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Everything You Need To Know About Nylon (PA)
Creative Mechanisms Staff on March 10, 2016
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Nylon is a synthetic thermoplastic linear polyamide (a large molecule whose components are bound by a particular type of bond) that was first produced in 1935 by American chemist Wallace Carothers, who was then working at the DuPont research facility in Delaware. Wallace produced what is technically known as Nylon 66 (still one of the most common variants). Demand for synthetic materials in general, and Nylon in particular, grew during World War II when natural items like silk, rubber, and latex were in significantly shorter supply.
Nylon is used for a variety of applications, including clothing, reinforcement in rubber material like car tires, for use as a rope or thread, and for many injection molded parts for vehicles and mechanical equipment. It is exceptionally strong, relatively resistant to abrasion and moisture absorptivity, long-lasting, resistant to chemicals, elastic, and easy to wash. Nylon is often used as a substitute for low-strength metals. It is the plastic of choice for components in the engine compartment of vehicles because of its strength, temperature resilience, and chemical compatibility.
Nylon can also be combined with a large variety of additives to produce different variants with significantly different material properties. Here is a look at a composite gear made of both Nylon and carbon.
Nylon is commonly referred to using the chemical designation “PA” (e.g., PA 6 or PA 6/66) and is most widely available in black, white, and its natural color (off-white or beige). Perhaps the most common variant for engineering applications is Nylon 6/6. Nylon 6/6 can be extruded (melted and forced through a die) and is also a suitable plastic for both injection molding and 3D printing. It has a high melting temperature, making it an excellent substitute for metals in high-temperature environments (e.g., under the hood of a vehicle). The material’s downside is that it has relatively low-impact strength (even when compared to other plastics; see the chart below). The following diagram shows the relative impact strength of Nylon when compared to the impact strength of other commonly used plastics such as ABS, Polystyrene (PS), or Polycarbonate (PC). Of note, the impact strength of Nylon can be improved by a process called “conditioning.” For this reason, as well as the ease with which Nylon can be combined with other materials to enhance its strength, it is important to check the material properties of the specific Nylon material you are using.
Now that we know what it is used for, let’s examine some of the key properties of Nylon (PA). Nylon is a condensation copolymer that is composed of several different monomer types in combination with one another. It can be produced in a variety of ways, typically starting with distillation from crude oil, but it can also be produced from biomass. Nylon is classified as a “thermoplastic” (as opposed to “thermoset”) material, which refers to the way the plastic responds to heat. Thermoplastic materials become liquid at their melting point - a very high 220 degrees Celsius in the case of Nylon.
One useful attribute about thermoplastics is that they can be heated to their melting point, cooled, and reheated again without significant degradation. Instead of burning, thermoplastics like Nylon liquefy, which allows them to be easily injection molded and then subsequently recycled. By contrast, thermoset plastics can only be heated once (typically during the injection molding process). The first heating causes thermoset materials to set (similar to a 2-part epoxy), resulting in a chemical change that cannot be reversed. If you tried to heat a thermoset plastic to a high temperature a second time, it would burn. This characteristic makes thermoset materials poor candidates for recycling.
Nylon is often used in gears, bushings, and plastic bearings because of its inherent low-friction properties. Nylon is not the most slippery plastic available - typically, we recommend acetal if low friction is the only consideration. However, it’s high performance in other mechanical/chemical/thermal properties make it a good choice for parts that could see a lot of wear.
Nylon is also an incredibly useful plastic for applications that do require both a plastic material as well as a high melting temperature. It is also incredibly diverse. Nylon can be adapted to a wide variety of uses because of the many different variants in production and the adjustable material properties of these variants resulting from the different materials Nylon can be combined with. At Creative Mechanisms, we have used Nylon in several applications across a range of industries. A few examples include the following:
Although Nylon was discovered and initially patented by Dupont’s Wallace Carothers, it was produced (as Nylon 6) three years later (in 1938) using a different methodology by German research chemist Paul Schlack, then working at IG Farben. In the modern era, it is manufactured by a large number of firms, each typically with their own production process, unique formula, and trade names. You can view a full list of material manufacturers here .
Common variants include Nylon 6, Nylon 6/6, Nylon 66, and Nylon 6/66. The numbers indicate the number of carbon atoms between acid and amine groups. Single digits (like “6”) indicate that the material is devised from a single monomer in combination with itself (i.e., the molecule as a whole is a homopolymer). Two digits (like “66”) indicate that the material is devised from multiple monomers in combination with each other (comonomers). The slash indicates that the material is made up of different comonomer groups in conjunction with each other (i.e., it is a copolymer).
