Nginx Private Key

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To configure an HTTPS server, the ssl parameter must be enabled on listening sockets in the server block, and the locations of the server certificate and private key files should be specified:
The server certificate is a public entity. It is sent to every client that connects to the server. The private key is a secure entity and should be stored in a file with restricted access, however, it must be readable by nginx’s master process. The private key may alternately be stored in the same file as the certificate:
in which case the file access rights should also be restricted. Although the certificate and the key are stored in one file, only the certificate is sent to a client.
The directives ssl_protocols and ssl_ciphers can be used to limit connections to include only the strong versions and ciphers of SSL/TLS. By default nginx uses “ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2” and “ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5”, so configuring them explicitly is generally not needed. Note that default values of these directives were changed several times.
SSL operations consume extra CPU resources. On multi-processor systems several worker processes should be run, no less than the number of available CPU cores. The most CPU-intensive operation is the SSL handshake. There are two ways to minimize the number of these operations per client: the first is by enabling keepalive connections to send several requests via one connection and the second is to reuse SSL session parameters to avoid SSL handshakes for parallel and subsequent connections. The sessions are stored in an SSL session cache shared between workers and configured by the ssl_session_cache directive. One megabyte of the cache contains about 4000 sessions. The default cache timeout is 5 minutes. It can be increased by using the ssl_session_timeout directive. Here is a sample configuration optimized for a multi-core system with 10 megabyte shared session cache:
Some browsers may complain about a certificate signed by a well-known certificate authority, while other browsers may accept the certificate without issues. This occurs because the issuing authority has signed the server certificate using an intermediate certificate that is not present in the certificate base of well-known trusted certificate authorities which is distributed with a particular browser. In this case the authority provides a bundle of chained certificates which should be concatenated to the signed server certificate. The server certificate must appear before the chained certificates in the combined file:
The resulting file should be used in the ssl_certificate directive:
If the server certificate and the bundle have been concatenated in the wrong order, nginx will fail to start and will display the error message:
because nginx has tried to use the private key with the bundle’s first certificate instead of the server certificate.
Browsers usually store intermediate certificates which they receive and which are signed by trusted authorities, so actively used browsers may already have the required intermediate certificates and may not complain about a certificate sent without a chained bundle. To ensure the server sends the complete certificate chain, the openssl command-line utility may be used, for example:
In this example the subject (“s”) of the www.GoDaddy.com server certificate #0 is signed by an issuer (“i”) which itself is the subject of the certificate #1, which is signed by an issuer which itself is the subject of the certificate #2, which signed by the well-known issuer ValiCert, Inc. whose certificate is stored in the browsers’ built-in certificate base (that lay in the house that Jack built).
If a certificate bundle has not been added, only the server certificate #0 will be shown.
It is possible to configure a single server that handles both HTTP and HTTPS requests:
A common issue arises when configuring two or more HTTPS servers listening on a single IP address:
With this configuration a browser receives the default server’s certificate, i.e. www.example.com regardless of the requested server name. This is caused by SSL protocol behaviour. The SSL connection is established before the browser sends an HTTP request and nginx does not know the name of the requested server. Therefore, it may only offer the default server’s certificate.
The oldest and most robust method to resolve the issue is to assign a separate IP address for every HTTPS server:
There are other ways that allow sharing a single IP address between several HTTPS servers. However, all of them have their drawbacks. One way is to use a certificate with several names in the SubjectAltName certificate field, for example, www.example.com and www.example.org. However, the SubjectAltName field length is limited.
Another way is to use a certificate with a wildcard name, for example, *.example.org. A wildcard certificate secures all subdomains of the specified domain, but only on one level. This certificate matches www.example.org, but does not match example.org and www.sub.example.org. These two methods can also be combined. A certificate may contain exact and wildcard names in the SubjectAltName field, for example, example.org and *.example.org.
It is better to place a certificate file with several names and its private key file at the http level of configuration to inherit their single memory copy in all servers:
A more generic solution for running several HTTPS servers on a single IP address is TLS Server Name Indication extension (SNI, RFC 6066), which allows a browser to pass a requested server name during the SSL handshake and, therefore, the server will know which certificate it should use for the connection. SNI is currently supported by most modern browsers, though may not be used by some old or special clients.
In order to use SNI in nginx, it must be supported in both the OpenSSL library with which the nginx binary has been built as well as the library to which it is being dynamically linked at run time. OpenSSL supports SNI since 0.9.8f version if it was built with config option “--enable-tlsext”. Since OpenSSL 0.9.8j this option is enabled by default. If nginx was built with SNI support, then nginx will show this when run with the “-V” switch:
However, if the SNI-enabled nginx is linked dynamically to an OpenSSL library without SNI support, nginx displays the warning:
written by Igor Sysoev
edited by Brian Mercer


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We are using Nginx and storing private keys in a file on the server. We would like to move our private keys to an HSM so that SSL keys are stored in the HSM and never leave the HSM. All crypto operations required during SSL termination can be done on the HSM.
