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Natural tits Arabella Neurocsni and nice ass Timea Szarvas having sex

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This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.
This person is not on ResearchGate, or hasn't claimed this research yet.
A significant postulate of this commentary is that all addictions create, in addition to chemical changes in the brain, anatomical and pathological changes which result in various manifestations of cerebral dysfunction collectively labeled hypofrontal syndromes. In these syndromes, the underlying defect, reduced to its simplest description, is damage to the “braking system” of the brain. They are well known to clinical neuroscientists, especially neurologists and neurosurgeons, for they are also seen with tumors, strokes, and trauma. Indeed, anatomically, loss of these frontal control systems is most apparent following trauma, exemplified by progressive atrophy of the frontal lobes seen in serial MRI scans over time.
Content may be subject to copyright.
Surgical Neurology International Editor-in-Chief:
http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com
Pornography addiction: A neuroscience perspective
Donald L. Hilton Jr ., Clark W atts 1
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 1 Univ ersity of T exas School of Law, Austin, TX, USA
E-mail: Donald L. Hilton - dhiltonjr@sbcglobal.net; *Clark W atts - cwatts@mindspring.com
Received: 26 November 10 Accepted: 18 January 11 Published: 21 February 11
This article is available from: http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/content/1/2/19
Copyright: © 2011 Hilton DL. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unr estricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Hilton DL, Watts C. P ornography addiction: A neuroscience perspective. Surg Neurol Int 2011;2:19
Available FREE in open access from: http://www.surgicalneurologyint.com/text.asp? 2011/1/2/76977
A significant postulate of this commentary is that all
addictions create, in addition to chemical changes in
the brain, anatomical and pathological changes which
result in various manifestations of cerebral dysfunction
collectively labeled hypofrontal syndromes. In these
syndromes, the underlying defect, reduced to its simplest
description, is damage to the “braking system” of the
brain. They are well known to clinical neuroscientists,
especially neurologists and neurosurgeons, for they are
also seen with tumors, strokes, and trauma. Indeed,
anatomically , loss of these frontal control systems is most
apparent following trauma, exemplified by progressive
atrophy of the frontal lobes seen in serial MRI scans over
Although the key elements of hypofrontal syndromes—
impulsivity , compulsivity, emotional lability, impaired
judgment—are well described, much of the process is
still unknown. One emer ging aspect of these hypofrontal
states is their similarity to findings in addictive patients.
Addressing hypofrontality, Fowler et al . noted, “studies of
addicts show reduced cellular activity in the orbitofrontal
cortex, a brain area…[relied upon]…to make strategic,
rather than impulsive, decisions. Patients with traumatic
injuries to this area of the brain display problems—
aggressiveness, poor judgment of future consequences,
inability to inhibit inappropriate responses that are similar
to those observed in substance abusers .” [8] (emphasis
In 2002, a study on cocaine addiction demonstrated
measurable volume loss in several areas of the brain,
including the frontal lobes. [9] The study technique
was an MRI-based protocol, voxel-based morphometry
(VBM), where 1 mm cubes of brain are quantified and
compared. Another VBM study was published in 2004
on methamphetamine, with very similar findings. [27]
While interesting, these findings may not be surprising
to either the scientist or the layperson, as these are “real
drugs” used illicitly. Nevertheless, it was noteworthy that
addiction could produce measurable, anatomical change
Even more instructive are similar findings seen with the
abuse of a normal biological behavior, eating, leading
to addiction and obesity . In 2006, a VBM study was
published looking specifically at obesity , and the results
were very similar to the cocaine and methamphetamine
studies. [20] The obesity study demonstrated multiple
areas of volume loss, particularly in the frontal lobes,
areas associated with judgment and control. This study is
significant in demonstrating visible damage in a natural
endogenous addiction, as opposed to an exogenous drug
addiction. Furthermore, it is easy to accept intuitively
because the effects of overeating can be seen in the obese
Eating, of course, is essential to individual survival,
necessary for survival of the species. Another activity
necessary for survival of the species is sex, an observation
Surgical Neurology International 2011, 2:19 http://www.surgicalneur ologyint.com/content/1/2/19
which leads to a series of logical questions derived from
the work on obesity . W ould the findings seen in eating
addiction be seen in excessive se xual behavior? Can sex
be addictive in the neurological sense? If so, are there
associated with the addiction anatomical changes in the
brain seen with other addictions?A recent study supports
growing evidence that compulsive sexuality can indeed be
addictive. In 2007, a VBM study out of Germany looked
specifically at pedophilia, and demonstrated almost
identical finding to the cocaine, methamphetamine, and
obesity studies. [25] It concludes for the first time that a
sexual compulsion can cause physical, anatomic change in
the brain, the hallmark of brain addiction. A preliminary
study showed frontal dysfunction specifically in patients
unable to control their sexual behavior. [16] This study used
diffusion MRI to evaluate function of nerve transmission
through white matter. It demonstrated abnormality
in the superior frontal region, an area associated with
A decade ago Dr . Howard Shaffer at Harvard wrote, “I had
great difficulty with my own colleagues when I suggested
that a lot of addiction is the result of experience …
repetitive, high-emotion, high-frequency experience.
