Nudity Art

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Nudity Art
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Work of art that has as its primary subject the unclothed human body


^ "Michelangelo Gallery" . Retrieved January 7, 2018 .

^ Clark 1956 , Ch.1.

^ Alan F. Dixson; Barnaby J. Dixson (2011). "Venus Figurines of the European Paleolithic: Symbols of Fertility or Attractiveness?" . Journal of Anthropology . 2011 : 1–11. doi : 10.1155/2011/569120 .

^ Clark 1956 , p. 9.

^ Nead 1992 , p. 14.

^ Tomlinson & Calvo 2002 , p. 228.

^ Bernheimer 1989 .

^ "Ariadne Asleep On The Island Of Naxos" . New-York Historical Society . Retrieved August 14, 2020 .

^ Eck 2001 .

^ Clark 1956 , pp. 8–9.

^ Nead 1992 .

^ Dijkstra 2010 , p. 11.

^ Dijkstra 2010 , Introduction.

^ Steiner 2001 , pp. 44, 49–50.

^ "Body Language: How to Talk to Students about Nudity in Art" (PDF) . Art Institute of Chicago. March 18, 2003 . Retrieved February 28, 2013 .

^ Borzello 2012 , Introduction.

^ Borzello 2012 , Ch. 2 – Body Art: the Journey into Nakedness.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Graves 2003 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Sorabella 2008a .

^ Jump up to: a b Asher-Greve & Sweeney 2006 .

^ Davis, Frank (June 13, 1936). "A puzzling "Venus" of 2000 B.C.: a fine Sumerian relief in London". The Illustrated London News . 1936 (5069): 1047.

^ Patai, Raphael (1990). The Hebrew Goddess (3d ed.). Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2271-9 .

^ Bonfante 1989 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Rodgers & Plantzos 2003 .

^ Hay 1994 .

^ Esanu 2018 , Ch. 2.

^ Clark 1956 , pp. 300–309.

^ Ryder 2008 .

^ Clark 1956 , pp. 221–226.

^ Clark 1956 , pp. 307–312.

^ Jump up to: a b Sorabella 2008b .

^ Clark 1956 , pp. 48–50.

^ Jump up to: a b Kristeller, Paul (1901). Andrea Mantegna . London: Logmans, Green, and Company. pp. 106–107, 140, 143, 233–234.

^ Vasari, Giorgio. "The Project Gutenberg eBook of Lives Of The Most Eminent Painters Sculptors And Architects" . www.gutenberg.org . Retrieved December 29, 2020 .

^ "drawing: Study for the Ovetari Chapel" . British Museum . Retrieved December 29, 2020 .

^ Sluijter 2006 , Introduction.

^ "Ingres' La Grand Odalisque" .

^ D'Emilio & Freedman 2012 , pp. 156–158.

^ Shackelford & Rey 2011 .

^ Sorabella 2008c .

^ Nead 1992 , Part I – Theorizing the Female Nude.

^ Dijkstra 2010 , Ch. 3.

^ Borzello 2012 , p. 30.

^ Jump up to: a b "Nude Arranging Her Hair | Artwork" . NMWA . Retrieved March 9, 2021 .

^ Scala, Ch 2. "The Influence of Anxiety" by Susan H. Edwards

^ Monaghan 2011 .

^ Leppert 2007 , pp. 154–155.

^ Borzello 2012 , Chapter 2 – The Changing Room: Female Perspectives.

^ Borzello 2012 , p. 90.

^ Legacy Staff 2011 .

^ Riding, Alan (September 25, 1995). "The School of London, Mordantly Messy as Ever" . The New York Times . Retrieved February 16, 2013 .

^ "Lucian Freud at the National Portrait Gallery – in pictures" . The Guardian . London. February 8, 2012 . Retrieved November 10, 2012 .

^ The Tate Modern 2013 .

^ Grimes, William (July 22, 2011). "Lucian Freud, Figurative Painter Who Redefined Portraiture, Is Dead at 88". The New York Times .

^ Leppert 2007 , pp. 221–223.

