a region in Europe and has relevant figures, maps, and citations to, if not in some cases, actual reproductions of the primary source material. For example, at the end of Chapter 8 "Advertizing the Medicinal Properties of Petroleum" (pp. 98-127), includes text from advertising pamphlets from places such as Geneva (1480) and Nurnberg (1500) in their original languages.
The Encyclopedia of Ancient History is the only comprehensive collection of twenty-first century scholarship available on the entire ancient Mediterranean world. Our board of experienced and internationally diverse editors has collected over 5,000 original entries spanning the late Bronze Age through the seventh century CE. Entries extend to all Mediterranean civilizations, including the Near East and Egypt, and represent an unprecedented level of coverage of the ancient world. The Encyclopedia of Ancient History provides clear and concise definitions and explanations of the key people, places, and events that shaped the ancient world, and is extensively illustrated with hundreds of photographs, figures, and maps. This thirteen volume encyclopedia set received Honorable Mention for the 2013 Dartmouth Medal for excellence in reference publications given by the The Reference and User Services Association (RUSA), a division of the American Library Association. —From publisher’s description.
As techniques for extracting and refining fossil fuels improved, and as technology-driven demands increased, petroleum and natural gas became sought-after resources. The United States and Russia become leading countries in the oil industry, joined at times by Canada, Mexico, Iran, Trinidad, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.
In 1855, looking for a more efficient replacement for asphalt-based kerosene, George Henry Bissell and a group of investors formed the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company. They hired Edwin Drake who completed the first drilled oil well—often seen as the beginning of the modern oil era—at Oil Creek near Titusville, Pennsylvania on August 27, 1859.4 Their renamed Seneca Oil Company was soon overshadowed by the Standard Oil Company, which was founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1870 and went on to control close to 80 percent of the oil products market.5 With the introduction of electricity in 1882, natural gas and oil were no longer needed to fuel light. The natural gas industry shifted to heating and cooking applications, and the oil industry found demand in the newly invented automobile. In 1909, anti-trust laws forced Standard Oil into 34 different companies, but by the 1940s three of them, along with four other international companies, grew to dominate the market and were nicknamed the "Seven Sisters."6
Standard Oil of New Jersey (later Esso, then Exxon)
Standard oil of California (Socal, then Chevron)
Anglo-Persian (British Petroleum (BP))
As oil exporting countries became more protective of their resources and interested in benefiting from the wealth of the oil industry, the major companies had to negotiate deals to continue to extract oil. A fifty-fifty profit sharing arrangement was put in place after World War II, but soon oil exporting countries began nationalizing companies in order to have more control over revenue.8 Oil supply and prices were in a tenuous balance for both the oil exporting and oil importing counties, often upset by politics and wars which resulted in a number of oil crises and panics in the latter half of the 20th century.9 The following are select resources for researching the history of the oil and gas industry.
The following materials link to fuller bibliographic information in the Library of Congress Online Catalog. Links to additional online content are provided when available.
"Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan and formerly part of the Russian Empire and Soviet Union, is the original oil city. Baku saw its first oil boom in the late nineteenth century, driven by the Russian branch of the Nobel family modernizing the oil fields. Later it was part of a project that included Neft Dashlari, a city built on trestles in the Caspian Sea and designed to house thousands of workers, schools, shops, gardens, clinics, and cinemas as well as 2,000 oil rigs, pipelines, and collecting stations. Illustrated with historical images, color maps, and archival material." —From publisher’s description.
A comprehensive history of the role energy has played in society, starting from pre-history and ending with modern energy trends. While the index includes entries for gas and oil, chapter five "Fossil Fuels, Primary Electricity, and Renewables" (particularly pp. 245-254) provides a thorough look at gas and oil from ancient civilization to the beginning of the 20th century.
Smil, Vaclav. “Fossil Fuels, Primary Electricity, and Renewables.” In Energy and Civilization: A History , 225–93. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2017.
This book represents a concise but complete one-volume reference on the history of the petroleum industry from pre-modern times to the present day, covering all aspects of business, technology, and geopolitics. The book also presents an analysis of the future of petroleum, and a highly useful set of statistical graphs. This second edition of Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry contains a chronology, an introduction, appendixes, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 500 cross-referenced entries on companies, people, events, technologies, countries, provinces, cities, and regions related to the history of the world's petroleum industry.
