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The success of the studies would not have been possible without our participants, who have made important contributions toĀ scientific knowledge and public health advancementsĀ through their participation.
From the original Nursesā Health Study established in 1976, the studies are now in their third generation with Nursesā Health Study 3 (learn how to join) and count more than 280,000 participants.
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This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . Find sources:Ā "Nurses' Health Study"Ā āĀ newsĀ Ā· newspapersĀ Ā· booksĀ Ā· scholarĀ Ā· JSTOR ( November 2021 )
^ Jump up to: a b "Nurses' Health Studies" . The Nurses' Health Study . 2016-08-16 . Retrieved 2017-07-17 .
^ Jump up to: a b Dave. "News - Nurses' Health Study" . www.nhs3.org . Retrieved 2017-07-17 .
^ http://www.channing.harvard.edu/nhs/?page_id=73 Nurses' Health Study official site - participating organizations
^ Feldscher, Karen. "Nurses' Health Study 3 ramps up its recruiting efforts" . Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health . Retrieved February 2, 2020 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Bao, Ying; Bertoia, Monica; Lenart, Elizabeth; Stampfer, Meir; Willett, Walter; Speizer, Frank; Chavarro, Jorge (September 2016). "Origin, Methods, and Evolution of the Three Nurses' Health Studies" . American Journal of Public Health . 106 (9): 1573ā1581. doi : 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303338 . PMCĀ 4981810 . PMIDĀ 27459450 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "History | Nurses' Health Study" . www.nurseshealthstudy.org . Retrieved 2017-07-17 .
^ "Principal investigators | Nurses' Health Study" .
^ Jump up to: a b c "History | Nurses' Health Study" . www.nurseshealthstudy.org . Retrieved 2018-11-16 .
^ Chavarro, Jorge; Rich-Edwards, Janet; Gaskins, Audrey; Farland, Leslie; Terry, Kathryn; Zhang, Cuilin ; Missmer, Stacy (September 2016). "Contributions of the Nurses' Health Studies to Reproductive Health Research" . American Journal of Public Health . 106 (9): 1669ā1676. doi : 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303350 . PMCĀ 4981818 . PMIDĀ 27459445 .
^ Willett, W. C.; Green, A.; Stampfer, M. J.; Speizer, F. E.; Colditz, G. A.; Rosner, B.; Monson, R. R.; Stason, W.; Hennekens, C. H. (1987-11-19). "Relative and absolute excess risks of coronary heart disease among women who smoke cigarettes". The New England Journal of Medicine . 317 (21): 1303ā1309. doi : 10.1056/NEJM198711193172102 . ISSNĀ 0028-4793 . PMIDĀ 3683458 .
^ Wei, Esther K.; Giovannucci, Edward; Wu, Kana; Rosner, Bernard; Fuchs, Charles S.; Willett, Walter C.; Colditz, Graham A. (2004-01-20). "Comparison of risk factors for colon and rectal cancer" . International Journal of Cancer . 108 (3): 433ā442. doi : 10.1002/ijc.11540 . ISSNĀ 0020-7136 . PMCĀ 2903217 . PMIDĀ 14648711 .
^ Fuchs, C. S.; Colditz, G. A.; Stampfer, M. J.; Giovannucci, E. L.; Hunter, D. J.; Rimm, E. B.; Willett, W. C.; Speizer, F. E. (1996-10-28). "A prospective study of cigarette smoking and the risk of pancreatic cancer". Archives of Internal Medicine . 156 (19): 2255ā2260. doi : 10.1001/archinte.1996.00440180119015 . ISSNĀ 0003-9926 . PMIDĀ 8885826 .
^ Setty, Arathi R.; Curhan, Gary; Choi, Hyon K. (2007-11-01). "Smoking and the Risk of Psoriasis in Women: Nurses' Health Study II" . The American Journal of Medicine . 120 (11): 953ā959. doi : 10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.06.020 . ISSNĀ 0002-9343 . PMCĀ 2696351 . PMIDĀ 17976422 .
^ Hernan, M. A. (2001-07-01). "Cigarette Smoking and Incidence of Multiple Sclerosis" . American Journal of Epidemiology . 154 (1): 69ā74. doi : 10.1093/aje/154.1.69 . ISSNĀ 0002-9262 . PMIDĀ 11427406 .