^ "Jenny Saville" . Saatchi Gallery . Retrieved November 10, 2012 .

^ Mullins 2006 , p. 38.

^ Mullins 2006 , p. 168.

^ Mullins 2006 , p. 35.

^ Dijkstra 2010 , Ch. 5.

^ Leppert 2007 , Ch. 2.

^ Myers, Nicole. "Women Artists in Nineteenth–Century France" . Metropolitan Museum of Art.

^ Levin, Kim (November 1, 2007). "Top Ten ARTnews Stories: Exposing the Hidden 'He' " . ARTnews .

^ Nochlin 1988 .

^ Leppert 2007 , p. 166.

^ Leppert 2007 , pp. 9–11.

^ Jacobs 1994 .

^ Jump up to: a b McDonald 2001 .

^ Hammer-Tugendhat & Zanchi 2012 , pp. 361–382.

^ Maes & Levinson 2015 .

^ Fields 2012 .

^ Stewart-Kroeker 2020 .

^ Jump up to: a b Eaton, A. W. "What's Wrong with the (Female) Nude? A Feminist Perspective on Art and Pornography." Aesthetics and the Philosophy of Art: The Analytic Tradition, An Anthology (2018): 266.

^ "Women Artists: The Female Gaze" . Pallant House Gallery . Retrieved April 7, 2021 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Helen Beard" . METAL . Retrieved March 9, 2021 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Lucy Liu | Art | Shunga" . Lucy Liu . Retrieved April 7, 2021 .

^ Jump up to: a b "People Are Understandably Furious Over This New Naked Statue of Pioneering Feminist Mary Wollstonecraft in London" . Artnet News . November 10, 2020 . Retrieved April 7, 2021 .

^ "Mary Wollstonecraft statue becomes one of 2020s most polarising artworks" . The Guardian . December 25, 2020 . Retrieved April 7, 2021 .

^ Sargent, Antwaun (September 17, 2018). "These Gay Figure Artists Are Reimagining the Male Gaze" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved April 7, 2021 .

^ "Queer Artist Louis Fratino Discusses the New Age of Gay Culture" . L'Officiel USA . March 11, 2021 . Retrieved April 7, 2021 .

^ "The Female Gaze, Part Two: Women Look at Men" . Cheim Read .

^ Wye, Pamela (1997). "Desiring Machines and Exquisite Corpulence: Lisa Yuskavage's Girlies". Clayton Eshleman, ed & Pub . 40 : 101.

^ Jump up to: a b "Nude Arranging Her Hair | Artwork" . NMWA . Retrieved April 14, 2021 .

^ Nelson 1995 .

^ Dijkstra 2010 , pp. 246–247.

^ Nicolaides 1975 .

^ Scala 2009 , p. 1.

^ Gimbustas 1974 .

^ Goldberg 2000 , p. 14.

^ Dawes 1984 , p. 6.

^ MOMA 2012 .

^ Scala 2009 , p. 4.

^ Clark 1956 .

^ Daris 2016 .

^ Hamilton 2018 .



Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Sweeney, Deborah (2006). "On Nakedness, Nudity, and Gender in Egyptian and Mesopotamian Art" . In Schroer, Sylvia (ed.). Images and Gender: Contributions to the Hermeneutics of Reading Ancient Art . Vol. 220. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Göttingen: Academic Press Fribourg. doi : 10.5167/uzh-139533 .
Borzello, Frances (2012). The Naked Nude . New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-23892-9 .
Burke, Jill (2018). The Italian Renaissance Nude . Yale University Press. ISBN 978-030020156-7 .
Clark, Kenneth (1956). The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form . Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01788-3 – via Internet Archive .
D'Emilio, John; Freedman, Estelle B. (2012). Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (Third ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-92380-2 .
Dawes, Richard, ed. (1984). John Hedgecoe's Nude Photography . New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-017006531-3 .
Dijkstra, Bram (2010). Naked: The Nude in America . New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-3366-5 .
Dutton, Denis (2009). The Art Instinct: Beauty, Pleasure, and Human Evolution . New York: Bloomsbury Press. ISBN 978-1-59691-401-8 – via Internet Archive .
Esanu, Octavian, ed. (2018). Art, Awakening, and Modernity in the Middle East: the Arab Nude . New York City: Routledge.
Gill, Michael (1989). Image of the Body . New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-26072-5 .
Gimbustas, Marija (1974). The Goddesses and Gods of Old Europe: Myths and Cult Images . Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-052001995-9 .
Goldberg, Vicki (2000). Nude Sculpture: 5,000 Years . New York: Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 978-081093346-0 .
Hausenstein, Wilhelm (1913). Der nackte Mensch der Kunst aller Zeiten und Völker . Munich: R. Riper & Co.
Hay, John (1994). "The Body Invisible in Chinese Art?". In Zito, Angela; Barlow, Tani E. (eds.). Subject, and Power in China . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 42–77. ISBN 978-022698727-9 .
Hughes, Robert (1997). Lucian Freud Paintings . Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27535-1 .
Jacobs, Ted Seth (1986). Drawing with an Open Mind . New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBN 0-8230-1464-9 .
Jullien, François (2007). The Impossible Nude: Chinese Art and Western Aesthetics . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-41532-1 .
King, Ross (2007). The Judgement of Paris: The Revolutionary Decade that Gave the World Impressionism . PIML. ISBN 978-1-84413-407-6 .
Leppert, Richard (2007). The Nude: The Cultural Rhetoric of the Body in the Art of Western Modernity . Cambridge: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-4350-1 .
LeValley, Paul (2016). Art Follows Nature: A Worldwide History of the Nude . Berkeley: Edition One Books. ISBN 978-099926790-5 . OCLC 965382008 .
Maes, Hans; Levinson, Jerrold, eds. (July 2, 2015). Art and pornography: philosophical essays . ISBN 978-019874408-5 . OCLC 965117928 .
McDonald, Helen (2001). Erotic Ambiguities: The Female Nude in Art . Routledge. ISBN 978-041517099-4 .
Mullins, Charlotte (2006). Painting People: Figure Painting Today . New York: D.A.P. ISBN 978-1-933045-38-2 .
Nead, Lynda (1992). The Female Nude . New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-02677-6 .
Nicolaides, Kimon (1975). The Natural Way to Draw . Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 0-395-20548-4 .
Nochlin, Linda (1988). Women, Art and Power and Other Essays . Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-006435852-1 .
Postle, M.; Vaughn, W. (1999). The Artist's Model: from Etty to Spencer . London: Merrell Holberton. ISBN 1-85894-084-2 .
Rosenblum, Robert (2003). John Currin . Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 0-8109-9188-8 .
Saunders, Gill (1989). The Nude: A New Perspective . Rugby, Warwickshire, England: Jolly & Barber. ISBN 0-06-438508-6 .
Scala, Mark, ed. (2009). Paint Made Flesh . Vanderbilt University Press. ISBN 978-0-8265-1622-0 .
Shackelford, George T. M.; Rey, Xavier (2011). Degas and the Nude . Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. ISBN 978-087846773-0 .
Sluijter, Eric Jan (2006). Rembrandt and the Female Nude . Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-905356837-8 .
Smith, Alison; Upstone, Robert (2002). Exposed: the Victorian Nude . New York: Watson-Guptill Publications.
Steiner, Wendy (2001). Venus in Exile: The Rejection of Beauty in Twentieth-century Art . The Free Press. ISBN 0-684-85781-2 .
Steinhart, Peter (2004). The Undressed Art: Why We Draw . New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 1-4000-4184-8 – via Internet Archive .
Tomlinson, J. A.; Calvo, S. F. (2002). Goya: Images of women . Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art. ISBN 0-89468-293-8 .
Walters, Margaret (1978). The Nude Male: A New Perspective . New York: Paddington Press. ISBN 0-448-23168-9 – via Internet Archive .
Wilcox, Jonathan (2003). Naked before God: Uncovering the Body in Anglo-Saxon England . Medieval European Studies. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press.


