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O Zbekcha Sex Ru
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Karluk Turkic language of Central Asia
Uzbek in Latin, Arabic Nastaliq , and Cyrillic scripts.
Dark blue = majority; light blue = minority
^ Used in Afghanistan and China
^ Third official language in areas where Uzbeks are majority [3]
^ Uzbek at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Northern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Southern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Scott Newton (20 November 2014). Law and the Making of the Soviet World: The Red Demiurge . Routledge. pp. 232–. ISBN 978-1-317-92978-9 .
^ [1] From amongst Pashto, Dari, Uzbeki, Turkmani, Baluchi, Pachaie, Nuristani, Pamiri and other current languages in the country, Pashto and Dari shall be the official languages of the state. In areas where the majority of the people speak in any one of Uzbeki , Turkmani, Pachaie, Nuristani, Baluchi or Pamiri languages, any of the aforementioned language, in addition to Pashto and Dari, shall be the third official language, the usage of which shall be regulated by law .
^ Ethnic Groups and Religious department, Fujian Provincial Government (13 September 2022). "少数民族的语言文字有哪些？" . fujian.gov.cn (in Chinese) . Retrieved 28 October 2022 .
^ "Languages of Afghanistan" .
^ Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of languages : the definitive reference to more than 400 languages . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 1-4081-0214-5 . OCLC 320322204 .
^ Uzbekistan Aims For Full Transition To Latin-Based Alphabet By 2023 , February 12, 2021 12:54 GMT, RadioFreeEurope
^ "В Узбекистане в 2023 году узбекский алфавит в делопроизводстве переведут с кириллицы на латинскую графику" .
^ "Uzbekistan: Keeping the Karakalpak Language Alive" . 17 May 2019. Archived from the original on 17 May 2019 . Retrieved 14 April 2022 .
^ "The Weird Case of the Uzbek Language" .
^ "Uzbek, "the penguin of Turkic languages" " . 25 February 2011.
^ Benzing, J. Einführung in das Studium der altäischen Philologie und der Turkologie, Wiesbaden, 1953.
^ Janhunen, Juha (2013). "Personal pronouns in Core Altaic". In Martine Irma Robbeets; Hubert Cuyckens (eds.). Shared Grammaticalization: With Special Focus on the Transeurasian Languages. p. 223. ISBN 9789027205995.
^ Gandjeï, T. "Über die türkischen und mongolischen Elemente der persischen Dichtung der Ilchan-Zeit," in Ural-altaische Jahrbücher 30, 1958, pp. 229–31.
^ Gandjeï, T. "Über die türkischen und mongolischen Elemente der persischen Dichtung der Ilchan-Zeit," in Ural-altaische Jahrbücher 30, 1958, pp. 229–31.
^ "Languages of Kyrgyzstan" .
^ "What Languages Are Spoken in Turkmenistan?" . 12 June 2019.
^ "What Languages Are Spoken in Tajikistan?" . August 2017.
^ "Central Asians in Russia Pressured to Join Moscow's Fight in Ukraine" . 17 March 2022.
^ "Central Asians in Russia Pressured to Join Moscow's Fight in Ukraine" . 17 March 2022.
^ "Världens 100 största språk 2007" ("The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007"), Nationalencyklopedin
^ "Uzbekistan" . CIA . Retrieved 7 December 2012 .
^ "Languages of Afghanistan" . Ethnologue . Retrieved 7 December 2012 .
^ "Languages of Tajikistan" . Ethnologue . Retrieved 7 December 2012 .
^ "Ethnic Makeup of the Population" (PDF) . National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic (in Russian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 .
^ "National Census 2009" (PDF) . Statistics Agency of Kazakhstan (in Russian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2010 . Retrieved 7 December 2010 .
^ "Languages of Turkmenistan" . Ethnologue . Retrieved 7 December 2012 .
^ "National Census 2010" . Federal State Statistics Service (in Russian). Archived from the original on 6 October 2021 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 .