^ Rimm, E. B.; Manson, J. E.; Stampfer, M. J.; Colditz, G. A.; Willett, W. C.; Rosner, B.; Hennekens, C. H.; Speizer, F. E. (1993). "Cigarette smoking and the risk of diabetes in women" . American Journal of Public Health . 83 (2): 211ā214. doi : 10.2105/AJPH.83.2.211 . ISSNĀ 0090-0036 . PMCĀ 1694562 . PMIDĀ 8427325 .
^ Hankinson, S. E.; Willett, W. C.; Colditz, G. A.; Seddon, J. M.; Rosner, B.; Speizer, F. E.; Stampfer, M. J. (1992-08-26). "A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of cataract surgery in women". JAMA . 268 (8): 994ā998. doi : 10.1001/jama.1992.03490080068026 . ISSNĀ 0098-7484 . PMIDĀ 1501325 .
^ Willett, W. C.; Stampfer, M. J.; Manson, J. E.; Colditz, G. A.; Speizer, F. E.; Rosner, B. A.; Sampson, L. A.; Hennekens (1993-03-06). "Intake of trans fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among women". Lancet . 341 (8845): 581ā585. doi : 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90350-p . PMIDĀ 8094827 . S2CIDĀ 2616254 .
^ "NURSES' HEALTH STUDY NEWSLETTER" (PDF) . Retrieved 2020-11-15 . ,
^ "Small Entity Compliance Guide on Labeling Trans" . 20 August 2003 . Retrieved 2020-11-15 .
^ "Final Determination Regarding Partially Hydrogenated Oils (Removing Trans Fat)" . FDA . 20 February 2020 . Retrieved 2020-11-15 .
^ Eckel, N; Li, Y; Kuxhaus, O; Stefan, N; Hu, FB; Schulze, MB (2018). "Transition from metabolic healthy to unhealthy phenotypes and association with cardiovascular disease risk across BMI categories in 90 257 women (the Nurses' Health Study): 30 year follow-up from a prospective cohort study". Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol . 6 (9): 714ā724. doi : 10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30137-2 . PMIDĀ 29859908 . S2CIDĀ 44135432 .
^ Hirko, KA; Chai, B; Spiegelman, D; Campos, H; Farvid, MS; Hankinson, SE; Willett, WC; Eliassen, AH (2018). "Erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and breast cancer risk: a prospective analysis in the nurses' health study II" . International Journal of Cancer . 142 (6): 1116ā1129. doi : 10.1002/ijc.31133 . PMCĀ 5773390 . PMIDĀ 29071721 .
^ Michaud, Dominique S. (2001-08-22). "Physical Activity, Obesity, Height, and the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer" . JAMA . 286 (8): 921ā9. doi : 10.1001/jama.286.8.921 . ISSNĀ 0098-7484 . PMIDĀ 11509056 .
^ Setty, Arathi R.; Curhan, Gary; Choi, Hyon K. (2007). "Obesity, waist circumference, weight change, and the risk of psoriasis in women: Nurses' Health Study II" . Archives of Internal Medicine . 167 (15): 1670ā1675. doi : 10.1001/archinte.167.15.1670 . ISSNĀ 0003-9926 . PMIDĀ 17698691 .
^ Munger, Kassandra L.; Chitnis, Tanuja; Ascherio, Alberto (2009-11-10). "Body size and risk of MS in two cohorts of US women" . Neurology . 73 (19): 1543ā1550. doi : 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c0d6e0 . ISSNĀ 0028-3878 . PMCĀ 2777074 . PMIDĀ 19901245 .
^ Field, Alison E.; Coakley, Eugenie H.; Must, Aviva; Spadano, Jennifer L.; Laird, Nan; Dietz, William H.; Rimm, Eric; Colditz, Graham A. (2001-07-09). "Impact of Overweight on the Risk of Developing Common Chronic Diseases During a 10-Year Period" . Archives of Internal Medicine . 161 (13): 1581ā6. doi : 10.1001/archinte.161.13.1581 . ISSNĀ 0003-9926 . PMIDĀ 11434789 .
