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In which place(s) in Ex. 1a do the following people work? What qualities do they need? Why? Make sentences.
• nurse • attendant • surgeon
• doctor • librarian • mayor
• secretary • police officer
• forensic scientist • detective
• cashier • postal worker
• fire officer • postman
An attendant works at a petrol station.
Attendants need to be friendly as they talk to drivers (Дежурный работает на бензозаправочной станции. Дежурным нужно быть дружелюбными, когда они говорят с водителями)

A surgeon works in a hospital.
Surgeons need to be intelligent and skilful as they do difficult surgeries (Хирург работает в больнице. Хирургам нужно быть умными и опытными, так как они делают сложные операции)

A doctor works in a hospital.
Doctors need to be responsible and hardworking as they work many hours and deal with many problems (Доктор работает в больнице. Докторам нужно быть ответственными и усердными, так как они работают много часов и имеют дело со многими проблемами)

A librarian works in a library.
Librarians need to be organized as they keep many books and records (Библиотекарь работает в библиотеке. Библиотекарям нужно быть организованными, так как у них много книг и записей)

A mayor works in the town hall.
Mayors need to be likeable as they are voted in by the people (Мэр работает в здании муниципалитета. Мэрам нужно быть привлекательным, так как за них голосуют люди)

A secretary works in the town hall.
Secretaries need to be efficient to deal with many tasks (Секретарь работает в здании муниципалитета. Секретарям нужно быть рациональными, чтобы справлять со многими заданиями)

A police officer works in a police station.
Police officers need to be honest as they have a lot of power (Полицейский работает в полицейском участке. Полицейским нужно быть честными, так как у них много силы)

A forensic scientist works in a police station.
Forensic scientists need to be patient as they work in complicated cases (Судебный эксперт работает в полицейском участке. Судебные эксперты должны быть терпеливыми, так как они работают с запутанными случаями)

A detective works in a police station.
Detectives need to be hardworking as they work many hours (Детектив работает в полицейском участке. Детективам нужно быть трудолюбивыми, так как они работают много часов)

A cashier works in a petrol station.
Cashiers need to be careful as they work with money (Кассир работает на бензозаправочной станции. Кассирам нужно быть точными, так как они работают с деньгами)

A postal worker works in a post office.
Postal workers need to be responsible to deliver the mail to the right places (Почтовый работник работает на почте. Почтовым работникам нужно быть ответственным за доставку почты в правильные места)

A fire officer works in a fire station.
Fire officers need to be strong to fight fires (Пожарные работают в пожарной части. Пожарным нужно быть сильными, чтобы бороться с пожарами) (не путать с "пожарниками" - это те кто устраивают пожар)

A postman works in a post office.
Postman's need to be healthy to walk to houses and deliver mail (Почтальон работает на почте. Почтальонам нужно быть здоровыми, чтобы ходить по домам и доставлять почту)


Сервис развития и образования (универ ©) При копировании материалов ссылка на сайт обязательна.

Как быстро выучить стихотворение наизусть? Запоминание стихов является стандартным заданием во многих школах. 
Как научится читать по диагонали? Скорость чтения зависит от скорости восприятия каждого отдельного слова в тексте. 
Как быстро и эффективно исправить почерк?  Люди часто предполагают, что каллиграфия и почерк являются синонимами, но это не так.
Как научится говорить грамотно и правильно? Общение на хорошем, уверенном и естественном русском языке является достижимой целью. 

