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By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. To browse Academia. This article explores recent developments within the U. Such practice has come to be known as working 'County Lines. We find evidence of Child Criminal Exploitation CCE in County Lines activity, often as a result of debt bondage; but also, cases of young people working the lines of their own volition to obtain financial and status rewards. In conclusion, we put forward a series of recommendations which are aimed at informing police strategy, practitioner intervention, and wider governmental policy to effectively address this growing, and highly problematic, phenomenon. The aim of the special issue is to draw together empirical research findings and theoretical accounts on the issue of 'Gangs'. Following this editorial, this special issue comprises four selected, peer-reviewed articles. For their article the authors draw upon three separate but related qualitative studies on gang organisation and activities carried out primarily in Glasgow and surrounding towns between and Four overarching themes relating to robbery within illicit drug markets are presented: a the evolution of robbery; b the motivation for robbery within illicit drug markets; c opportunistic robbery in disorganised drug markets; and d planned and organised robbery in organised drug markets. McLean et al. Importantly, the authors make valuable recommendations for policing in Scotland and suggest that bespoke strategies matching the underlying local peculiarities are needed against the particular phenomenon. Gang cultures in Waltham Forest are changing. When the classic Reluctant Gangs study was completed ten years ago, the focus was upon postcode territories that needed to be defended from outsiders. These territories bore little if any relationship to drugs markets and the violence involved appeared to serve little practical purpose beyond providing an arena to demonstrate courage and physical prowess. This chapter explores the activities and characteristics of street gangs and organised crime groups in contemporary British society. Although there exist numerous studies which investigate street gangs, and others which analyse organised crime, there are remarkably few studies which examine the links between these two entities — carrying out such an analysis is the organising principle of this chapter. The results illustrate the entrenched role gangs and organised crime groups hold in certain areas of England; not only are they seen as viable alternatives to gainful employment, but their activities are often sanctioned by the communities within which they are based. There are clear links existing between these street and prison gangs, and the communities within which organised crime groups are based are often beholden to them: this is characterized through fear and respect towards the gangs and their members. In Venezia nel Settecento. Facchin, M. Ferrario, L. Mana, Milano, Dario Cimorelli, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, Jurnal Inovasi, Evaluasi dan Pengembangan Pembelajaran, Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Collateral damage: Gang territory and policing in an English city Robert Ralphs. Youth gangs in an English city: Social exclusion, drugs and violence Juanjo Medina. Who needs enemies with friends like these? The importance of place for young people living in known gang areas Robert Ralphs , Judith Aldridge. Dr Dev R Maitra. The report recognises dist inct ion bet ween gang cr im e w it hin urban hubs and t he export m arket s est ablished by urban or igin gangs in count y lines m arket s. The report focuses alm ost exclusively on count y lines gangs and m arket s. Violence, incident s of kidnap, use of weapons including firear m s and rut hless debt cont rol prevail as a consequence of count y lines m arket s. Exposure t o gang exploit at ion has t he pot ent ial t o gener at e em ot ional and physical harm. Gang m em bers and t hose t hey exploit cont inue t o be t ransient bet ween urban hubs and count y m arket s, but wit h an em erging t rend for som e t o set t le wit hin t he com m unit y in which t he count y lines m arket is est ablished. While gangs from London cont inue t o dom inat e t he act ivit y described by t his report , it is not ewort hy t hat t here has been an increase in report s from ot her count ies, highlight ing t he em ergence of gangs in t he Nort h West funct ioning w it h t he sam e m odus operandi. This report aim s t o refresh an underst anding of t he t hreat since t he original assessm ent in and report s current scope and scale, across count ies in England and Wales, also highlight ing significant changes and new or em erging t rends. I nfor m a t ion ba se This report draws on ret urns from UK police forces. Typical count y lines m et hodology Scope and scale of count y lines Gang origins Com m on t hem es and charact erist ics Drug m arket s and supply Est ablishing a base and t he exploit at ion of vulnerable of