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New O Jisni Sex
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ANEW

HINDUSTANt-ENGtISH

DICTIONARY

With Illustrations
From

HINDUSTANI LITERATURE
And

FOLKLORE

ANEW

HINDUSTANI-ENGIIS

DICTIONARY

With Illustrations
From

HINDUSTANI LITERATURE

And

FOLKLORE

by

S W FALLON , Ph. D. EaMe.

BHARTI BHANDAR
ALLAHABAD

(g) puW»S\WT

price Rs 28000

Second Edltton
OriglnaUy Published *1879

E J i Co , Banatas and Tmbner & Co.,

London

Tniblis-hed by Bbarti Bbanaar. Beader "Road. Anaiiabad
Printed at l,eader Press. Allahabad

ebicatclr bg « emission

TO

SiE RICHARD TEMPLE, Baet., G.C.S.I, C.I.E.,

GOYERNOR OF BOMBAY,

I

WITHOUT WHOSE LIBERAL SUPPORT AS LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR
OF BENGAL, SPONTANEOUSLY ACCORDED, THE AUTHOR

COULD NOT HAVE PROCEEDED WITH THE COMPILATION
AND PUBLICATION OF SO EXPENSIVE A WORK.

The Compiler makes his best acknowledgments for the valuable
assistance, gratuitously rendered, by P Whallcy, Esq , C. S., C. S Kirk-
patrick, Esq , Rev. F. F. Cole, Captain Marshall, and Lala Chokhe Lai,
Pleader, and for the important aid of his efficient staff, Ldla Faqir Chand,
Head Assistant , Munshi Chiranji Lai, Munshi Sayad Ahmad, Munshi
Jagan Nath, and Munshi Thakur Das of Delhi, Munshi Liyaqal Husain of
Dmapore, Pandit Shiv Narayan, Mayo College, Munshi Nihal Chand,
Deputy Inspector of Schools, Munshi Bishambar Nath and Munshi Ram
Pershad of Delhi, Mahommed MahmQd of Meerut, Ram Nath Tivari of
Furrukhabad, Munshi Kishori Lai, Delhi, Munshi Ehsan Ali, Rohtak; and
Mr. Wattling, Head Master, Darbangah School.

The Dissertation on the language, literature, and Folklore, with a
new classification of the leading words, which it was proposed to give at the
end of this work, has been postponed for the sake of expediting the compi-
lation of the reverse English- Hindustani Dictionary,

INTEODUCTION.

The chief features of the present work are the prominence given to the spoken and
rustic mother tongue of the Hindi speaking people of India, the exhibition, for the first time,
of the pure, unadulterated language of women , and the illustrations given of the use of
words by means of examples selected from the every day speech of the people, and from their
poetry, songs, and proverbs, and other folklore.

The examples are meant to serve, likewise, as specimens of the best portion of the
spoken and written literature, and to afford an insight into the mmd of the people — their
domestic and social life, their sports and pleasures; their morals, manners, and customs, the
religious beliefs and superstitions which actually influence their dady lives, as distinct from the
mechanical performance of a formal, ceremonial worship , with the hopes and fears, the joys and
sorrows, the jealousies and heart-burnings, and the wit and humour, satire and invective which
together reveal the inmost thoughts and feebngs of the inner life of the people.

Among other distinctive features of the new Dictionary may be noted the
determination of the roots, and genenc meanings of Hindi words, which are traced sometimes to
older forms, the occasional grouping together of vanous popular and rustic forms now current
among particular classes and m various parts of the country, a more or less exhaustive collec-
tion of secondary meanings; their arrangement in distmct groups in the order of their
relation to one another, and to the genenc meaning of the root word , numerous synonyms
fixim which the more advanced student may select the English word which would best express
the particular sense in which a Hindustani word may be used , and the rendering of
technical terms in European arts, science, and philosophy m popular Hindi words, placed by
the side of recently corned or previously existing Arabic and Sanskrit formatives for the sake
of convenient comparison and the satisfaction of scholars who claim a superior scientific
precision for words borrowed from the classics, and who have sometimes predetermined the
poverty of a vernacular whose powers they have not condescended to piove by the test of
experiment — the only recognised basis of true science and philosophy.

