Oediplex
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Oediplex
The Oedipal complex is a term used by Sigmund Freud in his theory of psychosexual stages of development , and is the generic term for both Oedipus and Electra complexes.
The Oedipal complex occurs during the Phallic stage of development (ages 3-6) in which the source of libido (life force) is concentrated in the erogenous zones of the child's body (Freud, 1905).
During this stage, children experience an unconscious feeling of desire for their opposite-sex parent and jealousy and envy toward their same-sex parent.
The Oedipus complex is successfully resolved when the boy begins to
identify with his father as an indirect way to have the mother. Failure to resolve the Oedipus complex may
The Oedipus complex is a theory of Sigmund Freud, and occurs during the Phallic stage of psychosexual development.
It involves a boy, aged between 3 and 6, becoming unconsciously sexually attached to his mother, and hostile towards his father (who he views as a rival).
In the young boy, the Oedipus complex or more correctly, conflict, arises because the boy develops unconscious sexual (pleasurable) desires for his mother.
Envy and Jealous are aimed at the father, the object of the mother's affection and attention. These feelings for the mother and rivalry toward the father lead to fantasies of getting rid of his father and taking his place with the mother.
The hostile feelings towards the father lead to castration anxiety, an irrational fear that the father will castrate (remove his penis) him as punishment.
To cope with this anxiety, the son identifies with the father. This means the son adopts / internalizes the attitudes, characteristics and values that his father holds (e.g. personality, gender role, masculine dad-type behaviors etc.).
Freud (1909) offered the Little Hans case study as evidence of the Oedipus complex.
The Electra complex is a term used to describe the female version of the Oedipus complex. It involves a girl, aged between 3 and 6, becoming unconsciously sexually attached to her father and increasingly hostile toward her mother.
The Electra complex,
while often attributed to Freud, was actually proposed by Freud’s protégé, Carl Jung (Jung & Kerenyi,
1963).
For girls, the Electra complex begins with the belief that she’s already been castrated. She blames her mother for this and experiences penis envy. For girls to develop their superego and female sex role, they need to identify with the mother.
But the girl’s motivation for giving up her father as a love-object in order to move back to her mother is much less obvious than the boy’s for identifying with his father.
As a consequence, girls’ identification with their mothers is less complete than boys’ with their fathers. In turn, this makes the female superego weaker and their identity as separate, independent persons is less well developed.
Freud believed that the Oedipus complex was ‘the central phenomenon of the sexual period of early childhood’. But there’s little evidence to support his claim regarding sex differences in morality (as a result of the female’s weaker superego). For example, as measured by children’s ability to resist temptation, girls, if anything, are stronger than boys (Hoffman, 1975).
According to Horney (1924) and Thompson (1943), rather than girls wanting a penis, what they really envy is males’ superior social status. Freud assumed that the Oedipus complex is a universal phenomenon, but Malinowski’s (1929) study of the Trobriand Islanders showed that where the father is the mother’s lover but not the son’s disciplinarian (i.e. an avuncular society), the father–son relationship was very good.
Also, other psychodynamic theorists, such as Erikson (1950) believed that Freud exaggerated the influence of instincts, particularly the sexual instinct, in his account of personality development. Erikson tried to correct this by describing stages of psychosocial development, reflecting the influence of social, cultural and historical factors, but without denying the role of biology.
Another major criticism of Freud’s Oedipal theory is that it was based almost entirely on the case of Little Hans (1909). In fact, Freud’s Oedipal theory had already been proposed in 1905, and Little Hans was simply presented as a ‘little Oedipus’.
Given that this was
the only child patient that Freud reported on, and that any theory of development must involve the study of children, Little Hans is a crucially important case study. But it was extremely biased, with Hans’s father (a supporter of Freud’s theories) doing most of the psychoanalysis, and Freud simply seeing Hans as confirming his Oedipal theory.
Quite apart from criticism of the reliability and objectivity of the case study method in general, other psychodynamic theorists have offered alternative interpretations of Hans’s horse phobia. These include Bowlby’s (1973) re-interpretation in terms of attachment theory.
