Naked Pornography
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Naked Pornography
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Where Do Young Adults Learn About Sex?
Pornography was the most-mentioned "helpful" source of information for 18- to 24-year-olds.
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Stephanie Pappas
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By
Stephanie Pappas
published October 11, 2010
Pornography is often portrayed as one of the ills of today's society, evidence of modern moral decay brought to you by video cameras and broadband access.
As it turns out, modern times have got nothing on the past. Pornography existed long before video or even photography , and many researchers think evolution predisposed humans for visual arousal (It's a lot easier to pass on your genes if the sight of other naked humans turns you on, after all). Whichever way you slice it, the diversity of pornographic materials throughout history suggests that human beings have always been interested in images of sex. Lots and lots of sex.
"Sex has always played a super-important role for human beings and their relationships," said Seth Prosterman, a clinical sexologist and licensed therapist in San Francisco. "What people do sexually has always been a curiosity, and of interest." [RELATED: New Technologies Let Pornography Producers Stay On Top ]
The definition of " pornography " is famously subjective. After all, one man's Venus de Milo is another man's masturbation aid. But researchers generally define the genre as material designed solely for sexual arousal, without further artistic merit.
By that standard, the first known erotic representations of humans might not be porn, in the traditional sense, at all. As early as 30,000 years ago, Paleolithic people were carving large-breasted, thick-thighed figurines of pregnant women out of stone and wood. Archaeologists doubt these "Venus figurines" were intended for sexual arousal. More likely, the figurines were religious icons or fertility symbols.
Fast-forwarding through history, the ancient Greeks and Romans created public sculptures and frescos depicting homosexuality, threesomes, fellatio and cunnilingus. In India during the second century, the Kama Sutra was half sex-manual, half relationship-handbook. The Moche people of ancient Peru painted sexual scenes on ceramic pottery, while the aristocracy in 16th century Japan was fond of erotic woodblock prints.
In the West, many early explicit materials were political, rather than exclusively pornographic, said Joseph Slade, a professor of media arts at Ohio University. French revolutionaries, in particular, satirized the aristocracy with sexually charged pamphlets. Even the Marquis de Sade's famously brutal and erotic works were part philosophical.
"They were political invectives disguised as pornography," Slade said.
In the 1800s, the idea of porn for porn's sake began to spread. Erotic novels had been in print since at least the mid-1600s in France (though being identified as the author of one meant a sure trip to jail), but the first full-length English-language pornographic novel, "Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure," also known as "Fanny Hill" (Oxford University Press) wasn't published until 1748.
Despite the reserved public attitudes toward sex at the time, pornographic novels held little back. The author of "Fanny Hill" managed to cover bisexuality , voyeurism, group sex and masochism, among other topics. By 1888, the anonymous author of "My Secret Life" was writing about sex with words that would make a modern television censor squirm.
Technology drove innovation in the porn genre. In 1839, Louis Daguerre invented the daguerreotype, a primitive form of photography. Almost immediately, pornographers commandeered the new technology. The earliest surviving dirty daguerreotype — described by Slade in a 2006 paper as "depicting a rather solemn man gingerly inserting his penis into the vagina of an equally solemn and middle-aged woman" — is dated at 1846.
Video followed a similar path. By 1896, filmmakers in France were delving into the erotic with short, silent clips like "Le Coucher de la Marie," in which an actress performed a strip tease. Hard-core sex started showing up after 1900. These "stag films" were usually shown at all-male gatherings, and they were tame by today's standards, Slade said.
"They look like your grandparents having sex," he said. "They were quaint, but it was real intercourse."
For a long time, stag films remained stagnant, both in content and in quality. Then, in the 1970s, changing social mores opened the door for public showing of explicit films. The Internet and the invention of the digital camera lowered the barriers to porn-making so low that entire websites are now devoted solely to non-professional videos.
The shift from publically viewed stag films to privately viewed rentals and internet downloads drove changes in the types of acts shown on-screen. Privacy, Slade said, made men more willing to watch fetish films depicting specific, sometimes odd, sexual behavior. A 1994 Carnegie Mellon study of early porn on computer Bulletin Board Systems (a precursor to the World Wide Web), found that 48 percent of downloads were far outside the sexual mainstream, depicting bestiality, incest and pedophilia. Less than 5 percent of downloads depicted vaginal sex. This could have been because magazines and pornographic films had traditional sex covered, and people went to their computers for images they couldn't find elsewhere, Slade suggested.
Today, porn is all over the internet, but the actual size of the industry is a mystery. No one keeps official records, and few studies have made a stab at the economics of porn. Adult Video News, a trade industry journal, made annual estimates of porn sales and rentals, along with sales of magazines and sex toys. In 2007, according to an AVN senior editor Mark Kernes, retail sales reached $6 billion a year. However, AVN's figures have been widely disputed. And even if they were reliable, the numbers wouldn't take into account all of the free amateur videos uploaded to sites like XTube or the photography site Flickr.
Regardless of how much money is being made, porn is attracting eyes. A 2008 study of 813 American university students found that 87 percent of men and 31 percent of women reported using pornography. The study was published in the Journal of Adolescent Research. And in 2009, University of Montreal researcher Simon Louis Lajeunesse made headlines when he announced that he had attempted a study on the impact of pornography on young men's sexuality, but he couldn't find a control group. In other words, good luck finding a man in his twenties who hasn't seen porn.
So what is all that porn doing to us? The question is a hornet's nest of controversy. While most mainstream Internet porn today doesn't rise to the level of those early Bulletin Board images, critics argue that competition between pornographers has led to an upswing in dominance and verbal abuse of women depicted in films made for straight men.
