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Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit. The production, transport, storage and sale of goods that are fraudulently mislabeled or fraudulent imitations of registered brands. The illicit transport, handling and sale of excise consumer goods despite a ban or outside a legal market. Excludes oil and counterfeits. The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law. The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing. The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities. The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market. The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market. The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach. The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Organized crime that results in a monetary loss via financial fraud, embezzlement, misuse of funds, tax evasion and abusive tax avoidance. Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership. Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups. The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities. A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime. The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities. Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs. Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime. Human trafficking remains a major challenge in Mauritania, with the country being both a source and destination point. A small segment of the population is affected by descent-based slavery, with some Afro-Saharan groups born into servitude. Slavery cases are discovered from time to time; however, it is dangerous for victims and human rights organizations to report on the issue. There has been an increase in the number of women and girls from traditional slave castes and Afro-Mauritanian communities being trafficked to the Gulf region, particularly Saudi Arabia and forced child begging in Quranic schools is also an ongoing concern. Senegalese children have reportedly been exploited in Mauritania's fishing industries, sex trafficking and drug production rings. The country has emerged as an important transit zone for human smuggling, with migrants from West Africa seeking to reach Europe, primarily through Spain's Canary Islands. Human smuggling is dominated by Mauritanian-Malian networks, sometimes incorporating Senegalese actors. The victims are smuggled from near the port cities of Nouakchott, the capital, and Nouadhibou. Human smuggling across the country's land borders is also increasing because of a combination of growing numbers of migrants and heightened border security in the south. However, it is limited across the country's northern borders because of the punitive militarized policy in place to prevent unauthorized movement in the northern desert areas. Registered refugees and asylum seekers in Mauritania do not seem to be among the populations departing from the country's littoral areas towards Europe. Non-state armed groups, which frequently move across the Mali-Mauritania border, have been known to fund their operations by running a protection racket within nomadic populations. However, because of the low density of the population and the lack of resources this does not constitute a significant financial flow. Although arms trafficking is not a major issue, it is still a concern in Mauritania. Because weapons tend to maintain their value, families store them and trade them, primarily along the borders with Algeria and Morocco Western Sahara. Arms trafficking has also been observed along the Mauritania-Mali border, where seizures of mostly AK-pattern rifles have been carried out in recent years. Nouakchott has been affected by an increase in petty crime associated with arms trafficking. Mauritania, which faces a significant problem with counterfeit goods, is considered a large key commercial zone for these products. Counterfeit pharmaceuticals are the items most commonly seized, with tens of thousands, including antihistamines, corticosteroids, antibiotics, antimalarial tablets, analgesics, pregnancy tests and vitamin supplements confiscated every year. Carcinogenic cosmetics have also been seized. With regards to the illicit trade in excisable goods, Mauritania serves as a hub for illicit tobacco, for which there is a significant market within the country. It is also one of the main distribution hubs for illicit cigarettes destined for Senegal, Morocco and Algeria. Flora crimes in Mauritania are rare because most of the country is desert, which does not allow for much plant growth. However, illegal, unreported, and unregulated IUU fishing remains a significant issue, with Senegalese, Chinese and Turkish actors involved in overfishing in Mauritanian waters. The recent deployment of a Turkish fleet has been blamed by authorities for a sharp decline in the octopus population. Despite this, corruption related to monitoring of IUU fishing and obtaining fishing licences for foreign vessels remains an ongoing issue. In relation to non-renewable resource crimes, Mauritania has experienced several incidents of gold trafficking. While the smuggling of other minerals is not widely reported, there is some petrol smuggling from Algeria into Mauritania. Local fuel-smuggling gangs are active on the road between Nouakchott and Nouadhibou, with little action taken against them. Although Mauritania is also a popular destination country for semi-precious stone smuggling, mostly carried out by foreign tourists, authorities do not seem to be concerned about this. However, with a potential surge in post-COVID tourism in the coming years, it could become a more pressing issue. Mauritania does not appear to have a significant market for heroin, but it remains an occasional transit point for cocaine in the region and there have been reported cases of cocaine seizures by Mauritanian authorities. Drug smugglers use