The scope of the present work may be further gathered from the following extracts
from the Prospectus before issued —

The wealth o£ the language is in the spoken tongue , and how nch and expressive that is, those best
know who are familiar with the diversified phases of every-day speech of the impressionable and imaginative
OnentaL The heat portion of the language cannot be left out, if the language is to be represented in its
mtegnty The hving utterances of the people are almost absent from our Dictionaries. Their place js filled
instead oy n great many Arabic, Persian, aud Sanskrit words which are seldom or never used in written or
spoken Hindustani To cull these so deemed choice exotics out of Dictionaries of those languages and foist them

INTBODUCTION.

a

11

in the vocabulary of the indigcuons laoguage of wWoh they are not a part, » the pecnl.ar dehghl of boolt-Wned
Motdm and Pandita These are the autocrats who have bamshcd the people’s mother tongue, and forged I> it.

Place the arteficial language which divides the people and the mhngclasB With might and main they bar.

laboured to keep out the spoken vernacular from the written language of hooks and legal prooedure and o«.dal
correspondence , and, what they were unable wholly to thrust out of eight, they bato mutiUtod, and mangled,
and crushed “ They have emasculated a vigorous racy langu^, and subotitutcd for ita living strength and fir.
stiff pompons woTdrf'— strange Arabic strands which have no meamng for the people, and the dull cold cUy of
Sanskrit forms which « speak not, fire not, wm not now " They ore ashamed of their mother tongue. They
pretend they never knew such vulgar acquaintances They refuse to admit these earliest fnends of thdr youth into
the new-found, courte and pdaces in which they have been installed by the royal favor They speak one
language m then houses, and another when they appear in pubhc When they give vent to the inmoet feelings of
the heart in the pnvaiy of domestio life, they employ their own vigorous native tongue. When they go out
amoi^ stnmgeiB and utter the common places of conventional hfe or the sontimenU which they do not feel, they
dothe themselves with the gaudiest foreign frippery and fustian, which servo both for display and the conceal-
ment of their thon^tfc With their bps they lavish the most citnvagnnt panegyrics on the pedants who are
sioQed in weaving elaborate patterns of cunons Arabic inflexions, flowing Persian compounds, and mystic Sanskrit
“ words of lengthening sound." But their substantaal rewards are reserved exclusively for bards and
players who interest and amuse them with exact representataons of the homely popular laugoago which they
affect to treat as vulgar and contemptible.

How large a part of our most gnevons pohtioal blnnden and administrative vreaknesses may not be aet
down to the use of so convenient a vehide for mystification and the affectation of tho VMy opinions and aentimentE
of then foreign masters of whatever creed or nation, poured into wilbng cars in tho sweet music of their native
temgoe, m set phrases well conned and learned by rote by the meekest and most dihgenl of pupili 1 How
different it might be if mien and anb]ect8 could commumcate with one another in tho language of the people.
Tba only way to tho mmd and heart of tho people is through their langnago Without tins key there cam nevar
eziat that aoourate knowledge of ttie people and tod sympathy with thdr condition wWch are the basis of good
government Exemption from the labour of acqumng tho people’s language is purcbiwed at an incalnlsbly
heavy eoat^ vrhen a small tccrion only of the people are able to learn the foreign language of their rnlots or the
highly PoTBiaiured and Arabic-ridden Urdu of tho Courts of law, and so to stand between the g ov e r ni ng clsi.
and the great body of the people. Ae the Bengali proverb expresses it —tShti hdpdn, omlo ti btrkth (the sehib

is a prden, and omfo, the hedge).

The egricuhiuwl class, the 6o)i>a (grocer), hoezds (dothmerohantX dol2d/(bn)lt«rortnnt),ekamdr(vrotka;
Uather), (grera grocer), the hanjSra (earner), hhUySra (parSc or inn-keeper), nil (barber) eUivi n w d r
Ot^), foXoAff-hSt ^to-flyer^ juan (gambler), hanjar or gipsy tribe, hh£t, ^ gamiSl, naqqjO, MMt,

Wftmoft (Ur^ musioians, minstrels, players, acrobata, jugglers), and other la^ lactiomi of tho people, haTS aH
oms, many of which constatote tho very pith and mirrow of the popnlsii lingnsge.