^ Carey, Vincent; Walters, Ellen; Colditz, Graham; Solomon, Caren; Willet, Walter; Rosner, Bernard; Speizer, Frank E.; Manson, JoAnn (1997). "Body Fat Distribution and Risk of Non-Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus in Women: The Nurses' Health Study" . American Journal of Epidemiology . 145 (7): 614ā9. doi : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009158 . PMIDĀ 9098178 .
^ Weintraub, JM; Willett, WC; Rosner, B; Colditz, GA; Seddon, JM; Hankinson, SE (December 2002). "A prospective study of the relationship between body mass index and cataract extraction among US women and men" . International Journal of Obesity . 26 (12): 1588ā1595. doi : 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802158 . ISSNĀ 0307-0565 . PMIDĀ 12461675 .
^ Stampfer, M. J.; Willett, W. C.; Colditz, G. A.; Rosner, B.; Speizer, F. E.; Hennekens, C. H. (1985-10-24). "A prospective study of postmenopausal estrogen therapy and coronary heart disease". The New England Journal of Medicine . 313 (17): 1044ā1049. doi : 10.1056/NEJM198510243131703 . ISSNĀ 0028-4793 . PMIDĀ 4047106 .
^ Colditz, G. A.; Hankinson, S. E.; Hunter, D. J.; Willett, W. C.; Manson, J. E.; Stampfer, M. J.; Hennekens, C.; Rosner, B.; Speizer, F. E. (1995-06-15). "The use of estrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women". The New England Journal of Medicine . 332 (24): 1589ā1593. doi : 10.1056/NEJM199506153322401 . ISSNĀ 0028-4793 . PMIDĀ 7753136 .
^ "Selected publications | Nurses' Health Study" . www.nurseshealthstudy.org . Retrieved 2018-11-16 .
^ Collaborative Group on Epidemiological Studies of Ovarian Cancer; Beral, V.; Doll, R.; Hermon, C.; Peto, R.; Reeves, G. (2008-01-26). "Ovarian cancer and oral contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of data from 45 epidemiological studies including 23,257 women with ovarian cancer and 87,303 controls" . Lancet . 371 (9609): 303ā314. doi : 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60167-1 . hdl : 1885/33446 . ISSNĀ 1474-547X . PMIDĀ 18294997 . S2CIDĀ 138957030 .
^ Lipnick, R. J.; Buring, J. E.; Hennekens, C. H.; Rosner, B.; Willett, W.; Bain, C.; Stampfer, M. J.; Colditz, G. A.; Peto, R. (1986-01-03). "Oral contraceptives and breast cancer. A prospective cohort study". JAMA . 255 (1): 58ā61. doi : 10.1001/jama.1986.03370010064026 . ISSNĀ 0098-7484 . PMIDĀ 3940306 .
^ Stampfer, Meir J.; Willett, Walter C.; Colditz, Graham A.; Speizer, Frank E.; Hennekens, Charles H. (July 1990). "Past use of oral contraceptives and cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis in the context of the Nurses' Health Study" . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology . 163 (1): 285ā291. doi : 10.1016/0002-9378(90)90569-S . ISSNĀ 0002-9378 . PMIDĀ 2142573 .
^ Irwin, Melinda L.; Smith, Ashley Wilder; McTiernan, Anne; Ballard-Barbash, Rachel; Cronin, Kathy; Gilliland, Frank D.; Baumgartner, Richard N.; Baumgartner, Kathy B.; Bernstein, Leslie (2008-08-20). "Influence of Pre- and Postdiagnosis Physical Activity on Mortality in Breast Cancer Survivors: The Health, Eating, Activity, and Lifestyle Study" . Journal of Clinical Oncology . 26 (24): 3958ā3964. doi : 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.9822 . ISSNĀ 0732-183X . PMCĀ 2654316 . PMIDĀ 18711185 .
^ Manson, JoAnn E.; Hu, Frank B.; Rich-Edwards, Janet W.; Colditz, Graham A.; Stampfer, Meir J.; Willett, Walter C.; Speizer, Frank E.; Hennekens, Charles H. (1999-08-26). "A Prospective Study of Walking as Compared with Vigorous Exercise in the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Women" (PDF) . New England Journal of Medicine . 341 (9): 650ā658. doi : 10.1056/nejm199908263410904 . ISSNĀ 0028-4793 . PMIDĀ 10460816 .