After Heartbleed, we have seen a lot of articles suggesting the use of an HSM, but we were not able to find how this can be enabled/added to Nginx. We found a patch enabling engine Keyform to read private keys from the engine. Instead of reading keys from a PKCS#11 supported engine, we would like to use the HSM to do all crypto operations so SSL keys never leave the HSM.
Is there any existing Nginx/OpenSSL plugin/module/implementation which can help us achieve this? I have seen a lot of articles talking about SSL termination using an HSM, but couldn't find any implementation details. So before I start digging into Nginx/OpenSSL code, I would like to hear if anyone has some suggestion or recommendation for this problem.
GG01
GG01 369●55 silver badges●77 bronze badges
Which HSM do you want to use? What does its vendor provide to use it? – Z.T. Jun 18 '15 at 21:10
We are using AWS CloudHSM, which is Safenet Luna SA HSM. – GG01 Jun 19 '15 at 16:58
Did you look at "Setting Up SSL Termination on an Apache Web Server with Private Keys Stored in AWS CloudHSM" on this page docs.aws.amazon.com/cloudhsm/latest/userguide/… it looks like the "SafeNet's OpenSSL Toolkit" might be what you need. If it's an openssl engine or a patched openssl, nginx should be able to use it to RSA-sign the TLS handshake, which is the only operation you should be doing with your private keys (you should use ECDHE, not RSA key exchange). – Z.T. Jun 19 '15 at 17:26
Thanks Z.T. This is what I am exploring in last few days, since I have learned more about openssl engine. I am able to get openssl LunaCA3 engine built, able to open session but having trouble loading keys. – GG01 Jun 21 '15 at 16:53
Maybe interesting side note: You can use Apache with a key stored in a PKCS#11 device, if you use mod_nss instead of mod_security for TLS. – mat Jun 16 '17 at 7:31
I've never done this before. But here are some suggestive pointers. These points are NOT concrete steps to get it working. From the documentation for the new AWS CloudHSM (not classic) offering:
The value engine:name:id can be specified instead of the file (1.7.9), which loads a secret key with a specified id from the OpenSSL engine name.
So your nginx config would look something like this
I'm not quite sure what the name would be or the keyID. I'll read-up a bit and edit this answer if I find something.
Note: Also, per documentation, you might have to set the ssl_engine to cloudhsm if you want to enable SSL acceleration (doing the crypto in the HSM).
May I ask why you wouldn't want to offload your SSL at the Load Balancers using AWS ACM? That's the easiest way to do it and it's secure if you trust AWS to be secure.
edit: I read a bit and I'm more or less certain that the Key Handle in CloudHSM parlance - the 6-digit numeric Identifier - is the keyid here. I also think user name is the name part. So your Nginx config could be:
edit2: Nginx compilation is not necessary. We just have to make sure that the openssl engine is loadable. Once configured, this is what it looks like when verifying:
edit3: Good news! According to this forum post, Amazon is working on better documentation for Nginx integration with CloudHSM.
edit4: AWS has updated their documentation to include instructions for Apache and Nginx. I seem to have got it slightly right! ;) So, apparently, you download a "fake private key" and use it in your Nginx config. The rest of the instructions hold well.
Regardless of which method you choose, you then export a private key handle from the HSMs and save it to a file. The file doesn't contain the actual private key. It contains a reference to the handle of the private key that is stored on the HSMs. The file's contents are known as a fake PEM format private key. Your web server software uses the fake PEM format private key file, along with the AWS CloudHSM software library for OpenSSL, to offload SSL or TLS processing to the HSMs in your cluster
I haven't tested this yet. Will post an update once I do.
eternaltyro
eternaltyro 777●66 silver badges●1616 bronze badges
If you read the NGINX documentation closely, it says engine : name : id , which suggests that it's the literal string engine followed by the actual engine name cloudhsm followed by the key id. – tcnj Jan 1 '19 at 12:19
@tcnj I didn't notice that at all. I'll try that when I have time. – eternaltyro Jan 8 '19 at 6:49
For the benefit of anyone else who found this post via Googling "cloudhsm nginx" like I did: the answer from @eternaltyro is almost correct. But instead of referencing the key ID in the cloudhsm::; format, you use the getCaviumPrivKey function in CloudHSM's key_mgmt_util to export the key as a "fake" PEM file, then point the nginx ssl_certificate_key at that file. You should also set the ssl_engine to cloudhsm as stated.
Wintermute
Wintermute 111●11 bronze badge
As you are using Safenet (Now Gemalto)Luna HSM SA 7000. You could add an abstraction layer for Key Management Service. For Example -Gemalto's Key Secure Appliance (they do they virtual appliance).
KMS integrates with HSM. You need to register Key Management service with HSM then each of the transaction from KMS would be wrapped with a master key which is in one of the partitions registered on your HSM.
I worked on HSM and KeySecure But never did SSL termination. To start off if you could try SSL with KMS(w/without HSMs), I can help with rest of the integrations.
Welcome to Information Security Stack Exchange! Please note that this site is not for promotion of products or services. If you are affiliated with Gemalto, you must disclose this. Offering services here is off-topic; I suggest you edit that part out of your answer. You don't want to be mistaken for a spammer. – S.L. Barth Sep 10 '17 at 17:01
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