traditional transportation methods to traffic cocaine to Europe via the country. The drug, which is landed in West Africa, is then transported overland through Mauritania to Morocco. Corruption among customs officers and border guards creates a relatively low-risk route for traffickers. Despite being illegal, cannabis consumption is widespread and the country is a significant transit point for Moroccan-sourced cannabis destined for Europe and the Middle East. Cannabis trafficking remains robust and large quantities are frequently seized despite the fact that there is less law enforcement at the Morocco-Mauritania border than at the Algeria-Morocco one. There has been an increase in the use of synthetic drugs in the country, especially in bigger cities, due to the increased availability of such substances. The increasing use of technology has made Mauritania more vulnerable to cyber-dependent crimes. The most common technological crimes are attacks on both government and private sector websites. Officials suspect that the perpetrators are located abroad. Financial crimes are widespread, with corruption and embezzlement of public resources the primary offences. The country's financial intelligence unit's effectiveness in curbing financial crimes is highly questionable. Low wages and the lack of parliamentary control over the budget contribute to financial corruption at all levels of society. People close to the executive have been linked to several financial scandals, including the allocation of fishing quotas and government contracts. Foreign actors, including groups from Morocco, Algeria, Mali, Senegal, as well as Sahrawis, are involved in Mauritania's drug and human smuggling markets. Malian criminal networks are also known to be involved in human trafficking activities in the country, collaborating Mauritanians and Senegalese as facilitators. Foreign armed groups engage in various illicit economies, with some Malian drug traffickers on the border with Mauritania involved with Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin JNIM , a coalition of terrorist groups in northern Mali. There are also indications that drug traffickers in Mauritania cooperate with al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb, and cross-border smuggling in northern Mauritania is linked to the Polisario Front. While there is no evidence of the existence of mafia-style groups in Mauritania, limited border control means that criminal networks, including smuggling networks, remain increasingly active in the country and its neighbours. State-embedded actors continue to be involved in certain criminal markets, especially the smuggling of goods. Mauritania's large informal sector makes the country vulnerable to the activities of criminal groups. Sectors involved in illicit activities include mining companies primarily gold miners , the fishing and pharmaceutical industries and the banking sector. It is not known to what extent criminal groups control the private sector, given the intertwined nature of the legal and illicit economies. State collusion with criminals is a common problem. Although one reason is the lack of capacity in the security and defence forces, the most intractable problem is the unwillingness of high-level officials to uphold the rule of law when it threatens their interests or those of their associates. However, there has been some progress in political leadership and governance since the election. Additionally, the government has launched an anti-corruption campaign that has resulted in the conviction of the former president and the arrest of notorious figures among the elite. Despite these improvements, corruption remains a contentious issue, and Mauritania is still ranked as one of the most corrupt countries in the world. The government has been criticized for its lack of response to demands by opposition members of parliament to dismiss officials implicated in financial irregularities. Corruption poses a significant challenge to the country's development, especially since more than a quarter of the population lives below the poverty line. Mauritania has taken steps towards international cooperation in fighting human trafficking and illegal fishing activities, with the support of the US and international organizations. The government has ratified relevant international treaties, but its engagement with the international community is seen as ineffective. Although it receives aid from the US the two countries do not have an extradition treaty. There are still concerns about the effectiveness of national policies and laws relating to organized crime because of widespread corruption and the fact that the state lacks the capacity to implement them. The Mauritanian justice system is heavily influenced by the government, and very few government officials accused of corruption in relation to human trafficking and descent-based slavery have been prosecuted or convicted. The largest prison in the country, Dar Al-Naim, is three times over capacity and inmates awaiting trial are often housed along with dangerous convicts. Gang activity is a concern and reports of torture at the hands of state officials in the prisons are common. The police force is underfunded, lacks personnel and is widely corrupt, which hinders its ability to keep up with current issues and with the growing population. This facilitates the infiltration of violent extremists and criminals into the country, taking advantage of the similarity between Mauritanians and populations in northern Mali and the competition between al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and the Islamic State in the Sahel. Border control efforts focus primarily on counter terrorism rather than on organized crime. Mauritania's informal sector and underdeveloped financial infrastructure make it difficult to detect money laundering, although this crime may not occur often. Anti-money