But it’s become clear that neuroadaptation—that is,
changes in neural circuitry that help perpetuate the
behavior—occurs even in the absence of drug-taking.” [13]
More recently he wrote, “ Although it is possible to
debate whether we should include substance or process
addictions within the kingdom of addiction, technically
there is little choice. Just as the use of exogenous
substances precipitate impostor molecules vying for
receptor sites within the brain, human activities stimulate
naturally occurring neurotransmitters. The activity of
these naturally occurring psychoactive substances likely
will be determined as important mediators of many
In 2005, Dr . Eric Nestler wrote a landmark paper
describing all addiction as a dysfunction of the
mesolimbic reward centers of the brain. Addiction
occurs when pleasure/reward pathways are hijacked by
exogenous drugs such as cocaine or opioids, or by natural
processes essential and inherent to survival such as
food and sex. The same dopaminergic systems include
the ventral tegmental area with its projections to the
nucleus accumbens and other striatal salience centers.
He wrote, “Growing evidence indicates that the VT A-
NAc pathway and the other limbic regions cited above
similarly mediate, at least in part, the acute positive
emotional effects of natural rewards, such as food, sex
and social interactions. These same regions have also
been implicated in the so-called ‘natural addictions’
(that is, compulsive consumption for natural rewards)
such as pathological overeating, pathological gambling,
and sexual addictions. Preliminary findings suggest that
shared pathways may be involved: (an example is) cross-
sensitization that occurs between natural rewar ds and
This attention to process (or natural) addictions r equires
focus on metabolic dysfunction in the mesolimbic
salience pathways. Just as exogenously administered drugs
cause downgrading of dopamine receptors in the nucleus
accumbens in addiction, evidence supports endogenously
functioning neurotransmitters causing similar pathology .
The prestigious Royal Society of London, founded in the
1660s, publishes the longest running scientific journal
in the world. In a recent issue of the Philosophical
T ransactions of the Royal Society , the current state of
the understanding of addiction was reported as it was
discussed by some of the world’s leading addiction
scientists at a meeting of the Society . The title of the
journal issue reporting the meeting was “The neurobiology
of addiction—new vistas.” Interestingly , of the 17 articles,
two were specifically concerned with evidence for natural
addiction: pathologic gambling [23] and overeating. [28] A
third paper, addressing animal models of drug and natural
addiction, related to DeltaF osB. [19] DeltaF osB is a protein
studied by Nestler that appears to be over -expressed in
the neurons of addicted subjects. It was first found in
the neurons of animals studied in drug addiction [17] but
has now been found in the nucleus accumbens related to
over-consumption of natural rewards. [18] A recent paper
investigating DeltaFosB and its role in over-consumption
of two natural rewards, eating, and sexuality, concludes:
...the work presented here provides evidence that, in
addition to drugs of abuse, natural rewards induce ∆FosB
levels in the Nac…our results raise the possibility that
∆F osB induction in the NAc may mediate not only key
aspects of drug addiction, but also aspects of so-called
natural addictions involving compulsive consumption of
Even more pertinent are recent papers published in 2010
describing the effect of sexuality on neuroplasticity . In
one study , sexual experience has been shown to induce
alterations in medium spiny neurons in the nucleus
accumbens similar to those seen with drugs of abuse. [21]
Another study found that sexuality specifically increases
DeltaF osB in the nucleus accumbens, and serves a role
as a mediator in natural reward memory. This study
also found that overexpression of DeltaF osB induced a
hypersexual syndrome. [22] As Dr. Nestler said, DeltaF osB
may thus become a “biomarker to assess the state of
activation of an individual’s reward circuitry , as well as
the degree to which an individual is ‘addicted’, both
during the development of an addiction and its gradual
waning during extended withdrawal or treatment.” [22]
Dr . Nora V olkow , Head of the National Institute on
Drug Abuse (NIDA), and one of the most published
and respected scientists in the field of addiction is,
in r ecognition of the change in the understanding of
Surgical Neurology International 2011, 2:19 http://www.surgicalneur ologyint.com/content/1/2/19
natural addiction, advocating changing the name of the
NIDA to the National Institute on Diseases of Addiction,
as quoted in the journal Science : “NIDA Director
Nora V olkow also felt that her institute’s name should
encompass addictions such as pornography , gambling, and
food, says NIDA adviser Glen Hanson. ‘She would like
to send the message that [we should] look at the whole
With the increasing evidence that overeating can be an
actual addiction as defined by measurable, verifiable
changes in the limbic salience centers, our attention to
this problem is appropriately increasing. Yet sexuality , with
its moral ties, is handled much less objectively in scientific
debate. This was apparent in the aftermath of the Hogg
study published in 1997, which demonstrated a 20-year
decrease in life expectancy for male homosexuals. [12]
The authors, apparently feeling social pressure, issued
a clarification to avoid being labeled what they called
“homophobic.” [11] That a science journal would publish
such an apology of sorts is also noteworthy . W e believe,
however , with the preceding foundation it is time to
begin serious discussions of sexual addiction and its
The proposed DSM-5, slated to publish in May of
2014, contains in this new addition the diagnosis of
Hypersexual Disorder, which includes problematic,
compulsive pornography use. [1] Bostwick and Bucci, in
their report out of the Mayo Clinic on tr eating Internet
pornography addiction with naltrexone, wrote “…cellular
adaptations in the (pornography) addict’s PFC result in
increased salience of drug-associated stimuli, decreased
salience of non-drug stimuli, and decreased interest in
pursuing goal-directed activities central to survival.” [3]
In 2006 world pornography revenue was 97 billion
dollars, more than Microsoft, Google, Amazon, eBay,
Y ahoo, Apple, and Netflix combined. [14] This is no
casual, inconsequential phenomenon, yet there is a
tendency to trivialize the possible social and biologic
effects of pornography . The sex industry has successfully
characterized any objection to pornography as being
from the religious/moral perspective; they then dismiss
these objections as F irst Amendment infringements. If
pornography addiction is viewed objectively , evidence
indicates that it does indeed cause h
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