However, Bee (2000) believes that attachment research provides considerable support for the basic psychoanalytic hypothesis that the quality of the child’s earliest relationships affects the whole course of later development. Both Bowlby (1973) and Erikson (1963) see early relationships as prototypes of later relationships. Belief in the impact of early experience is a lasting legacy of Freud’s developmental theory.
Bjorklund, B. R., & Bee, H. L. (2000). The journey of adulthood (4th ed.). Florida: Pearson.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Separation: Anxiety and anger (Vol. 2) . New York: Basic Books.
Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and society . New York: Norton.
Erikson, E. H. (Ed.). (1963). Youth: Change and challenge . New York: Basic books.
Freud, S. (1905). Three essays on the theory of sexuality . Se, 7.
Freud, S. (1909). Analysis of a phobia of a five year old boy. In The Pelican Freud Library (1977), Vol 8, Case Histories 1, pages 169-306
Hoffman, M. L. (1975). Sex differences in moral internalization and values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(4) , 720.
Horney, K., & Horney. (1924). On the genesis of the castration complex in women (pp. 37-54) .
Jung, C., & Kerenyi, C. (1963). Science of mythology. In R. F. C. Hull (Ed. & Trans.), Essays on the myth of
the divine child and the mysteries of Eleusis . New York: Harper & Row.
Thompson, C. (1943). “Penis envy” in women. Psychiatry, 6(2) , 123-125.
McLeod, S. A. (2018, September 03). Oedipal complex . Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/oedipal-complex.html
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A child's unconscious sexual desire for their mother
For the species of salamander, see Oedipina complex .
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Freud: The Secret Passion (1962 film)
The Visitor (1993 play)
Mahler on the Couch (2010 film)
A Dangerous Method (2011 film)
Freud (2020 TV series)
Theban kings in Greek mythology
Laius (biological father)
Polybus of Corinth (adoptive father)
Merope (adoptive mother)
Jocasta /Epicaste (biological mother/wife)
Creon (Jocasta's brother/Laius' successor)
Antigone (half sister/daughter)
Eteocles (half brother/son)
Polynices (half brother/son)
Ismene (half sister/daughter)
Euryganeia (2nd wife)
Astymedusa (later wife)
The Oedipus complex (also spelled Œdipus complex ) is a concept of psychoanalytic theory . Sigmund Freud introduced the concept in his book Interpretation of Dreams (1899) and coined the expression in his paper A Special Type of Choice of Object made by Men (1910). [1] [2] In Freud's original formulation, the Oedipus complex is a purportedly universal phase in the life of a young boy in which he hates his father and wishes to have sex with his mother. These wishes may be unconscious .
Freud later expanded this idea into the claim that both boys and girls are subject to the Oedipus complex, with different results: boys experience castration anxiety , and girls experience penis envy . [3] Sometimes the term positive Oedipus complex is used to refer to a child's sexual desire for the opposite-sex parent and hatred for the same-sex parent, while negative Oedipus complex refers to the desire for the same-sex parent and hatred for the opposite-sex parent. [2] [4] [5] Freud considered that the child's identification with the same-sex parent is the successful outcome of the complex. If unsuccessful, it may lead to neurosis .
The existence of the Oedipus complex is not well supported by empirical evidence. Critics have charged that, by attributing sexual desire to children, the theory has served as a cover-up for sexual abuse of children. Scholars and psychologists have criticized it as incapable of applying to same-sex parents, and as incompatible with the widespread aversion to incest .
It is named for the mythological figure Oedipus . Freud rejected the term Electra complex , [6] introduced by Carl Jung in 1913, [7] as a proposed equivalent complex among young girls. [6] Freud's seduction theory is sometimes seen as a predecessor to the Oedipus complex.
Oedipus refers to a 5th-century BC Greek mythological character Oedipus , who unwittingly kills his father, Laius , and marries his mother, Jocasta . A play based on the myth, Oedipus Rex , was written by Sophocles , ca. 429 BC.
Modern productions of Sophocles' play were staged in Paris and Vienna in the 19th century and were phenomenally successful in the 1880s and 1890s. The Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud (1856–1939) attended. In his book The Interpretation of Dreams , first published in 1899, he proposes that an Oedipal desire is a universal, psychological phenomenon innate ( phylogenetic ) to human being
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