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Specialized inter-district criminal court of Kostanay region pronounced the verdict against a citizen of the Republic of Tajikistan A. According to the investigation, A. Rahmatdzhonov in early June of the current year, being in the territory of Khujand city bought heroin with a total weight of 8 kg. He packed the purchased heroin in 21 briquettes and placed in the car hiding place in order to transportation from Tajikistan across Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan to Russia. State symbols Site of the President Kazakhstan You are here Home. Feedback If you experience a bug or would like to see an addition on the current page, feel free to leave us a message.

Kazakhstan

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Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit. The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law. The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing. The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities. The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market. The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market. The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach. The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership. Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups. The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities. A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime. The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities. Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs. Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime. Kazakhstan is a source, transit and destination country for victims of human trafficking. Domestic victims are subject to sexual exploitation in Russia, the Middle East and Europe. Victims from other countries in Central Asia also transit Kazakhstan on their way to Russia and other European destination markets, while migrant workers from neighbouring countries in the region as well as Chinese, Filipinos and Ukrainians, are exploited in the Kazakh oil-focused economy, construction and domestic services. Exploitative labour practices have also been reported in the mining sector in Kazakhstan. Oralmans — ethnic Kazakhs who have returned to the country in the wake of the dissolution of the Soviet Union — are most vulnerable to the practice. Although not as prevalent as in Uzbekistan, child labour also occurs in Kazakhstan. Female foreign nationals, as well as women from rural areas, are forced into prostitution in larger cities in Kazakhstan. Since an estimated 1 million Uzbek migrants were banned from re-entry into Russia, a significant percentage of them have tried settling in Kazakhstan, where they have become susceptible to trafficking. Trafficking rings reportedly collaborate with brothels in the country and abroad. Traffickers allegedly use debt bondage and tough national law enforcement policies as a means of coercing victims into remaining in exploitative situations. Irregular migration occurs within the region, primarily towards Kazakhstan and Russia. People with no valid travel documents, or citizens of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, seek help from smuggling networks. Kazakhstan may also be a transit country, with people from Southern Asia flying to Central Asia, from where they continue on land towards their final destinations in Europe. Irregular migrants may enter Central Asia in Tajikistan or Kyrgyzstan, from where they make their way through Kazakhstan and on to Russia, sometimes via Uzbekistan. Historically, arms trafficking has been a concern for the Kazakh authorities and has often overlapped with illicit drug flows. Trafficking of weapons continues to be an issue, but while its extent is unknown, it is unlikely the impact of the market is significant. Information points to several routes for illicit weapons going into Kazakhstan, with authorities maintaining that Russia, Tajikistan and Afghanistan are the primary source countries. Other sources of illicit weapons include the diversion of domestic arms stockpiles and local craft production. Illicit logging appears to be occurring in Kazakhstan, most likely on a small scale, while fauna crimes are more pronounced. Kazakhstan is a major partner in the Belt and Road Initiative, which will presumably increase the frequency of irregular wildlife trade along with legal trade. The poaching of sturgeon is a significant issue, with both live specimens and caviar being illegally trafficked. Strict measures have been set in place and poaching is declining, but it is still problematic. Animals are predominantly poached for subsistence, but rare and threatened species especially saiga antelope have also been killed for their parts, which are subsequently smuggled into China and elsewhere in Eastern and South-eastern Asia. Additionally, fuel and lubricants have been illegally imported into Kyrgyzstan from Kazakhstan. Fuel is smuggled out of the country by Kazakhstani companies in collaboration with Kyrgyz nationals, mostly by rail. The Chaldybar—Avtodorozhny and Kaindy—Avtodorozhny checkpoints on the Kazakh-Kyrgyz border have been flagged as the main transit points for smuggled fuel, although historically Kazakhstani and Russian fuel was smuggled into Kyrgyzstan via the Chu Shu River. The domestic heroin market in the country is well developed and among the largest in Central Asia. Conversely, the cocaine trade in the country is marginal, limited to the higher strata of the Kazakh society. Kazakhstan is a