^ Manson, J. E.; Rimm, E. B.; Stampfer, M. J.; Colditz, G. A.; Willett, W. C.; Krolewski, A. S.; Rosner, B.; Hennekens, C. H.; Speizer, F. E. (1991-09-28). "Physical activity and incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women". Lancet . 338 (8770): 774ā778. doi : 10.1016/0140-6736(91)90664-B . ISSNĀ 0140-6736 . PMIDĀ 1681160 . S2CIDĀ 33132152 .
^ COLDITZ, GRAHAM A.; MANSON, JOANN E.; HANKINSON, SUSAN E. (1997). "The Nurses' Health Study: 20-Year Contribution to the Understanding of Health Among Women". Journal of Women's Health . 6 (1): 49ā62. doi : 10.1089/jwh.1997.6.49 . ISSNĀ 1059-7115 . PMIDĀ 9065374 .
^ "File:Patient Package Insert for Oral Contraceptives (FDA 079) (8249451687).jpg" , Wikipedia , retrieved 2018-11-16
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Colditz, Graham; Philpott, Sydney; Hankinson, Susan E. (September 2016). "The Impact of the Nurses' Health Study on Population Health: Prevention, Translation, and Control" . American Journal of Public Health . 106(9) (September 216): 1540ā1545. doi : 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303343 . PMCĀ 4981811 . PMIDĀ 27459441 .
^ List of NHS publications indexed by year
^ Hankinson, Susan; Colditz, Graham; Manson, JoAnn; Speizer, Frank (2001). Healthy Women, Healthy Lives . New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. ISBNĀ 978-0-684-85519-6 .
^ "Factiva" .
^ Jump up to: a b Rovner, Sandy (9 August 1988). "Women, Alcohol and the Search for Certainty" . The Washington Post .
^ Jump up to: a b Stein, Rob (22 September 2004). "It's Never Too Late to Be Healthy, Studies Show" . The Washington Post .
^ Yoon, Carol Kaesuk. "In Nurses' Lives, a Treasure Trove of Health Data" . Retrieved 2018-11-16 .
^ Taubes, Gary (17 September 2007). "Do We Really Know What Makes Us Healthy?" . The New York Times .
^ Jump up to: a b Stampfer, Meir J.; Colditz, Graham A.; Willett, Walter C.; Manson, JoAnn E.; Rosner, Bernard; Speizer, Frank E.; Hennekens, Charles H. (1991-09-12). "Postmenopausal Estrogen Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease". New England Journal of Medicine . 325 (11): 756ā762. doi : 10.1056/nejm199109123251102 . ISSNĀ 0028-4793 . PMIDĀ 1870648 .
^ Grady, Deborah; Applegate, William; Bush, Trudy; Furberg, Curt; Riggs, Betty; Hulley, Stephen (August 1998). "Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS): Design, Methods, and Baseline Characteristics". Controlled Clinical Trials . 19 (4): 314ā335. doi : 10.1016/S0197-2456(98)00010-5 . PMIDĀ 9683309 .
^ Blakely, John A. (2000-10-23). "The Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study Revisited" . Archives of Internal Medicine . 160 (19): 2897ā900. doi : 10.1001/archinte.160.19.2897 . ISSNĀ 0003-9926 . PMIDĀ 11041895 .
