Nipple Hole

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the anatomical structure. For other uses, see Nipple (disambiguation) .
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A nipple, areola and breast of a female human
The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this section , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new section, as appropriate. ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )

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^ "Sore or cracked nipples when breastfeeding, Pregnancy and baby guide" . www.nhs.uk . National Health Services (UK). 2017-12-21 . Retrieved 4 August 2017 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Walker 2011 , p. 533.

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^ "Nipple discharge" . Mayo Clinic . Retrieved 12 August 2017 .

^ "How Is Breast Cancer in Men Diagnosed?" . www.cancer.org . Retrieved 12 August 2017 .

^ Cuhaci, Neslihan; Polat, Sefika Burcak; Evranos, Berna; Ersoy, Reyhan; Cakir, Bekir (2014). "Gynecomastia: Clinical evaluation and management" . Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism . 18 (2): 150–158. doi : 10.4103/2230-8210.129104 . ISSN 2230-8210 . PMC 3987263 . PMID 24741509 .

^ Hansen 2010 , p. 83.

^ "Breast skin and nipple changes: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia" . medlineplus.gov . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

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^ Jump up to: a b "Breast Cancer in Young Women" . October 2018 . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .

^ "Nepal art" (PDF) . www.who.int .

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^ Walker 2011 , p. 530.

^ Gerber B, Krause A, Reimer T, et al. (2003). "Skin-sparing mastectomy with conservation of the nipple-areola complex and autologous reconstruction is an oncologically safe procedure" . Ann. Surg . 238 (1): 120–7. doi : 10.1097/01.SLA.0000077922.38307.cd . PMC 1422651 . PMID 12832974 .

^ Mokbel R, Mokbel K (2006). "Is it safe to preserve the nipple areola complex during skin-sparing mastectomy for breast cancer?". Int J Fertil Female's Med . 51 (5): 230–2. PMID 17269590 .

^ Sacchini V, Pinotti JA, Barros AC, et al. (2006). "Nipple-sparing mastectomy for breast cancer and risk reduction: oncologic or technical problem?". J. Am. Coll. Surg . 203 (5): 704–14. doi : 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.07.015 . PMID 17084333 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Toplessness - the one Victorian taboo that won't go away" . BBC News . 15 November 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 .

^ Jump up to: a b c "Why Are Women Expected to Keep Their Nipples Covered?" . Retrieved 13 August 2017 .

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^ "Erie v. Pap's A. M., 529 U.S. 277 (2000)" . Justia Law . Justia. March 2000 . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . Nudity cannot be considered an inherent form of expression.

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^ "Instagram Clarifies Its No-Nipple Policy" . 17 April 2015 . Retrieved 13 August 2017 .

^ Jump up to: a b Toor, Amar (6 December 2016). "Genderless Nipples exposes Instagram's double standard on nudity" . The Verge . Retrieved 13 August 2017 .

^ "Art student challenges 'sexist' ban on nipples on Instagram with new project - BBC Newsbeat" . 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 14 August 2017 .

^ Shire, Emily (9 September 2014). "Women, It's Time to Reclaim Our Breasts" . The Daily Beast – via www.thedailybeast.com.

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^ "Is Facebook going to start freeing the nipple?" . 24 October 2016 . Retrieved 14 August 2017 .

^ Jump up to: a b Shire, Emily (9 September 2014). "Women, It's Time to Reclaim Our Breasts" . The Daily Beast .

^ Harvey, John H.; Wenzel, Amy; Sprecher, Susan (2004). The Handbook of Sexuality in Close Relationships . Psychology Press . p. 427. ISBN 978-1135624705 . Retrieved August 12, 2017 .

^ Kinsey, Alfred C.; Pomeroy, Wardell B.; Martin, Clyde E.; Gebhard, Paul H. (1998). Sexual Behavior in the Human Female . Indiana University Press . p. 587. ISBN 978-0253019240 . Retrieved August 12, 2017 . There are some females who appear to find no erotic satisfaction in having their breasts manipulated; perhaps half of them derive some distinct satisfaction, but not more than a very small percentage ever respond intensely enough to reach orgasm as a result of such stimulation (Chapter 5). [...] Records of females reaching orgasm from breast stimulation alone are rare.