"They need to always put out something new, something enticing, to attract people," Chyng Sun, a professor of media studies at New York University and director of the film "The Price of Pleasure: Pornography, Sexuality and Relationships," told LiveScience. "The degradation, the aggression levels, that is something you can create, something a little bit new to offer to the audience."
By analyzing best-selling pornography films, Sun has found that physical and verbal aggression are present in 90 percent of mainstream porn scenes. Films directed by women are no less likely to contain aggression than films directed by men, she reported in a 2008 paper in the journal Psychology of Women Quarterly.
Sun argues that these aggressive images are harmful to people's sex lives and that they help cement negative stereotypes about women. Others disagree. Prosterman, the San Francisco sexologist, points out that research has failed to draw a clear link between porn and criminal sexual behavior. And, he said, porn is one way for people to explore their own sexual desires.
Debates about pornography have been ongoing since at least the Victorian era (no word on whether stone-age people hid the fertility statues under the mattress), and they're not likely to cease anytime soon. Nor are people likely to stop looking at pictures of other naked people.
"Most people like to have sex," said the AVN's Kernes. "A not-too-much-smaller segment of them like to watch other people have sex, and that is what the adult industry delivers."
Stephanie Pappas is a contributing writer for Live Science, covering topics ranging from geoscience to archaeology to the human brain and behavior. She was previously a senior writer for Live Science but is now a freelancer based in Denver, Colorado, and regularly contributes to Scientific American and The Monitor, the monthly magazine of the American Psychological Association. Stephanie received a bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of South Carolina and a graduate certificate in science communication from the University of California, Santa Cruz.
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Recognize and report child pornography. Any images that show a child under the legal age in your country fully unclothed or partially clothed, in a sexual manner or for a sexual purpose, or acting out sexually for any purpose, are called child pornography and are illegal. If you find illegal images of children, whether on the internet or not, you need to contact the police. Child pornography is illegal because it is a crime that harms all children. It also distorts people's views on what is acceptable and what isn't.
It is a widespread misconception that ALL images of a minor child naked constitute child pornography. For instance, it is legal for parents to take innocent pictures of their children in the bathtub, or innocently playing around the house or back yard naked; nudist magazines often feature pictures of nudist families with children; and children can even pose nude for bona-fide artistic purposes (e.g. "Bodies and Souls, The Century Project" a photography book by Frank Cordelle), provided that there is no lewd or predatory intent, and parental consent and supervision is given. It's also clearly not a crime to paint pictures of little cupids or cherubs naked.
However, it is true that all images of a child engaged in sexual activity are child pornography and are illegal without exception.
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Understand about other types of pornography. The most common type of pornography is images or videos of two or more people engaging in sexual contact. These images and videos are only for people who are over the legal age to watch. People typically view pornography for reasons including sexual arousal.
Look at aspects of the picture such as posture, lighting or setting. In pornographic pictures, the photographer often uses subtle moves to the viewer such as adjusting the lighting or the scenery in a sexually provocative way. For example, a harsh garish glow will be used, or the subject will be posed on a bed or in a bedroom. Often, the subject will also take a provocative pose, the camera will be focussed on a sensitive body part, or the subject will have a lascivious, luring facial expression, or be wearing lipstick, even if they're not explicitly taking part in sexual activity. Nudist photos will invariably lack all of these aspects, and instead portray people simply interacting and living their lives in a natural way.
One fairly reliable test to determine whether a picture is pornography or nudism is to ask yourself, "Would I want my young child to see that?" If the answer is, "Sure, why not," then the picture likely falls under the nudism category. If the answer is, "Certainly not!" then the picture is almost certainly pornography.
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Understand what "sexting" is. Sexting is the sharing of sexually explicit photos, typically done using mobile phones, but it can be done using any type of device that allows you to take and send pictures to another device. There are many reasons why people might send photos like this to each other. They might join in, because they think 'everyone else is doing it', or it might be a way of exploring their sexual identity. It might also be a way that they meet new people online.
Sexting is illegal if:
A young person takes an explicit photo or video (of themselves or a friend), or;
Anyone possessing explicit images of a child, or sharing an explicit image of a child.
Sexting isn't a good idea because you can't be sure that the person won't show anyone else your image, even if you think you trust them.
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Find out more about nudism. Nudism is when a person chooses to be unclothed for reasons that don't typically include sexual arousal/contact. Nudism is the act of being naked, whereas naturism is lifestyle embraced for reasons such as nature, environment, comfort, and lots of other things. Most nudists (or naturists) don't choose to be unclothed for sexual reasons, and this is the prime difference between nudity and pornography.
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Know that nudism isn't a reason to send explicit images to others without their consent. Even if you don't think the image/video is explicit, you should always check with the person on the receiving end of the media before sending anything that could possibly be classed as inappropriate. Nudism is not an excuse to cross others boundaries.
To avoid any misunderstanding, you could first explain to the person that you're a nudist, and explain that nudism is not a sexual lifestyle. Introducing yourself as a nudist should not involve sending a picture.
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Talk to people about nudism. Keep the lines of communication open, even if there isn't a problem, because if one occurs then it's easier to talk about it. Keep the general rules of pornography in mind (i.e. don't send anything illegal; if you receive something of that nature or find it on the internet, always tell someone you trust for safety reasons).
What should I do if I find some pornographic pictures of someone I think might be legal age, but I'm not sure?
It's better to be safe than sorry. Report the photos to the police and let them take the course of action from there. Photos of legal-age adults usually
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