The Nurses ' Health Study is a series of prospective studies that examine epidemiology and the long-term effects of nutrition, hormones, environment, and nurses' work-life on health and disease development. [1] [2] The studies have been among the largest investigations into risk factors for major chronic diseases ever conducted. The Nurses' Health Studies have led to many insights on health and well-being, including cancer prevention , cardiovascular disease , and type 2 diabetes . [2] They have included clinicians, epidemiologists , and statisticians at the Channing Laboratory (of Brigham and Women's Hospital), Harvard Medical School , Harvard School of Public Health , and several Harvard-affiliated hospitals, including Brigham and Women's Hospital , DanaāFarber Cancer Institute , Children's Hospital Boston , and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center . [3]
The Nurses' Health Study original cohort was established in 1976 by Dr. Frank Speizer. [5] Initially, the study investigated contraceptive use, smoking , cancer , and cardiovascular disease . [6] The 1976 baseline group included married female registered nurses between the ages of 30 and 55. [6] Approximately 121,700 participants in 11 of the most populous U.S. states ( California , Connecticut , Florida , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , New Jersey , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and Texas ) responded. The survey was then distributed biennially thereafter. [6] Over the years, the principal investigator of the Nurses' Health Study have been Frank Speizer, Graham Colditz , Sue Hankinson, and Meir Stampfer. [7]
Over time, the study expanded. Most notably, a dietary questionnaire was added in 1980 due to investigators recognizing the impact of diet and nutrition on the development of chronic disease . Blood, urine, saliva, and other physical samples were received and tested beginning in 1982. [5] Experimenters followed up reports of morbidity using the National Death Index. [5] Where possible and permitted, cancer diagnoses were reviewed. [5] Although reports of other diseases were not followed up, self-reporting has been confirmed by medical records and doctors unaware of the answers to the study's questions. [5]
The Nurses' Health Study II was established in 1989 by Dr. Walter Willett , who has been its principal investigator since inception. The focus of the study was women's health, especially the long term adverse effects of oral contraceptives . [6] The sample population contained females within the age range of 25-42, employed as nurses, from 14 U.S. States. [5] Data collected included the brand of pill and length of use. [5] Over time, the study expanded to include information on basic practices and measurements of health, such as exercise practices and food intake. [5]
Between the years of 1996 and 1999, approximately 30,000 nurses volunteered to provide blood and urine samples to the study. [8] Of these women, 18,500 were pre-menopausal, providing samples at specific points in the menstrual cycle. [8] These data allowed researchers to study how hormone levels influence the risk of disease. A second set of samples was collected from 16,500 of the same group of women in 2010-2012, by which time most of them were postmenopausal. [8] Over 25,000 children of women in the Nurses' Health Study II cohort were enrolled in their own follow-up study called the Growing Up Today Study , or GUTS, which has followed the subjects through their early life so as to obtain a second generation of data. [9]
The Nurses' Health Study 3 was developed in 2010 by Drs. Jorge Chavarro, Walter Willett, Janet Rich-Edwards, and Stacey Missmer. [6] The study includes investigators from the Channing Division of Network Medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital , Harvard Medical School , and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health . [1] The original population contained females 19-49 in age and expanded to include Canadian subjects. [5] Unlike the predecessor studies, the NH3 includes participants of both male and female genders in 2015. [5] Jorge Chavarro has been the principal investigator of Nurses' Health Study 3 since its 2010 inception. [5]
The studies revealed many correlations , that is statistical relationships, whether causal or not, between environmental factors and risk for health conditions.
Smoking : correlated to a higher likelihood of cardiovascular disease (CVD), [10] colorectal [11]
and pancreatic [12] cancer,
psoriasis, [13] multiple sclerosis, [14]
type 2 diabetes, [15]
and eye disease. [16]
Trans Fats : correlation between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and consumption of trans fatty acids. [17] Initially met with skepticism, [18] it ultimately led to trans fat being added to U.S. food labels in 2003 [19] and partially hydrogenated oils being labeled as not generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the FDA. [20]
Obesity : correlated to a higher likelihood of cardiovascular disease (CVD), [21] breast cancer, [22]
pancreatic cancer, [23]
psoriasis, [24]
multiple sclerosis, [25]
gallstones, [26]
type 2 diabetes, [27]
and eye disease. [28]
Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy : correlated to a lower likelihood of cardiovascular disease (CVD). [29] Combination hormones (progesteron and estrogen) were associated with higher risk of breast cancer. [30] [31]
Oral Contraceptives : correlated to a lower likelihood of ovarian cancer. [32] No statistically significant effects of oral contraceptives were observed in regard to risk of breast cancer. [33] Present or past use did not correlate significantly with CVD. [34]
Exercise : correlated to higher likelihood of breast cancer survival. [35]
Physical activity was correlated to a decreased likelihoo
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