Bernheimer, Charles (Summer 1989). "Manet's Olympia: The Figuration of Scandal". Poetics Today . 10 (2): 255–277. doi : 10.2307/1773024 . JSTOR 1773024 .
Bonfante, Larissa (1989). "Nudity as a Costume in Classical Art". American Journal of Archaeology . 93 (4): 543–570. doi : 10.2307/505328 . JSTOR 505328 . S2CID 192983153 .
Eck, Beth A. (2001). "Nudity and Framing: Classifying Art, Pornography, Information, and Ambiguity". Sociological Forum . 16 (4): 603–32. doi : 10.1023/A:1012862311849 . S2CID 143370129 .
Fields, Jill (2012). "Frontiers in Feminist Art History". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies . 33 (2): 1–21. doi : 10.5250/fronjwomestud.33.2.0001 . S2CID 142427676 .
Hammer-Tugendhat, Daniela; Zanchi, Michael (2012). "Art, Sexuality, and Gender Construction". Art in Translation . 4 (3): 361–382. doi : 10.2752/175613112X13376070683397 . S2CID 193129278 .
Jacobs, Frederika H. (1994). "Woman's Capacity to Create: The Unusual Case of Sofonisba Anguissola". Renaissance Quarterly . 47 (1): 74–101. doi : 10.2307/2863112 . JSTOR 2863112 .
Nelson, Charmaine (1995). "Coloured Nude: Fetishization, Disguise, Dichotomy" . RACAR: Revue d'art canadienne / Canadian Art Review . 22 (1–2): 97–107. doi : 10.7202/1072517ar .
Nochlin, Linda (1986). "Courbet's "L'origine du monde": The Origin without an Original". October . 37 : 76–86. doi : 10.2307/778520 . JSTOR 778520 .
Stewart-Kroeker, Sarah (2020). "What Do We Do with the Art of Monstrous Men?" . De Ethica . 6 (1): 51–74. doi : 10.3384/de-ethica.2001-8819.19062502 .


Guardian (February 8, 2012). "Lucian Freud at the National Portrait Gallery – in pictures" . The Guardian . London . Retrieved November 10, 2012 .
Conrad, Donna (2000). "A Conversation with Ruth Bernhard" . PhotoVision . Vol. 1, no. 3.
Daris, Gabriella (February 1, 2016). "Six Dance Shows Stripped Bare: Redefining Nudity on Stage" . Artinfo . Archived from the original on February 4, 2016.
Gopnik, Blake (November 8, 2009). "In Art We Lust" . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 23, 2013 .
Grimes, William (July 22, 2011). "Lucian Freud, Figurative Painter Who Redefined Portraiture, Is Dead at 88". The New York Times .
Monaghan, Peter (January 2, 2011). "Unveiling the American Nude". The Chronicle of Higher Education .
Riding, Alan (September 25, 1995). "The School of London, Mordantly Messy as Ever" . The New York Times . Retrieved February 16, 2013 .
Schjeldahl, Peter (June 9, 2008). "Funhouse: A Jeff Koons retrospective" . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 24, 2013 .


Department of Museum Education (March 18, 2003). "Body Language: How to Talk to Students about Nudity in Art" (PDF) . Art Institute of Chicago . Retrieved July 19, 2020 .
Graves, Ellen (2003). "The Nude in Art – a Brief History" . University of Dundee . Retrieved July 15, 2020 .
Hamilton, Julie (October 2, 2018). "Mona Kuhn Turns Flat Photos into an Immersive Environment" . INDY Week . Retrieved May 30, 2021 .
Legacy Staff (July 22, 2011). "Lucian Freud painted people "how they happen to be" " .
MOMA (2012). "Naked Before the Camera" . Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Postiglione, Corey. "The Postmodern Nude" . Brad Cooper Gallery . Archived from the original on November 10, 2012 . Retrieved February 22, 2013 .
Rodgers, David; Plantzos, Dimitris (2003). Nude . Oxford Art Online . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-188444605-4 .
Ryder, Edmund C. (January 2008). "Nudity and Classical Themes in Byzantine Art" . Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved October 25, 2012 .
"Jenny Saville" . Saatchi Gallery . Retrieved November 10, 2012 .
Sorabella, Jean (January 2008a). "The Nude in Western Art and its Beginnings in Antiquity" . Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved July 15, 2020 .
Sorabella, Jean (January 2008b). "The Nude in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance" . Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved July 15, 2020 .
Sorabella, Jean (January 2008c). "The Nude in Baroque and Later Art" . Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved July 15, 2020 .
"Naked Portrait 1972-3" . The Tate Modern . Retrieved February 17, 2013 .
"Edward Weston" . Edward-Weston.com . Retrieved July 19, 2020 .