Nylon, like other plastics, typically starts with the distillation of hydrocarbon fuels into lighter groups called “fractions,” some of which are combined with other catalysts to produce plastics (usually via polymerization or polycondensation). Nylon can also be produced from biomass. Based on the nature of biomass, it can potentially result in a more biodegradable material. The actual process for Nylon production falls into one of two methodologies. The first involves the reaction of monomers with amine (NH2) groups reacting with carboxylic acid (COOH). The second consists of the reaction of diamine (a molecule with 2 x NH2 groups) with dicarboxylic acid (a molecule with 2 x COOH groups).
Nylon can be easily melted into filaments (useful for 3D printing), fibers (useful for fabrics), films (useful for packaging), and sheet stock (useful for CNC machine manufacturing). It is also an easily injection moldable material. Natural Nylon stock is most commonly an off-white color, and it is also commonly available in white and black. That said, Nylon can be dyed into virtually any color. The material is readily available in filament form for 3D printing where it is heated, and the melted filament is manufactured into the desired 3D shape.
When our company designs prototype Nylon parts, we CNC machine them. A few years ago, our company started prototyping plastic hooks for use with bungee cords. We start with an ABS FDM prototype to confirm size/shape/aesthetics/function. Then we CNC machine the hook in Nylon to test strength. The final step is injection molding the production parts.
With injection molding, Nylon is sometimes filled with a certain percentage of glass fibers to increase its tensile strength. The percentage of glass is typically between 10% and 40%. The hooks we are injection molding are actually above 40%. The glass fibers do increase strength, but they also impact the way a part fails. With no glass fill, Nylon will bend and yield before it breaks. With the addition of the glass fibers (especially at higher percentages), the failure becomes an instantaneous brittle break with minimal bending. When Nylon has a glass fiberfill, it is referred to, for example, as 30% GF Nylon. (GF stands for “glass filled”).
Although Nylon has a high melting temperature, it does not stand up well to an open flame. It is a flammable material and burns quickly when and if it is exposed to an open flame. Flame retardants can be added to the Nylon in order to improve flammability. For example, the Nylon being used for the manifold in one of our new design projects has the highest flame rating (V-0).=
Nylon can also be negatively impacted by UV exposure, primarily from direct sunlight. Because of this, a UV stabilizer is often added to the material before it is injection molded.
All data for Unreinforced Nylon 6. *At standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa). ** Source data . *** Source data
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Thank you very much for your valuable information on nylon. Are there any fillers which can be substitute for glass fibers?
Kasup, there are many different fillers that can be used with Nylon. Choosing the right filler would be specific to your application. However, I am aware of Nylon materials that use fillers in the form of Aramid Fibers, Glass Beads, Silicone, PTFE, Carbon Fiber, and Stainless Steel Fibers.
hi, i ask about the histogram graph. how the nylon66 has impact strength less than acrylic???
Ibrahim, that chart was taken from this site (http://www.ptsllc.com/intro/product_intro.aspx). I am not sure what data they referenced for the chart.
Acrylic is stronger and stiffer than Nylon. Impact strength is a Proxy measure of the area under the SS curve( the energy absorbed to rupture). Nylon is less strong yet more elastic. The data above tells you the acrylic is more brittle than the nylon. Basically the area under the SS curve of acrylic is smaller than that of nylon ( hence PA absorbs more energy to rupture thus has a higher impact resistance) . Also the glass transition temperature (Tg) of atactic PMMA is around 105C while the Tg of Nylon is around 50C.Expectation is acrylic is "more glassy" at room temperature than nylon
Hello.
is the material more prone to expanding due to slight heat changes?
I am currently dealing with an overseas supplier who submitted samples to me that are out of spec. His answer is the PA material can warp in transportation into different climates. Just wondering if this is true?
Darren, Nylon can absorb environmental moisture (humidity) which can cause its dimensions to fluctuate and mechanical properties like tensile strength to change.
Very usefull information! Thanks!
We have design a part with PA66 Nylon resins. The part is 0.4mm in thickness, is flexible with a very good strength (exactly what I want !!!). But when heated @85C for 2 weeks, the part loose it's flexibility and break easily. What is happening? Is there an other plastic with the same properties but better heat tolerance?