^ Vladimir Babak; Demian Vaisman; Aryeh Wasserman (23 November 2004). Political Organization in Central Asia and Azerbaijan: Sources and Documents. Routledge. pp. 343–. ISBN 978-1-135-77681-7.
^ Allworth, Edward A. (1990). The Modern Uzbeks: From the Fourteenth Century to the Present: A Cultural History . Hoover Institution Press. pp. 229–230. ISBN 978-0-8179-8732-9 .
^ "The Origins of the Uzbek Language" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2 September 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 .
^ Golden, Peter. B. (1990), "Chapter 13 – The Karakhanids and Early Islam", in Sinor, Denis (ed.), The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia , Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-24304-1
^ Allworth, Edward (1994). Central Asia: 130 Years of Russian Dominance, a Historical Overview . Duke University Press. p. 72. ISBN 0-8223-1521-1 .
^ Robert McHenry, ed. (1993). "Navā'ī, (Mir) 'Alī Shīr". Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 8 (15th ed.). Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. p. 563.
^ Subtelny, M. E. (1993). "Mīr 'Alī Shīr Nawā'ī". In C. E. Bosworth; E. Van Donzel; W. P. Heinrichs; Ch. Pellat (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam . Vol. VII. Leiden — New York : Brill Publishers . pp. 90–93.
^ Valitova, A. A. (1974). "Alisher Navoi". In A. M. Prokhorov (ed.). Great Soviet Encyclopedia (in Russian). Vol. 17 (3rd ed.). Moscow : Soviet Encyclopedia. pp. 194–195.
^ A. M. Prokhorov, ed. (1997). "Navoi, Nizamiddin Mir Alisher". Great Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian) (2nd ed.). Saint Petersburg : Great Russian Encyclopedia. p. 777.
^ "Alisher Navoi" . Writers History . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 .
^ Maxim Isaev (7 July 2009). "Uzbekistan – The monuments of classical writers of oriental literature are removed in Samarqand" . Ferghana News . Archived from the original on 11 September 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 .
^ Kamola Akilova. "Alisher Navoi and his epoch in the context of Uzbekistan art culture development [sic]" . San'at Magazine . Archived from the original on 24 January 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2012 .
^ "Uzbek Culture" . UzHotels . Archived from the original on 9 May 2012 . Retrieved 27 January 2012 .
^ "Alisher Navoi – The Crown of Literature" . Kitob.uz Children's Digital Library (in Uzbek) . Retrieved 8 February 2012 . [ permanent dead link ]
^ A.J.E.Bodrogligeti, «Muhammad Shaybanî’s Bahru’l-huda : An Early Sixteenth Century Didactic Qasida in Chagatay», Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, vol.54 (1982), p. 1 and n.4
^ B. V. Norik, Rol shibanidskikh praviteley v literaturnoy zhizni Maverannakhra XVI v. // Rakhmat-name. Sankt Petersburg, 2008, p.230
^ A.J.E.Bodrogligeti, «MuÌammad Shaybænî’s Bahru’l-huda : An Early Sixteenth Century Didactic Qasida in Chagatay», Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher, vol.54 (1982), p. 1 and n.4
^ Turdy. Izbrannyye proizvedeniya. Tashkent, 1951, p.33
^ "Sûfî Allahyâr" .
^ Bronnikova O. M., Sarty v etnicheskoy istorii Sredney Azii (k postanovke problemy) Etnosy i etnicheskiye protsessy. Moskva: Vostochnaya literatura, 1993, s. 153.
^ Sobolev L. N. Geograficheskiye i statisticheskiye svedeniya o Zeravshanskom okruge (s prilozheniyem spiska naselonnykh mest okruga), Zapiski IRGO po otdeleniyu statistiki. SPb., 1874. T.4. S. 299. Prim. 1.
^ Allworth, Edward A. (1990). The Modern Uzbeks: From the Fourteenth Century to the Present: A Cultural History . Hoover Institution Press. pp. 229–230. ISBN 978-0-8179-8732-9 .