^ Boston Women's Health Book Collective (1996). The New Our Bodies, Ourselves: A Book by and for Women . Simon & Schuster . p. 575. ISBN 978-0684823522 . Retrieved August 12, 2017 . A few women can even experience orgasm from breast stimulation alone.

^ Jump up to: a b Merril D. Smith (2014). Cultural Encyclopedia of the Breast . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 71. ISBN 978-0759123328 . Retrieved August 12, 2017 .

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^ Komisaruk, B. R.; Wise, N.; Frangos, E.; Liu, W.-C.; Allen, K; Brody, S. (2011). "Women's Clitoris, Vagina, and Cervix Mapped on the Sensory Cortex: fMRI Evidence" . The Journal of Sexual Medicine . 8 (10): 2822–30. doi : 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02388.x . PMC 3186818 . PMID 21797981 . Lay summary – CBSnews (August 5, 2011).

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The nipple is a raised region of tissue on the surface of the breast from which, in females, milk leaves the breast through the lactiferous ducts to feed an infant. [1] [2] The milk can flow through the nipple passively or it can be ejected by smooth muscle contractions that occur along the ductal system. The nipple is surrounded by the areola , which is often a darker color than the surrounding skin. [3] A nipple is often called a teat when referring to non-humans. Nipple or teat can also be used to describe the flexible mouthpiece of a baby bottle . In humans, nipples of both males and females can be stimulated as part of sexual arousal. In many cultures, human female nipples are sexualized , [4] or "regarded as sex objects and evaluated in terms of their physical characteristics and sexiness." [5]

In mammals , a nipple (also called mammary papilla or teat ) is a small projection of skin containing the outlets for 15–20 lactiferous ducts arranged cylindrically around the tip. Marsupials and eutherian mammals typically have an even number of nipples arranged bilaterally, from as few as two to as many as 19. [6]

The skin of the nipple is rich in a supply of special nerves that are sensitive to certain stimuli: these are slowly-adapting and rapidly-adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors . Mechanoreceptors are identified respectively by Type I slowly-adapting with multiple Merkel corpuscle end-organs and Type II slowly-adapting with single Ruffini corpuscle end-organs , as well as Type I rapidly-adapting with multiple Meissner corpuscle end-organs and Type II rapidly-adapting with single Pacinian corpuscle end-organs . The dominant nerve supply to the nipple comes from the lateral cutaneous branches of fourth intercostal nerve . [7] The nipple is also used as an anatomical landmark. It marks the T4 (fourth thoracic vertebra) dermatome and rests over the approximate level of the diaphragm. [8]

The arterial supply to the nipple and breast originates from the anterior intercostal branches of the internal thoracic (mammary) arteries; lateral thoracic artery; and thoracodorsal arteries. The venous vessels parallel the arteries. [2] The lymphatic ducts that drain the nipple are the same for the breast. [2] The axillary nodes are the apical axillary nodes, the lateral group and the anterior group. [9] 75% of the lymph is drained through the axillary lymph nodes located near the armpit. The rest of the drainage leaves the nipple and breast through infroclavicular, pectoral, or parasternal nodes.

Since nipples change throughout the life span in men and women, the anatomy of the nipple can change and this change may be expected and considered normal.

Almost all mammals have nipples. Why males have nipples has been the subject of scientific research. Differences among the sexes (called sexual dimorphism ) within a given species are considered by evolutionary biologists to be mostly the result of sexual selection , directly or indirectly. There is a general consensus that the male nipple exists because there is no particular advantage to males losing the trait (this is called a spandrel ). [10] [11] [12]

The physiological purpose of nipples is to deliver milk to the infant, produced in the female mammary glands during lactation . During breastfeeding, nipple stimulation by an infant will simulate the release of oxytocin from the hypothalamus . Oxytocin is a hormone that increases during pregnancy and acts on the breast to help produce the milk-ejection reflex . Oxytocin release from the nipple stimulation of the infant causes the uterus to contract even after childbirth. [13] [14] The strong uterine contractions that are caused by the stimulation of the mother's nipples help the uterus contract to clamp down the uterine arteries. These contractions are necessary to prevent post-partum hemorrhage . [15]