Eric, it is possible that the heating cycle you are exposing the nylon to is drying out the material. Nylon's properties are dependent on the amount of moisture in the material. Perhaps you need to do a water conditioning treatment, or select a different plastic.
nice is read your blog.Nylon is a man-made material and it is made from coal, petroleum, air, and water. In other words, it is a polymer. Nylon is not considered a natural product.
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All About Nylon Material: Properties, Types, Pro and Cons, Application
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Nylon, you’ve probably seen it on the labels of some of the daily industrial plastic products or your tights or stockings. However, do you know where does it come from, what it is, and where and what it is often used, etc…Now, let’s talk about one of the most common engineering thermoplastic materials-Nylon.
Nylon material (or Polyamide) was the first synthetic fiber to appear in the world that was produced by the distinguished American scientist Carothers and a research team under his leadership. Carothers produced the Nylon 66 at that time, which is still one of the most common variants today. During World War II, there was a greater demand for Nylon compared to the supply of natural items such as silk, rubber, and latex.
Nylon material is an engineering thermoplastic that is easy to machine and can serve as various mechanical end parts. Nowadays, it has been widely used in various applications, including apparel, the reinforcement material of rubber-like car tires, for use as a rope or thread, and for many injections molded parts for vehicles and machinery. Since it has higher impact strength, relative abrasion resistance, and long-lasting chemical features, better elasticity, it is often used to replace low strengthen metal parts in automobile engines. In addition, Nylon is also can be used as electrical insulation. It is light and provides high tensile strength and low friction. This kind of material usually melts and doesn’t easily burn.
Typical Injection Molding Temperature
Heat Deflection Temperature ( HDT )
There are many different types of Nylon materials, some of which mainly including PA6, PA66, PA610, PA11, PA12, PA1010, PA612, PA46, PA6T, PA9T, and MXD-6 aromatic amide, etc. Among them, PA6, PA66, PA610, PA11, PA12 are the most widely used. However, let’s start with those as bellows:
Nylon 6 is a semi-crystalline polyamide developed by Paul Schlack.
Typical Properties: Tough, possessing high tensile strength, elasticity, and luster. They are also wrinkle-proof and highly wear-resistant and chemical resistant like alkalis and acids. Its glass transition temperature is 47 °C.
Application: Nylon 6 filaments are a kind of highly elastic fibers that are typically applied in high-strength industry and textiles, including industrial cords, ropes, and clothing. It usually produces more reliable final part dimensions.
Nylon 66 is another type of nylon or polyamide.
Typical properties: Highly fatigue-resistant and rigidity, better heat resistance, low friction coefficient, excellent abrasion-resistant, but has a greater degree of moisture-absorption and insufficient dimension stability.
Application: Bearing medium load, work temperature under <100-120 °C, without lubrication or less lubrication, as wear-resistant stressed transmission parts. Nylon 66 is also great for is injection molding.
It is also known as PA12 with the formula [(CH2)11C(O)NH]n. It is also a good thermoplastic with broad additive applications.
Typical properties: Tough, impact strength, tensile strength, and excellent flexibility.
Application: With those excellent mechanical properties, Nylon 12 (PA 12) has been liked by injection molders. Meanwhile, it is also becoming the one of most common materials in the additive manufacturing processes for producing functional parts and prototypes.
It is a kind of engineering resin that offers properties between those of nylon 6 and nylon 12.
Typical properties: Its toughness, rigidity, and heat- resistance are lower than nylon 66, but with lower moisture-absorption, better wear-resistant，excellent UV and chemical resistance, excellent resistance to zinc-chloride solutions.
Application: It is similar to Nylon, the perfect material for gears requiring high precision and Parts with high humidity variations in working conditions. Nylon 610 can be used for injection molding and extruded.
It is also known as PA 10/10, an unreinforced, plasticized, and heat stabilized, renewably sourced, biobased polyamide 1010 resin developed for extrusion.
Typical properties: It’s has better abrasion resistance, low density, high resistance to chemicals and weathering, results in good dimensional stability, and easy to machine. Its toughness, rigidity is lower than Nylon 66, moisture- absorption is lower than Nylon 610, a great organic alternative to PA12.
Application: It can be used as the workpiece when the Nylon 610 is under the condition of light load, appropriate temperature, humidity easily changes, etc.
Nylon (PA) material has diverse advantages that can make it an ideal mechanical material for a wide range of applications. You’ll find the key pros and cons of the material listed below.
Nylon material is characterized by
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