adult s Exploit at ion and t he role of adult fem ales Exploit at ion of children Telephone Lines Legislat ion and alt er nat ive considerat ions Observat ions The m aj or it y of t hese gangs funct ion wit h a degree of affiliat ion and loyalt y. They m ay challenge an exist ing group from t he local area or anot her count y lines ent erprise, which oft en causes incident s of violence. Tradit ionally t his line is kept away from t he area where drugs are being sold and a relay syst em is used t o cont act t hose act ing as t he dealers in t he count y locat ion. They t end t o use a local propert y, generally belonging t o a vulnerable person, as a base for t heir act ivit ies. This is oft en acquired by force or coercion and is referred t o as cuckooing. Adult drug users oft en addict s and vulnerable fem ales are also exploit ed for t heir propert ies or t o assist wit h dealing w it hin t he count y m arket. I t is also not ed t hat gang size var ies, as does levels of violence and volum es of drugs being supplied. There is a realist ic possibilit y t hat a police area wit h a sm aller num ber of gangs m ay st ill be equally or m ore affect ed by t his crim inalit y. They include a recept ive cust om er base, less capable or int im idat ed local suppliers, lim it ed access t o drug supplies com pared t o t he urban locat ion and an assessm ent t hat com pet it ion m ay be low or easy t o overcom e. As t he crim inal use of firearm s in ur ban hubs t end t o be m ore prolific part icular ly regarding crim inal gang cult ur e , supplying drugs out side of urban hubs reduces t he likelihood of being a t arget of a firearm s discharge. This affords a degree of anonym it y. Som e will send m em bers t o a prospect ive locat ion in order t o assess t he m arket. Approved accom m odat ion in a count y area can also be a cat alyst. Fam ilial links in count y locat ions have been ident ified as a possible connect ion. This occurs in areas t hat have exper ienced count y lines act ivit y over a long period. We assess t his t o be nat ural evolut ion t hat m ay becom e m ore widespread in t he fut ure. Ot her gangs were report ed t o have t ravelled from Liverpool, Manchest er, Birm ingham , Reading and Essex, however - wit h t he except ion of Liverpool - t hese were in t he m inor it y. London rem ains t he largest export locat ion for count y line groups. Most of t hese areas are in t he East ern region, suggest ing it is a part icular st ronghold for Som ali gangs. We assess t hat Som ali gangs m ay be m ore widespread t han report ed, as som e subm issions did not ident ify t he first generat ion nat ionalit y origin. A num ber of areas st at ed t hat gang m em bers would be rot at ed bet ween count y locat ions t o t ry and evade det ect ion. The presence of larger groups would usually be in response t o conflict , as a show of st rengt h. However, all of t he int elligence we received st at ed t hat gangs from Liverpool and Manchest er were m ade up of Whit e Br it ish or European m ales. Gangs t ravelling from Birm ingham t ended t o be et hnically Asian and oft en fam ily m em bers or close associat es and have close links t o t he areas t hey are operat ing in. Count y line gang m em bers are oft en associat ed t o an urban st reet gang linked t o t heir hom e borough. This addit ional affiliat ion can cause enhanced t ensions am ongst rival gangs in count y locat ions and includes violent incident s generat ed by feuds in t he hom e borough. Som e areas report ed t hat groups were also selling powder cocaine and cannabis, however t his was usually a sm aller par t of t heir ent erprise. The line is assessed as having an influence upon 24 hour access. Many gangs advert ise offers whereby users are discount ed for buying larger am ount s encouraging t hem t o club t oget her when m aking a purchase. NCA dat a dem onst rat es t hat 1 ounce 28 gram s of heroin has a likely st reet value, when sold as GBP 10 0. The cost t o buy an ounce of heroin equat es t o approxim at ely GBP as a single unit , but pot ent ially as low as GBP when split from t he cost of a kilogr am 36 drug deal ounces. Once t he m oney is deposit ed, cash wit hdraw als in t he urban locat ion are m ade swift ly. Two areas highlight ed t he use of businesses t o launder profit s. All of t he ret urns confirm ed groups t ake over addresses of local vulnerable adult s by force or coercion. Typically t his involves t he hom e of a class A drug user, who is supplied w it h drugs t o init iat e a relat ionship. This is oft en referred t o as debt bondage. I n som e inst ances vict im s have becom e hom eless, being forced t o leave t heir address in fear of violence from gang m em bers. Vulnerable adult s wit h prem ises are oft en exploit ed repeat edly by different gangs, som et im es wit hin a short per iod of t im e. Ot her vulnerable groups include adult s w it h physical healt h problem s, t hose recent ly r eleased from cust ody and t he elder ly, however t hese are considered except ions. We j udge t hat safeguarding