with the ptoverho, songs, and other idioms of different proviaoea whidi, tbow^ tamUbrns

throughout Hindoston. Idioms of this d*i, which ar. quoUd
so richly crpresrivo of ceitsmaGpeoU of th*
disses in every nrovincfl ® truth and wit are instantly reoogulaod by all

of the meet widely enreaTT T '^"***“ “ " understood, may well daim admisdoo mto a Diotionary

with the beet msace of the Mocml where the idioms of other provincoo actually oonitick

win have tho preference. But it * ii° accepted standard el pure Hindnstan! — the Ddih idiomi

idioms of other ptovincee which, thon*!, nt **'^’ ***^* ^”^*^*^ °^ t^^nldexdndo really good

may neverthdesa be weQ fitted to »,vf . native produde or accepted importations in current use in this d^,

Bxperiimc«*«r4 .motions whmh common vemaonlir, as aH expre-iveof

rtw^ere m tho abtence of the peouhav t. "^Inch have not been so well e xp rw a ad

1“*““ ^

E««»iapl.,ow.n «» .1 tbe Wuntlm OTw,di»png

.^i^won, uid It u fit,,]], Up, nn, not. .1 tbM

PREFACE

111

apart from tLeir ansociatea among the dead leaves of a Dictionary, a great many of llie yet unwritten words
and plimaea of the so culled vulgar tongue may h i\o no mcauuig for European aud native sohulara who have not
heard them from the mouths of the people But no one who has listened to and marked these same words, as
they are used in combination m the proverbs and songs winch are habitually quoted and sung by the people in
their homes, in the streets, and on festive occasions, can fail to be Impressed with their powerful significance and
the strong hold they have on the affections of the people The fossil remains of a long extinct vernacular, with
the more recent unassimilated additions from the dead languages, which constitute so large a portion of wntten
Urdu and Hindi, ore tamo and colourless beside the warmth and giow of the living speech Let Moulvia tmd
Pandits magnify as they will the artificial language which they affect in public, to distinguish them from the
common herd, it is by these same vulgarisms so-called (guwpHi'i), which they would fiun ignore, that they are
stirred and quickened in the household and in the market, and in their pubhc and pooiol lives

Tlie rustic language to be given m this Dictionary ns a chief constituent of the spoken tongue, as far
as time aud space will permit, will be a material belp to all classes of Europeans whoso duties bring them in
contact with the people , for the language of hooks and the Dictionanes yet extant do not enable the foreigner to
understand the language of the illiterate classes and the peasantry, winch is, in all coimtnes, more or less distinct
from the literary language As m Englaud fiom the Conquest to the middle of the fourteenth century and in a
large part of Europe at 1 118 day, so in India there are two maiu dialects, the shifting popular speech of familiar
intercourse, which changes every 12 l-os acooi-dmg to the native proverb, and the comparatively fixed bterary
language of books and correspondence

Yet a third,dinlect remains The Dictionary will include as an important Integral part of the spoken
tongue, the vocabulary of womeu ('rcUitl or zain^nt toZiA as yet strangely ovei looked and never before given m
any work known to the compiler Some portion of this vocabulary is more or leas current in the language of
men , but the greater part is still confined exclusively to women The divergence is greatest where the men are
educated Mabomedan resideuts of towns, while the women with whom they may be brought into relation are
illiterate country-bred Hindus, and it is least where the men and women are illiterate Hindus of the rural class
Phrases which belong to women only will be given in juxtaposition with the oorrespoudiug vocables used by
men, when there are any , and they will be discriminated in every instance from those which have become
incorporated to any extent with the language of the ma'e sex He who would find the best idioms of the native
stock, with the truly naturalized portiou of the foreign eleiueut — words which have acquired the most extended
and varied meanings and expressiveness by loug use — must look for them m the couservatism of the female
instinoL In the speech of the women of India moreover, is mirrored the very image of the thoughts and
feelings by which humanity is moved, with the bvimiug words which are wrung from the sharper sufferings of the
weaker vessel The songs composed by women are distuiguished by a natural cbarui aud simple pathos which
make their way to the hearts of the people Theirs is the natur .1 language of the emotions , for they have not
learnt from books — false copies mostly, and always wanting in the vividness aud accuracy of direct impressions on
the hearing ear and the reflex expressions of tho living voice which we call speech The only nhens in the
language are creations of the pen The only natioinl speech is that which bears the people’s stomp, and In this
category the first place must be assigned to the language of women