Bull Med Libr Assoc. 2001 Jan; 89(1): 59–67.
Charles R. Fikar , M.D., DABP, M.S.L.S., Library Director *, 1 and Oscar L. Corral , B.S., Second-Year Medical Student 1
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
American Medical Association. Leaving the bedside: the search for a nonclinical medical career. Rev. ed. Chicago, IL: The Association, . 1996. [ Google Scholar ] Scott M. Planning for a successful career transition: the physician's guide to managing career change . Chicago, IL: American Medical Association, 1999 [ Google Scholar ] Knight W. The evolution of managed care . In: Knight W, ed. Managed care: what it is and how it works. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers, 1998: 1–17. [ Google Scholar ] American Medical Association. Leaving the bedside: the search for a nonclinical medical career. Rev. ed. Chicago, IL: The Association, . 1996. [ Google Scholar ] Naude, Gabriel. In: Encyclopedia Britannica CD2000. Deluxe ed. [CD-ROM]. Chicago, IL: Britannica.com, . 2000. [ Google Scholar ] Fuchsel, Georg Christian. In: Encyclopedia Britannica CD2000. Deluxe ed. [CD-ROM]. Chicago, IL: Britannica.com, . 2000. [ Google Scholar ] Lefanu WR. Robert Willis—physician, librarian, medical historian . In: Proceedings of the XXIII International Congress of the History of Medicine, London, 2–9 September 1972. London, U.K.: Wellcome Institute of the History of Medicine, 1974: 1111–5. [ Google Scholar ] Payne LM, Newman CE. Dr. Munk, Harveian librarian: the first period . J R Coll Physicians Lond . 1977 Apr; 11 ( 0 ):281–8. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] Blake JB. The physician as bibliographer . Bull N Y Acad Med . 1985 Apr; 61 ( 0 ):240–9. [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] Luft EVD, Hawkins DK. Elizabeth Latimer Shrimpton, M. D. (1875–1955): unsung heroine of medical librarianship. [Web document] . Syracuse, NY: SUNY Health Science Center, 1999 [21 Oct 1999; cited 18 Apr 2000]. < http://www.hscsyr.edu/library/history/shrimpton.html >. [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] Virginia A. Henderson, 1897–1996 . [Web document]. Washington, DC: American Nurses Association, 2000. [cited 18 Apr 2000]. < http://www.ana.org/hof/hendva.htm >. [ Google Scholar ] Allen M. Tribute to Virginia Avernal Henderson, 1897–1996 . [Web document]. Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta, 1999. [13 Feb, 1999; cited 18 Apr 2000]. < http://www.ualberta.ca/∼jrnorris/nt/henderson.htm >. [ Google Scholar ] Brase CH, Brase CP. Understandable statistics: concepts and methods . 4th ed. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath, 1991: 420–7. [ Google Scholar ]
Articles from Bulletin of the Medical Library Association are provided here courtesy of Medical Library Association
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Bulletin of the Medical Library Association. 2001 Jan; 89(1)59

