Nuremberg 2-0.Medical crimes
⏳ ተ𐍂𐌉ଓ𐌵𑀉ꤕ ⚖️ Ⴝ𐌳𐍅Ⴝ 🎙ϮɍϊƀυƖє Ӽ
Referees: from left to right: Harold L. Sebring, Walter B. Beals, Johnson T. Crawford, Victor Swiringen
The trial began on November 9, 1946.
The main prosecutor was American Brigadier General Telford Taylor. A number of 177 defendants were tried. The panel of judges was represented by Walter B. Beals, The Supreme Court of Washington, Harold L. Sebring, a Florida Superior Court judge, and Johnson T. Crawford, a former Judge in the Oklahoma District Court. Victor Swiringen acted as a reserve judge.
During the trial, 1,471 documents were reviewed and witnesses of the prosecution and defence heard. The accused were given the final say on 19 July. The verdict (not appealed) was announced on August 20, 1947.
The Nuremberg trials of doctors took place from December 9, 1946 to August 20, 1947. This process was the first in a series of subsequent Nuremberg trials. Officially it was called "USA vs. Carl Brandt" and took place in the eastern wing of the Palace of Justice of Nuremberg.
Twenty concentration camp doctors, as well as one lawyer and two officials, were charged with medical crimes.
The main charges were forced medical examinations, the murder of prisoners for August Hirt's anatomical collection or forced euthanasia (see also the T-4 euthanasia program), forced sterilization. Of the 23 accused, 7 were sentenced to death, 5 to life imprisonment, 4 to various prison terms (10 to 20 years) and 7 acquitted.
Charge
All defendants were indicted with four indictments:
Conspiracy to commit war crimes and crimes against humanity
Participation in war crimes
Crime against humanity
Membership in criminal organizations
At the suggestion of the defence, the court decided to consider the 1st paragraph of the prosecution only in the context of others. On November 5, 1946, each of the defendants received the text of the prosecution. None of them pleaded guilty before the trial began.
The trial began on November 9, 1946.
The main prosecutor was American Brigadier General Telford Taylor. A number of 177 defendants were tried. The panel of judges was represented by Walter B. Beals, The Supreme Court of Washington, Harold L. Sebring, a Florida Superior Court judge, and Johnson T. Crawford, a former Judge in the Oklahoma District Court. Victor Swiringen acted as a reserve judge.
During the trial, 1,471 documents were reviewed and witnesses of the prosecution and defence heard. The accused were given the final say on 19 July. The verdict (not appealed) was announced on August 20, 1947.
Medical crimes
The testimony of the accused was published in a large edition in a two-volume: "German. Wissenschaft ohne Menschlichkeit" (Inhuman Science) and "Nem. Diktat der Menschenverachtung" (Dictatorship of Contempt for Humanity), but these materials were not sold in public.
Research on the effects of low pressure, hypothermia and seawater rule
Supposedly studies of the effects on the body of low pressure, hypothermia and sea water were conducted for the Luftwaffe. The situation was simulated when the pilot left the downed aircraft at high altitude and got it into the cold sea water. Experiments on this problem were carried out in the Dachau concentration camp.
Experiments on the study of low pressure were conducted from February to May 1942 in three groups of subjects (about 200 prisoners). About 70-80 of them died. These deaths were not accidents, but part of an experiment. Romberg, Ruff and Weltz were charged with the crime. According to Ruff and Romberg's testimony, a low-pressure camera was installed, which could simulate the situation of falling from a height of 21,000 meters, which led to the death of the subjects. In the absence of a crime, the court found no evidence of ruff," nor Romberg, nor Weltz in these experiments. The only thing that could be blamed on the accused was the analysis of the ECG's criminal experiments. All three were acquitted of lack of evidence.
Experiments on the effect on the body of hypothermia were conducted from August to December 1942 by lowering the prisoner into the icy water. The body's reactions to hypothermia were investigated until death. Nine-year-olds died in these experiments. Since the organizers of the experiments - Ernst Holsoner, Erich Finke and Sigmund Rasher died in 1945, the charges in these crimes were brought against the highest medical officials of the Third Reich - Karl and Rudolf Brandtam, Hundloser, Schroeder, Gebhardt, Mrugovsky, Poppendik, Sievers, Becker-Freisen and Wel.
Experiments with the influence of sea water on humans were also associated with the rescue of the downed pilot. In his absence, drinking water required the search for its replacement. There was a dispute among Nazi scientists over this issue: Konrad Schaefer suggested desalination of water with various chemicals, while others considered it more appropriate to add a large amount of vitamin C (so-called Burke-water) to salt sea water, making it drinkable. The dispute between the two groups of scientists led to the fact that both provisions decided to check on prisoners. After a meeting on this occasion in May 1940, Herman Becker-Freiseng commissioned Oscar Schroeder to conduct experiments on prisoners. To do this, 44 subjects were transferred from the concentration camp in Buchenwald to Dachau, where these experiments were conducted. They lasted until 1944. The third defendant in this matter was Wilhelm Baiglebek.