large producer of cannabis, which is cultivated predominantly in the Chu Valley. Generally, seizures of amphetamine-type stimulants in Central Asia have been low compared to the more popular drugs across the region, namely cannabis and heroin. This suggests the existence of a smaller market for synthetic drugs in Kazakhstan. Nevertheless, the use of psychoactive substances is a relatively recent phenomenon and seems to be following the same pattern as in Russia, where younger users prefer synthetic drugs. The synthetic drug trade has not yet achieved a critical mass comparable with opiates, but it will likely grow in coming years. It is also likely that Kazakhstan plays some part in the global synthetic drug flows, serving as a waypoint for drug shipments trafficked from China onto Europe. Criminal networks in Kazakhstan may sometimes bribe low-ranking law enforcement officials to avoid charges. There are allegations of police officers facilitating human trafficking and being implicated in fauna crimes as well as the drug trade. While, in regard to systemic state collusion in organized crime, Kazakhstan cannot compare with other countries in Central Asia, corruption at the top level is pervasive with only regime loyalists being allowed access to state resources. Foreign actors are active in the country. According to some reports, Chinese Triads consider Kazakhstan a convenient transit point for synthetic drugs. Criminal communities based in Russia also exert a major influence on Kazakhstan. Foreign actors hailing from Central Asia and outside the region are known to engage in legal commercial activities in Kazakhstan as cover for trading in drugs. Mafia-style groups have been losing their foothold in Kazakhstan for the past couple of decades. The larger cities still have clusters of smaller, mafia-style organizations involved in drug trafficking. However, these do not usually control significant territories. Elements of former mafia structures that have survived are reportedly now a part of cross-border criminal organizations spanning the Kazakh-Russian border. Criminal networks in Kazakhstan are relatively underdeveloped compared with other countries in Central Asia. Only the smaller groups have remained in drug trafficking as it is considered to be too dangerous. Larger organizations have moved on to more lucrative smuggling markets, such as oil, alcohol and consumer goods brought in mainly from China. Most trafficking groups operate locally, but there are some that have ties to foreign groups and operate transnationally. They engage in human and drug trafficking, as well as in the smuggling of arms and counterfeit goods. Since then, however, certain steps to strengthen the measures against the illicit economy have been taken, including the formation of an economic crimes agency. Corruption persists across the state apparatus. While it is true that law enforcement officers and the customs administration are vulnerable to corruption, the elite are not as intertwined with organized crime groups, in the sense that they do not facilitate organized crime activities. Kazakhstan is more of a kleptocratic state, and it is therefore unsurprising that corruption charges against members of the political elite are rare and only likely to be brought up in instances where individuals have fallen out of favour. Nevertheless, there are indications of the political elite controlling state resources and only allowing access to regime loyalists. Access to information in Kazakhstan is poor as both the legislature and the government offer little transparency over decision-making and other operations. Kazakhstan is party to all relevant treaties pertaining to organized crime and has bilateral extradition agreements with more than 60 nations. In spite of its international commitments, there is room for improvement in the field of international cooperation as trust in Kazakh authorities is, at times, limited. Not only are the relevant laws in place, but amendments are drafted regularly — especially to human trafficking, wildlife crime and drug trafficking laws — in an attempt to better facilitate the response to current and emerging threats. Although Kazakhstan is able to enforce its laws, corruption is pervasive in the judicial system and the political elite hold influence over it. Recruitment in the judiciary is in the hands of high-level officials and court administrators. Expectations of justice and public trust in the efficiency of the legal system are therefore low. Prison guards have allegedly been involved in the abuse and torture of inmates, and the Kazakh penal system is struggling to meet international standards. Systemic lack of resources and corruption within the police is a significant issue as well, with arbitrary arrests and detentions a common occurrence. However, efforts to prosecute corrupt police officers have been met with impunity. In , a roadmap for reforms in the police force was introduced, but these reforms are still ongoing. The KNB also has specific units within its ranks that are tasked with countering forms of organized crime. Additionally, the ministry of interior has formed a special department within its ranks to counter organized crime and human trafficking. Due to its border and customs units being systematically underfunded and ill-trained, Kazakhstan struggles with securing its borders. Despite Kazakhstan receiving training and support from its international partners, further efforts in tackling drug trafficking, wildlife crime and human trafficking are necessary. Despite government