The seclusion of native females in India has been the asylum of the true vernacular, as pure and simple
as it is unaffected by the pedantries of word makers It is also the soil in which tlie mother tougne has its
most natural development Many of the most caustic and terse epigrams of the language have their birth m
these isolated women’s apartments whose inmates are jealously barred from any commumoatiou with strange
men , and even the idioms winch spring up out of the social and pubhc lives of the male sex, conveyed to these
retreats by their male relatives who have acoesa to the tamlnah, are sometimes raonldod by female wit into the
forms of their own peculiar thoughts and speech Yet this true vemaoulai is not all confined to the narrow
home in which it has been kept alive The inherent vitality of living speech, and the all-iiervuding influence of
women on language, etrenuously strive to restore the deposed natives of the soil to llieir laivful inhentance , and
*he softer and more simple, natural, and expressive utteranoes of women mingle more or less with the harsher
and more cumbrous vocables and book learned phrases of the stronger sex, in spite of the low position assigned
to the native woman m India and the contempt which her “ lord and master" affects for tho effeminate phraseology
of mere women («umt lA hbll)

The larger portion of the examples will consist of familiar colloquialisms which float on the lips of living
men and women, but have as yet no abiding place in the written page

IV

PREFACE

The most natural and expres^ne ul.on.s are present m tLe spoken, not the ..ntlen language; for^ven

thed.cUonof the aunplest poets « frequently, l.ko their nnagery. stmined and art.ficial Hindi poetry the
BinallporUonvilneh IS not Sanakntized -IS more natural, but in Urdu poetry the Uoence of thy oet is often

earner to an extreme Under the trammels of metre and rhs me, the natural idiom of eonversa.ion undergoes
sometimes very severe contortious CiUUons from the best poots may have the weight of authpnty . hut this
advantage can be purchased in too many lusUuces only by the soaafioe of good idiom and the misleading of the
learner who wdl be apt to mistake the poets luveraions of the natural order for idiomatio Hindustani On the
other hand, if good idioms only are to be put before the learuer, they must bo taken for the most part from
the spoken tongue which does not carry with the learned the authority accorded to the written hterativo-tho
ready recognition by the people of the very image of their expressed thought being accounted a small thing m
companson Some compiomise maybe desirable, but on the whole it seems better that the bulk of the
examples should conaist of the genuine idioms of the spoken tongue, to the exelusion of misleading quotations
from the wntteu language which is not always a faithful reftexmn of living speech The yet unrccogmzed
verdict of the people will one day be preferred to the approbation of a few book learned critics, by whose
proclmtiea the pen of naUve wnters u now solely guided

It will bo a Dictionary and a book of synonyms in one , comprehending under the latter title a great
many words aud phrases whioh are omitted lo Dictiouanes os mere Synonyms or difterent names for the same
thing, but winch are really distinct expressions for distinct modiGoitione of the geiieial idea, each demanding its
apjiropnato place for which no other word is so well fitted Tlie collection of English equivalents of Hindustani
words in this work will be found to express aery nearly all the general and modified ideas which are capable of
being expressed by the word under which they are placed

The different meanings will be classified and arranged in distinct groups , the first group consisting of
the wolds nearest 111 sense to the root meamng (not given in hoi bes’ Diction iry), the next group, of words less
closely allied to it than tlio first and so, geuerdly, with the groups which follow — the words under each group
being also siimlaily arranged m the order of the ideas of which they are the signs Not a few secondary
Bigiiifications, how B\ er, are immediately denyed from the puuiary' for, like all growth, language develops both
radially and lineally

Among socnndai'y inoaiungs, tho first word in the group of English equivalents will represent,
ordinarily, the sense lu which the Hindustani word is most frequently used, the next woul, the sense of less
frequent recurrence, and so on.

The special sense in which the generio Hmdustam word is employed, will be indioated by the Hindnstnni
word placed after the English word or at the cd of tho g.onp The Hmdustam wonl selected for this
purpose will be, generally, the one moat commonly used by the people, and it will serve also as a cross reference
pointing to more English equisaleuts of tbe same class which will be found under tips word Thus at

the end of group 2, under lame, and at the end of group 2 under

bv wbich^o^word arrangement may servo to mark, with some degree of approximation, tho process of thonghi
by XTnicu a ^ordlinB p'vssed into tlio vnriou*? j. i “

those who haie to translate or write in the i

the very word most smtaUe to bo used m a partfoular ^ ^ cxpic
Bondage Kinky
Little Sister Porno Vk
In Law Korean Porn

New O Jisni Sex

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