laundering legislation exist, but enforcement is difficult. The state has taken steps to combat both money laundering and the financing of terrorism at the national level by subjecting associations to the control of the tax authorities. Their efforts, however, have not been particularly successful so far. There are multiple obstacles to promoting the private sector, including weak human, technical and financial resources, strong subordination to the political system and financial constraints caused by a weak banking sector. Although the economy is expected to recover after contracting during the COVID pandemic it relies heavily on mineral exports, particularly iron, and on fisheries, agriculture and livestock. The government has adopted a private-sector promotion strategy, but its development depends on institutionalization, regulation and the promotion of an entrepreneurial culture. Victims of trafficking in Mauritania often lack access to justice and support programmes. The government's victim and witness support initiatives are limited and there are few concrete measures in place to identify trafficking victims. Criminalization of sexual relations outside of marriage further hinders support for victims of trafficking and sexual assault. The emphasis is on prosecution rather than prevention. While the government has provided financial support for an NGO to create a hotline for victims of crime, it struggles to regulate the large informal sector and prevent abuse and trafficking. Fishing vessels and processing plants are rarely inspected, despite reports of abuses and potential trafficking indicators. In addition, arrests of anti-trafficking activists continue despite the government's attempts to raise awareness and establish an inter-ministerial committee on child forced begging. According to some journalists, action on sensitive topics such as slavery is a particular target. Authorities use repressive laws that criminalize defamation, spreading false information, cybercrime and blasphemy to prosecute and imprison human rights defenders, activists, journalists and bloggers. Civil society groups are deeply concerned about the adoption of a law concerning the protection of national symbols, fearing it will have a negative impact on freedom of expression in the country. However, recent positive developments include the introduction of a simplified registration process that allows NGOs to operate legally in the country. The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel. A series of 13 discussion papers, one for each illicit market considered during the development of the Index. We're constantly working to improve the Index. By participating in this survey, you will be providing us with insights and suggestions that will help us make the Index an even better resource. This report was funded in part by a grant from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State. Capital Nouakchott. Income group Lower middle income. Population 4,, Geography type Coastal. GINI Index Criminal markets 4. An assessment of the value, prevalence and non-monetary impacts of a specific crime type. Human trafficking 7. Human smuggling 6. Extortion and protection racketeering 2. Arms trafficking 3. Trade in counterfeit goods 6. Illicit trade in excisable goods 6. Flora crimes 1. Fauna crimes 4. Non-renewable resource crimes 3. Heroin trade 1. Cocaine trade 4. Cannabis trade 7. Synthetic drug trade 3. Cyber-dependent crimes 1. Financial crimes 6. Criminal actors 4. An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society. Mafia-style groups 1. Criminal networks 5. State-embedded actors 6. Foreign actors 6. Private sector actors 3. Political leadership and governance 4. Government transparency and accountability 3. International cooperation 3. National policies and laws 3. A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime. Judicial system and detention 2. Law enforcement 2. Territorial integrity 4. Anti-money laundering 4. Economic regulatory capacity 3. Victim and witness support 1. Prevention 2. Non-state actors 3. Analysis Download full profile english. People Human trafficking remains a major challenge in Mauritania, with the country being both a source and destination point. Trade Although arms trafficking is not a major issue, it is still a concern in Mauritania. Environment Flora crimes in Mauritania are rare because most of the country is desert, which does not allow for much plant growth. Drugs Mauritania does not appear to have a significant market for heroin, but it remains an occasional transit point for cocaine in the region and there have been reported cases of cocaine seizures by Mauritanian authorities. Cyber Crimes The increasing use of technology has made Mauritania more vulnerable to cyber-dependent crimes. Financial Crimes Financial crimes are widespread, with corruption and embezzlement of public resources the primary offences. Criminal Actors Foreign actors, including groups from Morocco, Algeria, Mali, Senegal, as well as Sahrawis, are involved in Mauritania's drug and human smuggling markets. Leadership and governance State collusion with criminals is a common problem. Criminal justice and security The Mauritanian justice system is heavily influenced by the government, and very few government officials accused of corruption in relation to human trafficking and descent-based slavery have been prosecuted or convicted. Economic and financial environment Mauritania's informal sector and underdeveloped financial infrastructure make it difficult to detect money laundering, although this crime may not occur often. Civil society and social protection Victims of trafficking in Mauritania often lack access to justice and support programmes. Read the analysis Listen the podcasts View all events. Next Skip. How to measure organized crime? Read more on globalinitiative. Give us feedback We're constantly working to improve the Index.