Covering 1600s to 2000s, but primarily focused on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, this collection of articles provides political, economic, technological, and geological context for the history of the oil and gas industry in Europe. It is broken into four main sections: UK, Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union, Western Europe, and history of the petroleum industry and petroleum geologists. The end of the book contains a bibliography on selected key publications related to the history of the European oil and gas industry, and a list of oil and gas museums in Europe.
A narrative look at the gas industry in the United States, including chapters on different uses, such as cooking, refrigeration, gas irons, and incinerators. Other chapters cover the early pipe line system and regulation of public utilities. Focus is especially given to the following groups: Consolidated Gas Company of New York; Consolidated Gas, Electric Light & Power Company of Baltimore; The Peoples Gas Light & Coke Company of Chicago; The United Gas Improvement Company of Philadelphia; and American Gas Association. There is no subject index; maps, charts, and pictures are included for specific geographic regions.
Published/Created: Weekly, 1910-present
Articles/information with analysis, special reports, charts, illustrations, and market statistics and news on the oil and gas industry and technology. Table of contents from the current issue and some articles are available online without charge.
Publication’s website External
As the title indicates, this annotated bibliography is focused on the history of the oil industry and is split into three sections: histories, biographies, and companies. Entries are organized by author last name, but there is a subject index in the back.
The author uses a number of primary source documents and additional research to cover the period from 1969 to 1977. This book specifically focuses on the U.S. Government's involvement with the Shah of Iran, and the influence of oil on foreign and domestic policy.
In Petrolia, Brian Black offers a geographical and social history of a region that was not only the site of America's first oil boom but was also the world's largest oil producer between 1859 and 1873. Against the background of the growing demand for petroleum throughout and immediately following the Civil War, Black describes Oil Creek Valley's descent into environmental hell. Known as "Petrolia," the region charged the popular imagination with its nearly overnight transition from agriculture to industry. But so unrestrained were these early efforts at oil drilling, Black writes, that "the landscape came to be viewed only as an instrument out of which one could extract crude." In a very short time, Petrolia was a ruined place--environmentally, economically, and to some extent even culturally. Black gives historical detail and analysis to account for this transformation.
Continues Petroleum Press Service, which was started in 1934. The journal covers emerging trends, data analysis, and provides "insight into global oil and gas politics and markets."
Publisher's website External
Daniel Yergin was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction for this history of international oil between 1850 and 1990. Part 1 (1850-1914) documents the origins of the oil industry around the world. Part 2 (1914-1940) covers the struggle of the early giants through the First World War, the automotive revolution, and the Great Depression. Part 3 relates the story of oil in World War II, while Part 4 describes the increasingly complex interrelationships between oil, international politics, and economics during the post-war period. Finally, Part 5 discusses the battle for world mastery of the oil industry in the face of the numerous shocks and massive adjustments that have characterized its modern development.
A scholarly book on Russia's growth in the oil industry, the first four chapters give a history of oil development throughout the country.
This work explores how seven companies came to dominate the oil industry and how the oil-producing countries later responded with the creation of OPEC. Short histories of each of Seven Sisters are located in chapters three and four.
The American Oil & Gas Historical Society's website publishes a number of blog posts and articles on a variety of oil history topics. It also has an alphabetical state index of oil museums and a small guide to genealogical research related to families involved in the oil industry.
The top of the page describes tips for researching the value of old oil and natural gas company stock, and the bottom of the page provides an alphabetical list of articles about obscure oil and natural gas company histories since the 1860s.
A directory of gas and oil museums in Europe. Note the link to the correction, which includes museums in Spain.
Francesco Gerali, Jonathan Craig, Fiona MacAulay and Rasoul Sorkhabi
Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 465, 463-465, 19 July 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP465.26
This group is a successor to the Drake Well Foundation. The site includes the Tables of Contents for the publications of the Institute, which focus on the history of oil and various oil industry segments.
The subscription resources marked with a padlock  are available to research
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