^ Jump up to: a b Batalden, Stephen K. (1997). The Newly Independent States of Eurasia: Handbook of Former Soviet Republics . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-89774-940-4 .
^ William., Fierman (2 May 2011). Language Planning and National Development : the Uzbek Experience . ISBN 978-3-11-085338-4 . OCLC 979586152 .
^ Jump up to: a b European Society for Central Asian Studies. International Conference (2005). Central Asia on Display . LIT Verlag Münster. p. 221. ISBN 978-3-8258-8309-6 .
^ Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963). Uzbek Structural Grammar . Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 18. Bloomington: Indiana University. pp. 16–18.
^ Ahmedjanova, Zumrad, "Uzbek Language" (PDF) , slaviccenters.duke.edu
^ Johanson, Lars; Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (2009). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World . Elsevier. pp. 1145–1148. ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7 .
^ The Uzbek tense-aspect-modality system
^ Ido, Shinji (21 March 2014). "Bukharan Tajik" (PDF) . Journal of the International Phonetic Association . 44 (1): 87–102. doi : 10.1017/S002510031300011X . S2CID 232344116 .
^ Hickey, Raymond 2010. The Handbook of Language Contact. Malden, MA: Wiley- Blackwel page 655
^ "AZERBAIJAN ix. Iranian Elements in Azeri Turki – Encyclopaedia Iranica" . www.iranicaonline.org .
^ memohrc.org — "Туркменизация" руководящих кадров в Дашогузе
^ iamik.ru — Туркменизация узбеков
^ vb.kg — В Туркмении завершается принудительная туркменизация
^ 365info.kz — Туркменские узбеки тихо ликуют и следят за Мирзиёевым
^ fergananews.com — В Москве начинает выходить газета на узбекском языке
^ vesti.kg — В Москве начинает выходить газета на узбекском языке
^ caravan.kz — В Москве начинает выходить газета на узбекском языке
^ the-village.ru — Москвичи, изучающие узбекский, таджикский и молдавский языки
^ Baskakov N. A. Istoriko-tipologicheskaya fonologiya tyurkskikh yazykov M.: Nauka, 1988.
^ Kononov A. N. Grammatika sovremennogo uzbekskogo literaturnogo yazyka. M., L.: Izdatel'stvo AN SSSR, 1960
Mamatov, Jahangir; Kadirova, Karamat (2008). Comprehensive Uzbek-English Dictionary . Hyattsville, Maryland: Dunwoody Press. ISBN 978-1-931546-83-6 . OCLC 300453555 .
Csató, Éva Ágnes; Johanson, Lars (1936). The Turkic Languages . London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-41261-7 . OCLC 40980286 .
Bregel, Yu (1978). "The Sarts in The Khanate of Khiva". Journal of Asian History . 12 (2): 120–151. JSTOR 41930294 .
Bodrogligeti, András J. E. (2002). Modern Literary Uzbek: A Manual for Intensive Elementary, Intermediate, and Advanced Courses . München: Lincom Europa. ISBN 3-89586-695-4 . OCLC 51061526 .
Fierman, William (1991). Language Planning and National Development: The Uzbek Experience . Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-085338-8 . OCLC 815507595 .
Ismatullaev, Khaĭrulla (1995). Modern literary Uzbek I . Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. ISBN 0-933070-36-5 . OCLC 34576336 .
Karl, A. Krippes (1996). Uzbek-English Dictionary (Rev ed.). Kensington: Dunwoody Press. ISBN 1-881265-45-5 . OCLC 35822650 .
Sjoberg, Andrée Frances (1997). Uzbek Structural Grammar . Richmond: Curzon Press. ISBN 0-7007-0818-9 . OCLC 468438031 .
Waterson, Natalie (1980). Uzbek-English Dictionary . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-713597-8 . OCLC 5100980 .