m ust be an equal pr ior it y t o operat ional t arget ing and t hat a well engaged st rat egy, com bining bot h elem ent s, will generat e m ore effect ive disrupt ion out com es. Fem ales are also em ployed t o book hot els and hire cars, ident ify local addresses for cuckooing, act as dr ivers and, on occasion, act as an enforcer. One region highlight ed t hat , alt hough fem ales init ially appeared t o be consent ing, t his quickly progressed t o being coerced and cont rolled t hrough t hreat s and int im idat ion. Som e fem ales have also been supplied w it h discount pr ice drugs, affording gangs great er cont rol over t hem. I nst ances of fem ales being prost it ut ed for sexual favours in paym ent for drugs have also been report ed. However it is clear t hat gangs ut ilise fem ales due t o t heir belief t hat wom en are less likely t o be suspect ed of, or st opped and searched for, dealing drugs. Children from urban areas are recruit ed by gangs t o courier drugs and m oney t o t he count y locat ion, oft en via t rain but also in cars or on coaches. Many children are also used by gangs t o deal drugs w it hin t he count y m arket s. This includes local children and t hose t ravelling from urban hubs. The ages ranged from 18 years, w it h 16 being t he m ost com m on age range. I t rem ains a challenge t o provide accurat e figures for t he num ber of children who have been exploit ed. This m eans we do not know t he t rue scale of child exploit at ion by gangs and it is likely t hat m any children fail t o be safeguarded. The m aj orit y of police forces are able t o provide anecdot al evidence, point ing t o a fair ly consist ent nat ional pict ure, which is support ed by research undert aken by Cat ch 22 1. Som e areas highlight ed t hat children appear t o be groom ed by gangs, eit her w it h gift s or prom ises t hat t hey w ill earn m oney. Social m edia is also used t o m ake init ial cont act w it h children and young persons. However, a num ber of areas report ed t hat children have been assault ed or t hreat ened wit h violence. A sm all num ber of areas st at ed children had been cont rolled under debt bondage and one area report ed a child had been abduct ed. All part ies engaged in t ackling count y lines m ust ensure rigorous assessm ent of t he circum st ances where childr en are ident ified as being involved. Num erous areas highlight gangs ent ering int o relat ionships and ut ilising t he addresses of vulnerable fem ales. This generat es a risk t hat young children will be increasingly exposed t o count y lines class A drug dealing. One force report ed t hat fem ales, as young as 14 and m issing fr om hom e, have been found in hot el room s used t o st ore drugs. Som e young fem ales were also report ed as ent ering int o relat ionships w it h gang m em bers. Gir ls who are being exploit ed t o hold and deal drugs are vulner able t o becom ing m ore accessible t o gang m em bers wishing t o sexually exploit t hem. I t is conceivable t hat gangs or gang m em bers use count y line drug dealing as an opport unit y t o also t arget young fem ales for sexual exploit at ion. Appropriat e m easures for safeguarding young fem ales from sexual exploit at ion should be a high pr ior it y w it hin any count y lines st rat egy. Viole n ce Generally, levels of violence in an area rise when gangs are est ablishing and t hen m aint aining a presence. I nst ances of firearm s being kept visible at cuckooed addresses t o int im idat e vict im s were report ed, as well as drug users being seriously assault ed or even t ort ured as a show of st rengt h t o ot her users and gangs. I f drugs or profit s are lost by a gang m em ber due t o being robbed or ar rest ed t hey will be held responsible for t he loss and t ake on t hat debt , which can have serious consequences for t he individual. Knives are t he m ost com m on weapon. Hom em ade weapons, bat s, ham m ers, Tasers, boiling wat er and acid are also not ed. Gangs carrying bot t les of am m onia has also been report ed. However t he use of firearm s was t ypically t o m ake t hreat s, wit h m ost areas st at ing t hey have never been discharged or t hat it was very rare. Anot her phone is t hen used t o cont act t he runner in t he count y locat ion, providing inst ruct ions on where and when t he deal w ill t ake place. Usually t his num ber w ill be long st anding, represent ing a brand t hat signifies t rust , value and qualit y t o it s cust om ers. This creat es dist ance bet ween gang hierarchy and t he m arket place and affords users 24 hours a day access t o class A drugs. The frequency and volum e of supply t his generat es is assessed as a key driver for why so m any young and vulner able persons are exploit ed t o achieve effect ive drug dist r ibut ion. Gangs also cont inue t o use t axi firm s w it hin count y locat ions. Hire cars are com m only booked for gang m em bers by adult drug users or fem ale associat es, oft en present ing as int ended drivers. I n som e exam ples, t hese individuals w ill dr ive t