All three received different prison terms. The verdict was based on the lack of consent of the prisoners to participate in the experiment. At the same time, it should be noted that unlike other experiments of the Nazis in humans, during this death there was no.
Vaccine from typhoid correct
Experiments were carried out in the concentration camps of Buchenwald and The National Aveiler-Struthof. Presumably the SS tested known vaccines or tested new ones. Various vaccines, in particular from typhoid, were used on 392 prisoners, 89 were a control group. 383 fell ill, 97 died, and 40 from the control group. In addition, tests were conducted to "identify a reliable mode of infection" with typhoid by injecting fresh blood of typhoid patients in various ways (intravenously, intramuscularly, etc.) gerhard Roze and Joachim Mrugovskiy were charged with experimenting with high-risk infections.
DIARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF TIF AND VIRUS RESEARCH AT THE INSTITUTE OF HYGIENE OF THE SS TROOPS
29.12.41: Meeting between the army's health inspector, Senior Staff Medical General Prof. Dr. Hundloser, Imperial Head of Health Secretary, SS GroupFuhrer Dr. Conti, President Prof. Reuters of the Imperial Directorate of Health, President Prof. Gildemaister of the Robert Koch Institute (Imperial Institution for The Control of Contagious Diseases) and Standardenfuhrer SS. Dr. Mrugovsky from the SS Institute of Hygiene in Berlin.
The meeting states that there is a need to test the portability and effectiveness of the typhoid vaccine, which is made from culture grown on a chicken embryo. Since animal experiments do not provide a sufficient assessment, experiments should be conducted on humans.
2.1.42: Trials of vaccines are decided to be carried out in the Buchenwald concentration camp. Hauptsturmfuhrer SS Dr. Ding is entrusted with conducting experiments.
SS in action. Documents on crimes of the SS./ Translated from German. - M.: SVETTON, 2000.- 624 s. ISBN 5-7419-0049-6
Also in the concentration camp national-Struthof from 1943 to 1944 experiments with the pathogens of yellow fever were conducted. Professor Eugene Haagen initiated the experiments.
Sulfanilamide, Bone and Cellular Transplant Experiments Edit
Experiments with sulfonamide began in the Ravensbrück concentration camp in July 1942 and continued until August 1943.
The assassination attempt and subsequent death of the leader of the protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia Reinhard Heydrich due to wound infection drew the attention of the leadership of the Third Reich to her. Karl Herbhardt, a school friend of Himmler who treated Heydrich, was skeptical about the use of sulfonamide, as he preferred amputations of the affected limbs. On his behalf, a number of experiments were carried out on healthy Polish women from the Ravensbrück concentration camp. By implanting various non-sterile foreign objects in their limbs, they artificially caused gas gangrene and other infectious diseases, which were then treated with sulfonamide.
Gert Oberheuser and Fritz Fischer were also charged in this case.
Experiments with mustard gas and phosgene
Mustard gas and phosgene are chemical weapons. Their influence on people was investigated in the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp by Professors August Hirt and Otto Bickenbach.
Collection of skeletons for the University of Strasbourg
In August 1943, 86 Jewish women and men specially selected by anthropologists Bruno Beger and Hans Fleischhacker were destroyed in the gas chamber of the Natzweiler-Struthoff concentration camp (in Alsace). Their bodies were handed over to the professor of anatomy at the University of Strasbourg, Augustus Hirt. It was planned that the created exhibition of skulls would be a confirmation of the racist ideology of National Socialism.
Euthanasia program
Main article: T-4 program
The "euthanasia" program included the massacre of more than 100,000 people who were handicapped in some way by doctors, medical personnel, and often members of the SS. Simultaneously with the first protests, the killing churches ceased to be centralized, and from 1942 they began to be decentralized.
The roots of the killing go back to the idea of "racial hygiene" in the 1920s. The goal of the killing program was the destruction of “souls unworthy of life” (German: Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens), namely the mentally ill, handicapped, socially or racially undesirable persons.
Medical sterilization experiments
From about March 1941 to January 1945, sterilization experiments were carried out in the concentration camps Auschwitz, Ravensbrück, Buchenwald and other camps. The aim of the experiments was to develop a sterilization method that would be suitable for mass sterilization of millions of people with minimal time and effort, and to investigate the effect of sterilization on the psyche of victims. These experiments were carried out using X-rays, surgery, and a variety of drugs. Thousands of victims were sterilized, resulting in mental and physical injuries. Karl Brandt, Karl Gebhardt, Rudolf Brandt, Joachim Mrugovsky, Helmut Poppendieck, Viktor Brak, Adolf Pokorny and Hertha Oberheuser were accused of special responsibility and participation in these crimes.
History repeats itself twice: one is happy in the form of tragedy, the second time in the form of farce . Today, as long as the tragedy is over, we will not allow this nightmare to happen again.
and scoundrels. We will not forget not to forgive you and the Nazis and you communists murderers. You only managed to escape the court because of your greater meanness of cunning. The Germans at least had a part to confess. Today's modern scum is also in the set and you will have the same exact fate. We will break down for a long time but carefully. No bastard escapes justice.
Be afraid of us critters.