When the baby suckles or stimulates the nipple, oxytocin levels rise and small muscles in the breast contract and move the milk through the milk ducts. The result of nipple stimulation by the newborn helps to move breast milk out through the ducts and to the nipple. This contraction of milk is called the “let-down reflex.” [16] Latching on refers to the baby fastening onto the nipple to breastfeeding. A good attachment is when the bottom of the areola (the area around the nipple) is in the baby's mouth and the nipple is drawn back inside his or her mouth. A poor latch results in insufficient nipple stimulation to create the let down reflex. The nipple is poorly stimulated when the baby latches on too close to the tip of the nipple. This poor attachment can cause sore and cracked nipples and a reluctance of the mother to continue to breastfeed. [17] [18] After the birth of the infant, the milk supply increases based upon the continuous and increasing stimulation of the nipple by the infant. If the baby increases nursing time at the nipple, the mammary glands respond to this stimulation by increasing milk production.

Nipple pain can be a disincentive for breastfeeding. [19] Sore nipples that progress to cracked nipples is of concern since many woman cease breastfeeding due to the pain. In some instances an ulcer will form on the nipple. [20] One reason for the development of cracked and sore nipples is the incorrect latching-on of the infant to the nipple. If a nipple appears to be wedge-shaped, white and flattened, this may indicates that the attachment of the infant is not good and there is a potential of developing cracked nipples. [21] Herpes infection of the nipple is painful. [22] Nipple pain can also be caused by excessive friction of clothing against the nipple that causes a fissure .

Nipple discharge refers to any fluid that seeps out of the nipple of the breast. Discharge from the nipple does not occur in lactating women. And discharge in non-pregnant women or women who are not breastfeeding may not cause concern. Men that have discharge from their nipples are not typical. Discharge from the nipples of men or boys may indicate a problem. Discharge from the nipples can appear without squeezing or may only be noticeable if the nipples are squeezed. One nipple can have discharge while the other does not. The discharge can be clear, green, bloody, brown or straw-colored. The consistency can be thick, thin, sticky or watery. [23] [24]

Some cases of nipple discharge will clear on their own without treatment. Nipple discharge is most often not cancer (benign), but rarely, it can be a sign of breast cancer. It is important to find out what is causing it and to get treatment. Here are some reasons for nipple discharge: [23]

Sometimes, babies can have nipple discharge. This is caused by hormones from the mother before birth. It usually goes away in 2 weeks. Cancers such as Paget disease (a rare type of cancer involving the skin of the nipple) can also cause nipple discharge. [23]

Nipple discharge that is not normal is bloody, comes from only one nipple, or comes out on its own without squeezing or touching the nipple. Nipple discharge is more likely to be normal if it comes out of both nipples or happens when the nipples are squeezed. Squeezing the nipple to check for discharge can make it worse. Leaving the nipple alone may make the discharge stop. [23]

Any nipple discharge in a male usually is of more concern. Most of the time a mammogram and an examination of the fluid is done. Oftentimes a biopsy is performed. A fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy can be fast and least painful. A very thin, hollow needle and slight suction will be used to remove a small sample from under the nipple. Using a local anesthetic to numb the skin may not be necessary since a thin needle is used for the biopsy. Receiving an injection to prevent pain from the biopsy may be more painful than the biopsy itself. [25]

Some men develop a condition known as gynecomastia , in which the breast tissue under the nipple develops and grows. Discharge from the nipple can occur. The nipple may swell in some men possibly due to increased levels of estrogen. [26]

Changes in appearance may be normal or related to disease.

The average projection and size of human female nipples is slightly more than 3 ⁄ 8 inch (9.5 mm). [29]

Symptoms of breast cancer can often be seen first by changes of the nipple and areola, although not all women have the same symptoms, and some people do not have any signs or symptoms at all. A person may find out they have breast cancer after a routine mammogram .
Warning signs can be: [30] [31]

Changes in the nipple are not necessarily symptoms or signs of breast cancer. Other conditions of the nipple can mimic the signs and symptoms of breast cancer. [30]

Some infections are transmitted through the nipple, especially if irritation or injury to the nipple has occurred. In these circumstances, the nipple itself can become infected with Candida that is present in the
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