he vehicles. Con clu sion New net works developing bet ween gang m em bers m eet ing in pr isons. Drug users t ravelling int o count y m arket s t o buy from gangs — r evealing t heir hom e t own as a new pot ent ial m arket. Gangs co- operat ing against t radit ional feuding reducing com pet it ion and opening free ent erpr ise wit hin nearby m ar ket s. The provision of local housing aut hor it y accom m odat ion for gang m em bers, associat es or associat ed vulnerable persons facilit at es opport unit ies for gangs t o branch out int o new t owns and m arket s t hrough t hird part y int roduct ions. A new t rend is not ed wit hin exist ing count y lines m arket s for gang m em bers t o becom e set t led in relat ionships and perm anent accom m odat ion, ext ending t he urban hub t o a sat ellit e locat ion and, in doing so, ext ending t he hub part way t o a new m arket. This poses m any r isks t o children, not least violence, int im idat ion, unhygienic and unsafe pract ices, falling int o class A drug use and in som e cases child sexual exploit at ion. As t he densit y of gangs seeking t o assert count y m arket dom inance increases, so will t he likelihood of violent feuds and escalat ion of violent m et hods such as Tasers and acid. These should be highlight ed t o court s t o ensure t he aggravat ed nat ure of a part icular scenario at t ract s t he m ost appropriat ely inform ed sent ence. Obse r va t ion s One of t he key feat ures of a count y line is t he unrelent ing recruit m ent , coercion and exploit at ion of young and vulnerable persons. Having a capacit y t o prot ect t hese individuals is key t o deliver ing an effect ive response. This level of engagem ent is recom m ended at local levels. I t is recognised t hat an individual has t he pot ent ial t o be exploit ed in one count y m arket and be t he exploit er in anot her. We assess t hat disrupt ing t his cr im inal t act ic would have a significant im pact upon gang relat ed class A drug supply and associat ed exploit at ion. Related papers Il cinema e il sacro Gaetano Lettieri. Venezia nel Settecento, Andrea Merlotti. Entrenamiento funcional Isaac Navarrete. Conferencia andres abril. Orti botanici e orti dei semplici. Architetture per la conoscenza Giulia Ceriani Sebregondi. Medidores de Conducto Cerrado 1 Mariel Augusta. Titles program Kenneth Yu. Faszination Jungsteinzeit Detlef Gronenborn. Inter-method mixing as the gateway to Methodological Innovation Elizabeth G. Global and regional controls on marine redox changes across the Ordovician-Silurian boundary in South China Thomas Algeo. Method validation for nitrate analysis in water using spectrophotometer visible with cadmium reduction yohanes ridwan. Konsep Dasar dan Teori Partisipasi Pendidikan cecep hilman. Rwanda flights. 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County Lines Gang Violence, Exploitation & Drug Supply 2016 0346-CAD National Briefing Report

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Build your search with words and phrases. Use any combination to refine your search. Hi there! Share Alamy images with your team and customers. All images. Live news. Search by image. Search for images Search for stock images, vectors and videos. Search with an image file or link to find similar images. All Creative Editorial. All Ultimate Vital Uncut Foundation. All Archive greater than 20 years old. Confiscated Stock Photos and Images 9, See confiscated stock video clips. Confiscated Stock Photos and Images. Lt Col Tim Collins with weapons confiscated from Ba'ath activists, with which he intends to re-arm a new police force. Prohibition: Confiscated boxes with liquor in Chicago. Oil over a photograph, Royal Palace confiscated. The Royal Palace at Corfu , one of the residences of Prince Andrew , which he loses as a result of the recent court martial. Moonshine still recently confiscated by the Internal Revenue Bureau photographed at the Treasury Department. 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Emma Appleby centre , with her daughter Teagan who has severe epilepsy is comforted by Hannah Deacon right , whose son Alfie has the same condition, and was prescribed a cannabis-based medicine but has not been able to access it on the NHS, at London Southend Airport, Essex, after having the medicine they purchased in Amsterdam confiscated by customs officers. During World War. Explore historical narratives, Dutch The Netherlands agency image with a modern perspective, bridging the gap between yesterday's events and tomorrow's insights. A timeless journey shaping the stories that shape our future. Prague Store window displays confiscated goods from 'secret reserves. Download Confirmation Please complete the form below. The information provided will be included in your download confirmation. Download Cancel. Forgotten your password? Next page. Filter by agency collections. No agencies were found for this search. Filter Cancel. Search builder Build your search with words and phrases. 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