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Objectives: To obtain basic information about non-librarian health professionals who become librarians and information specialists.
Methods: The survey was a Web-based questionnaire. A non-random sample of persons was obtained by posting messages to several large Internet electronic discussion groups. Individuals who met the selection criteria and were willing to participate filled out a Web-based form designed using common gateway interface (CGI) programming.
Results: 118 forms were analyzed. Three subgroups of participants were identified and statistical comparisons among these groups were carried out for many of the quantitative questions. Information concerning reasons they left their original field; factors influencing their choice of the field of library and information science; reactions of family, friends, and colleagues; and interactions with patrons and other information about this group was obtained and summarized. A health sciences background was seen as helpful in the new career as information specialist. Most people were happy with their new profession despite negative reactions from colleagues, relatives, and, occasionally, patrons. Feelings of regret and abandonment of their patients were noted by some. Many persons did not know that peers had made similar career changes.
Conclusions: A health sciences background imparts an expertise in both the vocabulary and subject matter of medicine that non-biomedical individuals would not ordinarily have. Although becoming a librarian may be perceived as a very positive career change for an individual, societal opinion and pressure can make such a career change difficult. Nevertheless, participants in this survey demonstrate a high level of satisfaction with their new careers and are quite happy with their work.
Health professionals change careers for a variety of reasons. The new career may be within the area of biomedicine or in an entirely different arena. Challenging changes made in the delivery of health care by the imposition of new insurance regulations and the advent of managed care have certainly in many instances been contributing factors for individuals to seek a new profession [ 1, 2 ]. Information about some of the other reasons health professionals choose to change careers will be presented below. One career alternative available to the non-librarian health professional is that of library and information science, including the subdivision of medical librarianship.
Great changes have taken place in the practice and management of all the health professions in the United States since Congress passed the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) Act of 1973. Currently, approximately 80% of employees whose employers' provide health insurance coverage are enrolled in some form of managed care plan. In 1988, the percentage was only about 30% [ 3 ]. Health professionals were and continue to be faced with changes in their practice style and workplace environment due to changes in the health care delivery system. For some, these conditions are neither conducive to nor compatible with personal career happiness and therefore necessitate a career change. Regardless of the reasons, health professionals leave their chosen initial professions to pursue other careers, not only in nonclinical areas, but also in fields that are non-biomedical.
Societal perceptions of the health care professional who leaves an active, direct patient care career may be problematic to individuals wishing to change their professions. Many physicians who leave medicine may be stigmatized by a society that believes that physicians do not leave their careers unless there is “something wrong” [ 4 ]. Other health professionals may be confronted with the same type of societal branding.
The present survey was conducted, because no specific literature on the subject of non-librarian health professionals who become librarians could be found in the English-language medical or library literature. Motivations for a non-librarian health professional to switch to a career in this field were therefore sought. Information about whether individuals were aware that others have made similar career changes, how happy they were in the new profession, and how pleased students were with the new course work (for those still in professional schools) was also requested in this survey. Additionally, the work the individuals did, whether they perceived their background as helpful with present duties and whether there were feelings of abandonment of patients, colleagues, or both, were considered to be important and in need of documentation.
The authors also were curious about the reactions of friends, families, and colleagues concerning this type of career change. Additionally, individuals were asked if they made known their status as a current or former non-librarian health professional to their patrons, colleagues, or both. For those health professionals who still were students, information about their optimism for future job prospects was sought. Information revealed by this survey would be of potential use to health professionals contemplating or undergoing a career change as well as professionals providing career counseling services to such persons.
Historically, non-librarian health professionals have chosen the field of library and information science as either a second career choice or as an additional duty along with their current profession. The idea of the physician or nurse librarian is not a new one. Physicians have been writing and amassing medical information for centuries and, thus, have been librarians of their own personal collections.
Dr. Gabriel Naude, born in Paris in 1600, practiced medicine in France, but his strong love of books and libraries drew him to Rome, where he became a librarian. He is considered the first important theoretician of modern library organization [ 5 ]. Dr. Georg Christian Fuchsel, born in 1722, was a German court physician and librarian. He was also a noted geologist [ 6 ].
In England, the Royal College of Surgeons in London recognized the need for someone to care for and develop their book and specimen collection. Dr. Robert Willis, a physician and medical historian, was asked to be the college's first librarian in 1827 [ 7 ]. In 1836, he began a project to collect “every work of consequence, not already in the library, that was published in the last forty years.” He also compiled an Author Catalogue in 1831 and a Classified Catalogue totaling 1,200 pages in 1843. Dr. Willis was active outside of his library work as well, translating several medical books during this time. His work in building “the finest medical and anatomical library in Europe” was obviously a great contribution to both medicine and librarianship.
Another notable European physician librarian was Dr. William Munk, who was considered an authority on smallpox. In 1857, he was appointed the librarian at the Royal College of Physicians in England and held the position until his death in 1898 [ 8 ]. He was given the title Harveian librarian in memory of Dr. William Harvey, the great anatomist and physician of the 1600s. His assuming this position coincides with a change in the library from an “old club library” to a practical medical library. Dr. Munk created the Roll of the Royal College of Physicians in London in 1861, which served as a biographical dictionary of the members of that society. The Roll had not been intended for publication but was found so useful that it was published the year after it was written.
Dr. John Shaw Billings was born in Indiana in 1836 [ 9 ]. He joined the Union Army during the Civil War as a physician and was assigned to the Surgeon General's office in 1864. The Army Medical Department, having decided to collect specimens and case reports of the Civil War for a museum and library that would present the war's medical and surgical history, gave Dr. Billings the task of expanding the small library of the Surgeon General's office to accommodate the new collection. He tirelessly built the library to serve the museum and the nation.
In the thirty years he remained at his post, he expanded the original 2,500 volumes in the library to more than 200,000. Although other libraries had excellent printed catalogues to serve as a guide, they only contained journal names and not the articles contained within the journals. Dr. Billings proposed a catalog of the “National Medical Library,” as he called it, which would contain a subject and author catalog of monographs and journal titles. Additionally, and very importantly, he added to this catalog a subject indexing system for all articles in the journals held in the library's extensive and rapidly expanding holdings. The resulting sixteen-volume Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office, United States Army (series one), stood as the most complete guide to medical literature in the nineteenth century. The Index Medicus was created as a monthly supplement to ensure that current information would be available. Thus, through Dr. Billings' work, the Index-Catalogue filled in the bibliographical gap of medical writings and made the accumulated literature of the past available.
In the 1890s, American medical schools realized that a comprehensive and well-maintained medical library was essential to a rapidly modernizing medical education [ 10 ]. Before this time, physicians had to rely primarily on their own private collections of medical journals. At the Syracuse University College of Medicine (SUCM), Dr. Frank Marlow, professor of ophthalmology, became the librarian in 1890 and was concerned that students were not using the library, because they felt it was unreliable and disorganized. Although Dr. Marlow began the collection and restoration process, the effort and dedication exhibited by Elizabeth L. Shrimpton, M.D., brought the library efficient methods of cataloging, inventory control, and reader services. She received her medical doctor degree from SUCM in 1901. The policies and practices she instituted continue to make the library accessible to the medical community of Syracuse, and for her labors she is known as the first “real” medical librarian at SUCM. Dr. Marlow's plans for the library could not have been completed without Dr. Shrimpton's tireless work.
Nurses who became librarians have also made great contributions to the field of library and information science. Virginia Henderson, born in 1897, graduated in 1921 from the Army School of Nursing in Washington, DC [ 11, 12 ]. She continued her education and earned both a bachelor of science and a master of arts degrees in nursing education at Teachers College, Columbia University. She spent fourteen years teaching at Columbia University, where she revised Bertha Harmer's Textbook of the Principles and Practice of Nursing, which was published in 1939. Henderson accepted
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC31705/
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