Mauritania

Nouakchott buy cocaine

At least one person died in police custody following acts of torture. An activist was the victim of an enforced disappearance by Mauritanian police in collaboration with their Senegalese counterparts. The rights to freedom of expression and peaceful assembly were violated by repressive measures including internet disruption and excessive use of force. Descent-based slavery persisted in the country. UN experts reported a general culture of impunity around gender-based violence. In May, the ruling party was declared winner of the legislative, regional and local elections, one year after Mohamed Ould Ghazouani had won the presidential election. Some opposition parties contested the results based on fraud allegations. On 9 February, human rights defender Souvi Ould Jibril Ould Cheine was summoned to the Dar Naim 2 police station over an unpaid debt and taken into custody. He was later transferred to Sheikh Zayed Hospital and pronounced dead. In June, at a press conference, lawyers representing the family of Oumar Diop, who died after police detention, alleged that he had been tortured. Police claimed Oumar was arrested after a fight, questioned at Sebkha police station, and later transferred to hospital due to breathing issues, where he died shortly after arrival. The autopsy report attributed his death to cardiac arrest caused by excessive cocaine and alcohol consumption. The family lawyers called for a thorough investigation. In June, mobile internet access was shut down by authorities for several days after nationwide protests over the death of Oumar Diop in police custody. Access was also blocked multiple times during high school exams. According to the government, this was to prevent cheating. Blasphemy against the prophet remained punishable by death as per the law. He was subjected to enforced disappearance for 20 days, with the Senegalese and Mauritanian authorities providing no information as to his fate or whereabouts. The committee called for the investigation of all disappearances in this period and the prosecution of those responsible, including military and civilian leaders. Security forces violently dispersed the protesters despite having been notified of the planned action. The IRA reported over 10 injured, with victims taken to various hospitals. In the July report on Mauritania, the UN Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery noted the persistence of both descent-based and modern forms of slavery in certain parts of the country. The report highlighted the social, economic and political exclusion experienced by currently and formerly enslaved individuals and their descendants. While efforts to raise awareness of anti-slavery laws were recognized, the Special Rapporteur stressed the importance of ensuring victims were informed of their rights and the process for seeking redress. However, it emphasized the need to address lack of access to justice and the culture of impunity surrounding gender-based violence. It called for an end to harmful practices such as female genital mutilation and child marriage, which often led to the sacrificing of education and health, and the risk of death during childbirth. Amnesty International takes no position on issues of sovereignty or territorial disputes. Borders on this map are based on UN Geospatial data. Back to Mauritania Mauritania At least one person died in police custody following acts of torture. Background In May, the ruling party was declared winner of the legislative, regional and local elections, one year after Mohamed Ould Ghazouani had won the presidential election. Torture and other ill-treatment On 9 February, human rights defender Souvi Ould Jibril Ould Cheine was summoned to the Dar Naim 2 police station over an unpaid debt and taken into custody. Freedom of expression In June, mobile internet access was shut down by authorities for several days after nationwide protests over the death of Oumar Diop in police custody. Discrimination Slavery In the July report on Mauritania, the UN Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery noted the persistence of both descent-based and modern forms of slavery in certain parts of the country.

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