attempts to bring Kazakh legislation in line with international standards, law enforcement agencies lack the capacity to investigate sophisticated financial crimes. Additionally, parallel financial investigations are not carried out routinely alongside investigations of money laundering, and interagency information-sharing is poor. The economic regulatory environment in Kazakhstan is to some extent conducive to doing business and objectively better than most countries in the region. Another positive step is the adoption of unparalleled system-wide reforms that should improve the business environment in the country and lessen the bureaucratic barriers and burdens. Nevertheless, corruption is reportedly the primary constraint to doing business in Kazakhstan. In addition, public procurement carries a high risk of corruption for businesses investing in Kazakhstan, with public funds often diverted to individuals or companies with ties to the elite. The Kazakh government has taken steps to protect victims of human trafficking, but foreign victim identification and assistance are negligible. Related to that, large percentage of foreign victims are unwilling to self-identify primarily because they do not trust authorities. A number of state-funded, NGO-operated shelters for victims operate in the country, providing legal, medical and psychological assistance. Foreign victims, however, are ineligible to receive services at these shelters unless they cooperate with law enforcement. There is government assistance available to victims in the form of pro bono attorneys, but the latter often lack the experience. Victim referral and cooperation between NGOs and the police are reportedly effective. There is an anti-trafficking national action plan in place, which has provisions on prevention that are focused predominantly on raising awareness. Additionally, the government continues to promote the availability of an anti-trafficking hotline that is operated by an NGO. The latest available data on the prevention of drug use suggests that there are various government resolutions in place, in addition to regional programmes which also set out preventative measures. These include awareness-raising and health initiatives. Press freedom is heavily constrained. Most opposition media outlets have been banned and the few that remain are restricted by judicial proceedings. Mass surveillance and restriction of access characterize internet usage in Kazakhstan. Civil society organizations are underdeveloped and severely limited. Routine harassment and persecution of activists is the norm, while legislative amendments — often on the grounds of counteracting radicalization and extremism — have either already been adopted or are in the process of being drafted to tighten control over society. Foreign-funded NGOs are not allowed to pursue political goals, while restrictions on the freedom of association, assembly and speech make governmental control over the civil sector and political opponents ubiquitous. The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel. A series of 13 discussion papers, one for each illicit market considered during the development of the Index. We're constantly working to improve the Index. By participating in this survey, you will be providing us with insights and suggestions that will help us make the Index an even better resource. This report was funded in part by a grant from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State. Capital Nursultan. Income group Upper middle income. Population 18,, Geography type Landlocked. Criminal markets 4. An assessment of the value, prevalence and non-monetary impacts of a specific crime type. Human trafficking 5. Human smuggling 4. Arms trafficking 2. Flora crimes 2. Fauna crimes 5. Non-renewable resource crimes 4. Heroin trade 6. Cocaine trade 2. Cannabis trade 4. Synthetic drug trade 5. Criminal actors 4. An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society. Mafia-style groups 3. Criminal networks 4. State-embedded actors 6. Foreign actors 4. Political leadership and governance 5. Government transparency and accountability 4. International cooperation 5. National policies and laws 5. A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime. Judicial system and detention 5. Law enforcement 4. Territorial integrity 5. Anti-money laundering 5. Economic regulatory capacity 5. Victim and witness support 4. Prevention 4. Non-state actors 3. Analysis Download full profile english. People Kazakhstan is a source, transit and destination country for victims of human trafficking. Trade Historically, arms trafficking has been a concern for the Kazakh authorities and has often overlapped with illicit drug flows. Environment Illicit logging appears to be occurring in Kazakhstan, most likely on a small scale, while fauna crimes are more pronounced. Criminal Actors Criminal networks in Kazakhstan may sometimes bribe low-ranking law enforcement officials to avoid charges. Criminal justice and security Although Kazakhstan is able to enforce its laws, corruption is pervasive in the judicial system and the political elite hold influence over it. Civil society and social protection The Kazakh government has taken steps to protect victims of human trafficking, but foreign victim identification and assistance are negligible. Read the analysis Listen the podcasts View all events. Next Skip. How to measure organized crime? Read more on globalinitiative. Give us feedback We're constantly working to improve the Index.

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