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nudes in art .
The nude , as a form of visual art that focuses on the unclothed human figure, is an enduring tradition in Western art . [2] It was a preoccupation of Ancient Greek art , and after a semi-dormant period in the Middle Ages returned to a central position with the Renaissance . Unclothed figures often also play a part in other types of art, such as history painting , including allegorical and religious art , portraiture , or the decorative arts . From prehistory to the earliest civilizations, nude female figures are generally understood to be symbols of fertility or well-being. [3]

In India, the Khajuraho Group of Monuments built between 950 and 1050 CE are known for their erotic sculptures, which comprise about 10% of the temple decorations. Japanese prints are one of the few non-western traditions that can be called nudes, but the activity of communal bathing in Japan is portrayed as just another social activity, without the significance placed upon the lack of clothing that exists in the West. [4] Through each era, the nude has reflected changes in cultural attitudes regarding sexuality, gender roles, and social structure.

One often cited book on the nude in art history is The Nude: a Study in Ideal Form by Lord Kenneth Clark , first published in 1956. The introductory chapter makes (though does not originate) the often-quoted distinction between the naked body and the nude. [5] Clark states that to be naked is to be deprived of clothes, and implies embarrassment and shame, while a nude, as a work of art, has no such connotations. This separation of the artistic form from the social and cultural issues long remained largely unexamined by classical art historians. [ citation needed ]

One of the defining characteristics of the modern era in art was the blurring of the line between the naked and the nude. This likely first occurred with the painting The Nude Maja (1797) by Goya, which in 1815 drew the attention of the Spanish Inquisition . [6] The shocking elements were that it showed a particular model in a contemporary setting, with pubic hair rather than the smooth perfection of goddesses and nymphs, who returned the gaze of the viewer rather than looking away. Some of the same characteristics were shocking almost 70 years later when Manet exhibited his Olympia , not because of religious issues, but because of its modernity. Rather than being a timeless Odalisque that could be safely viewed with detachment, Manet's image was assumed to be of a prostitute of that time, perhaps referencing the male viewers' own sexual practices. [7]

The meaning of any image of the unclothed human body depends upon its being placed in a cultural context. In Western culture, the contexts generally recognized are art , pornography , and information . Viewers easily identify some images as belonging to one category, while other images are ambiguous. The 21st century may have created a fourth category, the commodified nude, which intentionally uses ambiguity to attract attention for commercial purposes. [9]

With regard to the distinction between art and pornography, Kenneth Clark noted that sexuality was part of the attraction to the nude as a subject of art, stating "no nude, however abstract, should fail to arouse in the spectator some vestige of erotic feeling, even though it be only the faintest shadow—and if it does not do so it is bad art and false morals". According to Clark, the explicit temple sculptures of tenth-century India "are great works of art because their eroticism is part of their whole philosophy". Great art can contain significant sexual content without being obscene . [10]

However, in the United States nudity in art has sometimes been a controversial subject when public funding and display in certain venues brings the work to the attention of the general public. [11] Puritan history continues to impact the selection of artwork shown in museums and galleries. At the same time that any nude may be suspect in the view of many patrons and the public, art critics may reject work that is not cutting edge. [12] Relatively tame nudes tend to be shown in mus
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