Republic of Uzbekistan, Ministry of Higher and Middle Eductation. Lotin yozuviga asoslangan oʻzbek alifbosi va imlosi ( Latin writing based Uzbek alphabet and orthography ), Tashkent Finance Institute: Tashkent, 2004.
A. Shermatov. "A New Stage in the Development of Uzbek Dialectology" in Essays on Uzbek History, Culture and Language. Ed. Bakhtiyar A. Nazarov & Denis Sinor. Bloomington, Indiana, 1993, pp. 101–9.
Uzbek edition of Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia
Wikibooks has more on the topic of: Uzbek language
Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Uzbek .
Sarikoli (Indo-European)
Tsat (Austronesian)
Formosan languages (Austronesian)
Chinese Sign
Northern (Beijing) Sign
Southern (Shanghai) Sign
Hong Kong Sign HK/MC
Tibetan Sign XZ
GX = Guangxi
HK = Hong Kong
MC = Macau
NM = Inner Mongolia
XJ = Xinjiang
XZ = Tibet
Uzbek ( Oʻzbekcha, Oʻzbek tili or Ўзбекча, Ўзбек тили ), formerly known as Turki or Western Turki , is a Turkic language spoken by Uzbeks . The sole official language of Uzbekistan , Uzbek is spoken as either native or second language by 44 million people around the world (L1+L2), having some 34 million speakers in Uzbekistan , 4.5 million in Afghanistan , [5] [ circular reference ] and around 5 million in the rest of Central Asia , making it the second-most widely spoken Turkic language after Turkish .
Uzbek belongs to the Eastern Turkic or Karluk branch of the Turkic language family . External influences include Arabic , Persian and Russian . [6] One of the most noticeable distinctions of Uzbek from other Turkic languages is the rounding of the vowel / ɑ / to / ɔ / , a feature that was influenced by Persian. Unlike other Turkic languages, vowel harmony is nigh-completely lost in modern Standard Uzbek, though it is (albeit somewhat less strictly) still observed in its dialects, as well as its sister Karluk language Uyghur .
In February 2021, the Uzbek government announced that Uzbekistan plans to fully transition the Uzbek language from the Cyrillic script to a Latin-based alphabet by 1 January 2023. [7] [8] Similar deadlines had been extended several times. [9]
Uzbek is a member of the Karluk languages , a sub-group of Turkic languages , belonging to the western branch, while the eastern variety carrying the name Uyghur . Since the family is classified to be a dialect continuum , it can be noted that it is found to be the most suitable variety or dialect to be understood by the most number of various Turkic language speakers, despite it being heavily Iranized , [10] excluding the Siberian Turkic languages . [11]
The Altaic language family , which includes the languages of Mongolic , Japonic , Koreanic and Tungusic [12] descent, has classified modern Uzbek to be originally descended from today's East Asia spanning from Mongolia to Northwest China , like every other member of the Turkic language family . [13] Initially, linguists have grouped Altaic languages and Uralic languages together, making a hypothesis that the two language families are related. The theory is controversial. [14] It was based mostly on the fact these languages share three features: agglutination, vowel harmony and lack of grammatical gender. [15]
A high degree of mutual intelligibility , found between certain specific Turkic languages , geographically located close or sometimes further from the area where Uzbek is spoken, has allowed the speakers of Uzbek to (with ease) comprehend various other distantly related languages.
Uzbek, being the most widely spoken language of the whole of Central Asia [ citation needed ] , is also spoken by smaller ethnic groups in the country and in neighbouring countries. As the language remains the only declared official language of the Republic of Uzbekistan , in the autonomous Republic of Karakalpakstan the language is taught at schools along their native language Karakalpak . Besides, ethnic Karakalpaks are exposed to the Uzbek language through media. Majority of the TV channels are regulated in the Uzbek language, thus, consequently causing the ethnic group's understanding of Uzbek, excluding the mutual intelligibility , to ameliorate.
