News update 17/04/2022 8

News update 17/04/2022 8


Heinrich's prudent mind again suggested that one should wait until his opponents weaken each other by internecine struggle. And so it happened: in Paris, clashes broke out between fanatical Catholics and the last of the Guise survivors, the Duke of Mayenne. The duke executed the top of the discontented Parisians, and the rest of the inhabitants of the city leaned towards Henry - only in him they saw reliable protection from Spanish intervention in favor of Guise. On July 25, 1593, Henry converted to Catholicism (for the last time in his life), and the following year he freely entered Paris and was crowned.


What lessons did the 40-year-old king learn from his long and difficult journey to the throne? First, Henry realized that neither side could win the war and it was time to seek reconciliation. The figure of Henry on the throne was now equally acceptable to both Huguenots and Catholics; it remained to draw up a peace treaty that would equally suit both parts of the nation. Henry prepared such a treaty by 1598; in the city of Nantes, where it was published, the document became known as the Edict of Nantes. This edict preserved the dominant position of Catholicism in France, but granted the Huguenots extensive rights of ecclesiastical and secular self-government. The peace treaty stopped the ruin of the country and the flight of the French Huguenots to England and the Netherlands. The Edict of Nantes was drawn up very cunningly: with a change in the balance of power between Catholics and Huguenots, it could be revised (which Richelieu later took advantage of).


The second lesson of the civil wars was that it was impossible to build a strong French state based only on the nobility. Henry IV took note of this as well. He supports high officials, professional bureaucrats - judges, lawyers, financiers. Henry IV allows these people to buy positions for themselves and pass them on to their sons. In the hands of the king is a powerful apparatus of power, allowing you to rule without regard to the whims and whims of the nobles. Henry attracts not only officials, but also large merchants - he strongly encourages the development of large-scale production and trade in France, establishes French colonies in overseas lands. Henry IV was the first of the French kings to begin to be guided in his policy by the national interests of France, and not only by the estate interests of the French nobility.

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Finally, Henry realized that France would face a long period of wars with the Spanish and German Habsburgs, and successfully prepared for this counter-


fight. Henry took care of a significant reduction in the talya (direct tax) from the peasants, who were almost completely ruined and impoverished during the years of religious wars. The peasantry was the basis of the economic and military strength of the French kingdom - poor peasants could not maintain a strong army.


The military power of the resurgent France was already confirmed by the first war of Henry IV with Spain (1595-1598). The successors of Henry IV on the French throne created a formidable army, which for 200 years (until the Napoleonic wars) was the best army in Europe.


The outstanding role that Henry IV played in the history of France and Europe is determined by several circumstances. First, Henry was able to get out alive from the religious wars, in which all his opponents laid down their heads. He achieved this with his mind, resourcefulness and cunning, the ability to dramatically change the political course. In addition, Henry was simply lucky, which greatly exalted him in the eyes of the French. Secondly, upon ascending the throne, Henry IV was able to put his experience as a clever politician into the service of the power, which he destroyed for most of his life. The first of the Bourbons found a new, solid basis for royal power - the interests of the nation.


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