The language moreover, is spoken by other ethnic groups outside Uzbekistan. The popularity of Uzbek media , including Uzbekfilm and RizanovaUz, has spread among the Post-soviet states , particularly in Central Asia in recent years. Since Uzbek is the dominant language in the Osh Region of Kyrgyzstan [16] [ circular reference ] (and mothertongue of the city Osh ), like the rest of Eastern, Southern and South-Eastern Kyrgyzstan ( Jalal-Abad Region ), the ethnic Kyrgyzes are, too, exposed to Uzbek, as well as some speak it fluently. This is a common situation in the rest of Central Asian republics, including: the Turkistan region of Kazakhstan , northern Daşoguz Welaýat of Turkmenistan , [17] Sughd region and other regions of Tajikistan . [18] This puts the number of L2 speakers of Uzbek at a varying 1-5 million speakers.
Uzbek language has a special status in countries that are the common destination for immigration for the Uzbekistani citizens. Other than from Uzbekistan , from other Central Asian Republics , the ethnic Uzbeks most commonly choose the Russian Federation [19] in search of work. Most of them however, are seasonal workers, whose numbers vary greatly among residency within the Russian Federation . According to Russian government statistics, 4.5 million workers from Uzbekistan , 2.4 million from Tajikistan , and 920,000 from Kyrgyzstan were working in Russia in 2021, where around 5 million being ethnic Uzbeks. [20]
Estimates of the number of native speakers of Uzbek vary widely, from 35 up to 40 million. Ethnologue estimates put the number of native speakers at 35 million across all the recognized dialects. The Swedish national encyclopedia, Nationalencyklopedin , estimates the number of native speakers to be 38 million, [21]
and the CIA World Factbook estimates 30 million. Other sources estimate the number of speakers of Uzbek to be 34 million in Uzbekistan, [22] 4.5 million in Afghanistan, [23] 1,500,000 in Tajikistan, [24] about 1 million in Kyrgyzstan, [25] 600,000 in Kazakhstan, [26] 600,000 in Turkmenistan, [27] and 300,000 in Russia. [28]
Historically, the language under the name "Uzbek" was referred to a totally different language of Kipchak origin. The language was generally similar to the neighbouring Kazakh , more or less identical lexically, phonetically and grammatically and almost dissimilar to the area's more indigeneous and native language, that carried the name Turki , and was changed to Chagatai by western scholars due to its origins from the Chagatai Khanate . [29]
The ethnonym of the language itself now means "a language spoken by the Uzbeks ", though Edward A. Allworth argued that this "badly distorted the literary history of the region" and was used to give authors such as the 15th-century author Ali-Shir Nava'i an Uzbek identity. [30]
Turkic speakers probably settled the Amu Darya , Syr Darya and Zarafshan river basins from at least 600–650 CE, gradually ousting or assimilating the speakers of Eastern Iranian languages who previously inhabited Sogdia , Bactria and Khwarazm . The first Turkic dynasty in the region was that of the Kara-Khanid Khanate in the 9th–12th centuries, [31] who were a confederation of Karluks , Chigils , Yaghma and other tribes. [32]
Uzbek can be considered the direct descendant or a later form of Chagatai , the language of great Turkic Central Asian literary development in the realm of Chagatai Khan , Timur (Tamerlane), and the Timurid dynasty [33] (including the early Mughal rulers of India). The language was championed by Ali-Shir Nava'i in the 15th and 16th centuries. Nava'i was the greatest representative of Chagatai language literature. [34] [35] He significantly contributed to the development of the Chagatai language and its direct descendant Uzbek and is widely considered to be the founder of Uzbek literature. [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] Ultimately based on the Karluk variant of the Turkic languages, Chagatai contained large numbers of Persian and Arabic loanwords . By the 19th century it was rarely used for literary composition, but disappeared only in the early 20th century.
Uzbek ruler Shaybani Khan wrote poetry under the pseudonym "Shibani". A collection of poems by Shaybani K
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